Wind Farms In Europe Research Articles

Mortality of bats at wind turbines links to nocturnal insect migration?

This note is based on a literature search and a recent review of bat mortality data from wind farms in Europe (published elsewhere). We suggest that mortality of bats at wind turbines may be linked to high-altitude feeding on migrating insects that accumulate at the turbine towers. Modern wind turbines seem to reach high enough into the airspace to interfere with the migratory movements of insects. The hypothesis is consistent with recent observations of bats at wind turbines. It is supported by the observation that mortality of bats at wind turbines is highly seasonal (August–September) and typically peaks during nights with weather conditions known to trigger large-scale migratory movements of insects (and songbirds). We also discuss other current hypotheses concerning the mortality of bats at wind turbines.

Minimizing Collision Risk Between Migrating Raptors and Marine Wind Farms: Development of a Spatial Planning Tool

An increased focus on renewable energy has led to the planning and construction of marine wind farms in Europe. Since several terrestrial studies indicate that raptors are especially susceptible to wind turbine related mortality, a Spatial Planning Tool is needed so that wind farms can be sited, in an optimal way, to minimize risk of collisions. Here we use measurements of body mass, wingspan and wing area of eight European raptor species, to calculate their Best Glide Ratio (BGR). The BGR was used to construct a linear equation, which, by the use of initial take-off altitude, could be used to calculate a Theoretical Maximum Distance (TMD) from the coast, attained by these soaring-gliding raptor species. If the nearest turbine, of future marine wind farms, is placed farther away from the coast than the estimated TMD, the collision risk between the turbine blades and these gliding raptors will be minimized. The tool was demonstrated in a case study at the Rødsand II wind farm in Denmark. Data on raptor migration altitude were gathered by radar. From the TMD attained by registered soaring-gliding raptors in the area, we concluded that the Rødsand II wind farm is not sited ideally, from an ornithological point of view, as potentially all three registered species are at risk of gliding through the area swept by the turbine rotor blades, and thereby at risk of colliding with the wind turbines.

Efficient Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations

In the oil and gas industry, the foundations of offshore platforms have, for decades, used the grouted technique. This technology has now been transferred into the offshore wind turbine industry. This paper gives details of the use of the technology in some of the first offshore windfarms in Europe and considers future design possibilities.

Experience with and strategies for public involvement in offshore wind projects

The paper describes and analyses different models for public involvement, based on experience from offshore projects in Denmark (especially Middelgrunden) and Sweden (Karlskrona Vindkraft Offshore). The public likely to be concerned by offshore wind energy projects must be informed and consulted as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, as member states individually define details regarding information and consulting, different approaches are possible. It is concluded that although active public involvement is a time and resource requiring challenge, it is to be recommended as it may lead to mitigation of general protests, blocking or delaying projects and increasing future confidence, acceptance and support in relation to the coming offshore wind farms in Europe.