Wind Loads Research Articles

Planning, Designing and Detailed Estimate of G + 1 Frame Structure

Abstract: The layout planning is a part of urban development it includes planning of residential houses, commercial complexes, service roads, primary health centres, school & other amenities sewerage system for whole layout (includes treatment, sewer line, storm water drains), water distribution system. This project includes design & estimation of residential building in plot of layout planned. Designing involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, perform analysis to get moments and shear forces on different elements of the structure and then design the structure for ultimate loads and moments. The various loads can like self-weight of the structures, other dead loads, live loads, moving (wheel) loads, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change is determined for the structure. Estimation includes finding the quantities of materials required for the construction of the structure and requirements of labour etc., finally determining the overall cost of the structure before execution of work

Comparative Analysis of Framed-Tube & Braced-Tube System in Tall Buildings Using ETABS

Abstract: Since the rigid frame became popular in the first half of the 20th century, tall buildings with structural systems have evolved. The development of underlying frameworks for tall structures lays on reasonable realism, economy of material utilization, effortlessness and polish, and worry for constructability. We are now able to build buildings that are ever higher thanks to cutting-edge building materials, sophisticated computational software, and sturdy structural systems. The rationale behind the creation of structural systems for tall buildings is to achieve architectural expression, ensure safety and serviceability, and make rational and effective use of materials. The use of composite structures, which combine the advantages of various materials, has been the trend in structural systems for tall buildings. In both static and dynamic conditions, these high-rise structures ought to be able to withstand a variety of lateral loads, such as wind load and earthquake load. This study examines the responses of the Framed Tube, Braced Tube, structural systems to various parameters such as Story displacement, Story drift, Story shear, and time period. The analysis focuses on 60-story structures situated in Seismic Zone III with medium soil conditions. The static analysis of the structures is conducted using the linear static method, which involves wind load calculations using the force coefficient method. On the other hand, the dynamic analysis is performed using the response spectrum method, with wind load calculations carried out using the gust factor calculation method.

Investigation of Ferrocement Plate Affected by Flexural Filling up

Abstract: In spite of the fact that terrorist attacks are exceptional instances caused by human dynamic loads, such as blast loads, which must be carefully calculated like wind and seismic loads, the increased number of terrorist attacks in the last few years has largely shown that the impact of blast loads on structures is a real concern that we should take into account during the configuration procedure of structures. This article also introduces the behavior of ferrocement composites under blast loading, which are used as long-lasting formwork in traditional reinforced concrete constructions. Specimens of single ferro cement panels are subjected to blast load testing both analytically and experimentally, and the behavior of load deflection is then examined.

Optimization of Staging Height of RCC Overhead Water Tank in High Seismic Zones Using P-Delta Analysis

Abstract: This study investigates the P-delta effect, which is a secondary effect or a geometric non-linear effect in the analysis of a circular overhead water tank with a capacity of 100 KL using STAAD software in high seismic zones, i.e., Zone IV & Zone V with a focus on optimization of staging height and to quantify the effect of P-Delta. Initially, a linear static analysis was performed without considering the P-Delta effect to determine the shear forces, bending moments and lateral displacements due to all possible loads including seismic and wind loads acting on RCC overhead water tanks. Subsequently, the P-Delta effect has been considered to assess the structural behaviour of the RCC overhead water tank with varying staging heights. To optimize the staging height, the maximum lateral displacement has been considered as the governing criteria. Based on the analysis, the optimum staging heights can be observed at 30 m. and 33 m. in Seismic Zone V and Zone IV respectively

A Conceptual Study of Wind Load With Different Types of Lateral Load Resisting Methods in 15-Storey Structure

Abstract: In order to strengthen rigidity and control the base deflection of a high-rise structure, stabilizers and trusses are typically used. A stabilizing layer on the building's roof efficiently fortifies the structure. Lateral stiffness is increased by each succeeding stabilizer layer, albeit less so than by the preceding stabilizer layer. The essential components in multi-storey buildings that can withstand shear forces are the shear walls. More efficient shear walls are required as building code requirements rise and tall structures and skyscrapers get taller. The ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and deformation capacity of conventional reinforced concrete shear walls are limited. In the field of structural engineering, a damper in a building is a device intended to lessen the impact of dynamic forces like seismic vibrations or oscillations caused by wind. These devices are necessary in tall or flexible constructions where excessive movement may cause structural damage or cause discomfort for the residents. In this research, we prepare four different cases of 15-storey structure. All modeling work performed in ETABS 2016. Material properties use concrete grade M-40 and steel grade Fe375 and Fe250. One case has shear walls on corners, second case have FVD damper on corners and last case have outrigger on corners. For design wind speed data use code IS: 875-(2015).

A Conceptual study of Wind Load with Different Types of Lateral Load Resisting Methods in 15-Storey Structure

A Conceptual study of Wind Load with Different Types of Lateral Load Resisting Methods in 15-Storey Structure

Wind loads on rooftop solar photovoltaic panels oriented with varying azimuth angles: A comprehensive wind tunnel analysis

Effects of azimuth angles α, tilt angle β, parapet height ratio Hp/Hs, and building corner modification were examined. The modules at the roof corner were subjected to unfavorable wind loads in a normal setting without α. In contrast, the unfavorable loads occurred on modules at the center of panel row close to the approaching flow for a none-zero α. The wind directions associated with the largest most critical C͝fm were 45°, 45°, 30°, and 0° at α = 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°, respectively. The largest most critical mean and negative peak module force coefficients denoted by C‾fm and C͝fm increased as α increased. The largest most critical C͝fm at α = 45° was 19.1%, 12.5%, and 11.9% larger than those at α = 0°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. The more pronounced flow disturbance at larger α would induce larger RMS values of velocities around modules. The larger RMS values of velocities might induce larger C͝fm on modules at larger α. Both the parapet and corner modification were effective aerodynamic approaches to reduce wind loads. The effect of corner modification on wind loads depended on α. The largest most critical negative C‾fm and C͝fm decreased linearly with Hp/Hs for various α.

The Impact of Installation Angle on the Wind Load of Solar Photovoltaic Panels

In order to explore the wind load characteristics acting on solar photovoltaic panels under extreme severe weather conditions, based on the Shear Stress Transport (SST) κ-ω turbulence model, numerical calculations of three-dimensional incompressible viscous steady flow were performed for four installation angles and two extreme wind directions of the solar photovoltaic panels. The wind load characteristics on both sides of the photovoltaic panels were obtained, and the vortex structure characteristics were analyzed using the Q criterion. The results indicate that, under different installation angles, the windward side pressure of the solar photovoltaic panel is generally higher than the leeward side. The leeward side is prone to forming larger vortices, increasing the fatigue and damage risk of the material, which significantly impacts the solar photovoltaic panel. As the installation angle increases, the windward side pressure of the solar photovoltaic panel also gradually increases. Therefore, optimal installation methods include installing the panel facing the wind at angles of 30° and 45°, or installing it facing away from the wind at a 60° angle, to minimize the impact of wind load on the solar photovoltaic panel.

Flexural behaviour and design of extruded aluminium claddings

Extruded aluminium panels are commonly used in building construction but their structural performance under strong winds has yet to be investigated. In the Southeast and Far north of Queensland, strong winds can cause potential damage to these cladding panels. Hence, a research project has been established at Griffith University to examine the response of extruded aluminium panels subjected to static wind loading. The current paper aims to investigate the flexural capacity and serviceability of extruded aluminium panels subjected to positive and negative wind loadings. The influence of the interlocking of panels on the ultimate capacity and serviceability is also investigated. Further, to reduce the time and the cost involved in practical testing, a numerical model is proposed that can precisely predict the performance of extruded panels under static wind loading. A good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results confirming the robustness of the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to find the influence of various structural-related parameters on the flexural capacity and serviceability of these panels. Augmenting the thickness of the panels was observed to enhance both the ultimate capacity and serviceability, while an increase in width was found to have negative effects. In addition to this, the applicability of the existing design guidelines was investigated to assess whether they can be used to predict the ultimate capacity and serviceability of extruded aluminium panels. A strong concurrence was found between BS 5427–1:1996 predictions and experimental results, suggesting its suitability for determining the serviceability of extruded aluminium cladding panels exposed to wind loading. Furthermore, the study also recommended adopting the AISI's design methodology to forecast the ultimate capacity of extruded aluminium cladding panels.

Mechanical Modeling of Viscous Fluid Damper with Temperature and Pressure Coupling Effects

During long-duration dynamic loads, such as wind loads or seismic effects, the internal temperature and pressure of a damping cylinder escalate rapidly, which induce shifts in the mechanical attributes of viscous fluid dampers (VFDs). This study investigated the mechanical performance of VFD considering the coupling effects of temperature and pressure under long-duration loads. First, we analyzed the mechanical and energy-dissipation performances of the dampers based on the dynamic mechanical tests considering different loading frequencies, displacement amplitude, and loading cycles. The experimental results indicated that both temperature and pressure influenced the output of the dampers, and in the sealed environment of the damper pip, temperature and pressure exerted mutual influence. Furthermore, the relationship between the damping coefficient and temperature–pressure coupling effects was obtained. Subsequently, an improved mathematical model for the mechanical performance of a gap-type VFD was proposed by considering the macroscopic energy balance of the entire fluid within the damper. Finally, the accuracy of the mathematical model for VFD under long-duration dynamic loads was validated by comparing the computational results with the experimental data.

Concentrated Solar Power Techno-Economic Analysis in Humid Subtropical South America: The Uruguayan Case

Abstract This study assesses the feasibility of installing concentrated solar power plants in subtropical South America, particularly in Uruguay, by numerical simulations. Parabolic trough and solar power tower technologies are examined. A comprehensive literature analysis is conducted in order to evaluate initial investment, operation, and maintenance costs. Simulation models are validated in order to ensure results accuracy. The study is focused on the optimization of solar fields and storage sizes for five locations. The target set is to minimize the levelized cost of energy. In addition, energy losses and efficiencies are compared between parabolic trough and solar power tower technologies. Salto region in Uruguay is identified as the most suitable location for concentrated solar power projects. Optimized plants yield solar multiples of 3 or higher for solar power tower and around 4 for parabolic trough, with storage sizes ranging from 12 to 15 h, depending on the location. In Salto, the levelized cost of energy ranges from 148 to 175 USD/MW h for 110 MW solar power tower and from 169 to 220 USD/MW h for 55 MW parabolic trough plants, considering different investment cost scenarios. Levelized cost of energy is comparable for other locations, with a slight increase of approximately 10% for the least favorable location, Rocha. This work shows that while not yet competitive with photovoltaic or wind technologies, concentrated solar power plants show promise against fossil-fueled power plants and are expected to decrease further in cost.

Numerical Simulation of Structural Performance in a Single-Tube Frame for 12 m-Span Chinese Solar Greenhouses Subjected to Snow Loads

To address the structural concerns of a 12.0 m-span landing assembled single-tube frame (LASF) for Chinese solar greenhouses subjected to snow loads, the internal forces and deformations of LASF and its reinforced counterpart (RLASF) were numerically simulated to determine the ultimate bearing capacities (Lu) and the failure loads (Lf). During the simulations, steel tubes were modeled as beam188 elements and cables as link180 elements. The frame constraints and the connections were assumed to be fixed supports and rigid, respectively. The loads were determined according to the Chinese standard (GB51183-2016). Simulations revealed that the LASF and RLASF primarily withstand bending moments and are prone to strength failures under snow loads. Both exhibited lower Lu and Lf under non-uniform snow loads than under uniform snow loads. The results also indicated that crop loads could deteriorate the structural safety of the LASF and RLASF. Lu and Lf were found to be proportional to the section modulus of the tubes. The effects of wind loads and initial geometry imperfections on Lf of the LASF and RLASF can be neglected. Furthermore, the RLASF exhibited higher Lf compared to the LASF. Steel usage of the RLASF could be further reduced by replacing circular tubes with rectangular tubes, making the RLASF a feasible option for constructing Chinese solar greenhouses.

A 3D-Based Modeling and Analysis of an Artificial Palm Tree for Video Surveillance Activities

A study on the 3-D modeling and analysis of an artificial palm tree structure capable of housing a camera was made. The proposed system's design, simulation, and virtual testing were done using SolidWorks software. This work's primary objective was an aesthetically pleasing and functional solution that integrates with the urban landscape while providing an enhanced concealed security system. The natural form of a palm tree was incorporated into the artificial palm tree structure. The hidden camera ensures optimal coverage without compromising the overall appearance and presence of the device. This is so because, in the Nigerian situation, Miscreants will pull down the structure if they know of its presence. A detailed analysis of the system's structural integrity and stability was achieved using a 3D model of the artificial palm tree structure. Factors such as wind load, weight distribution, and material strength are considered to ensure the design can cope with environmental conditions. Virtual simulations allow for the maximization of the structure, ensuring it complies with safety standards, and the results of VonMise's stress show that the materialsselected for the design are suitable for the work.

An automated geometry generation procedure for CWE applications in OpenFOAM: the case study of a thunderstorm downburst moving over Genoa city

AbstractSince a decade, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for Wind Engineering (WE) on large-scale environments became a norm. Meso-$$\gamma$$ γ scales and microscale can be characterized by a large number of structures as well as complex terrain topographies. CFD simulations over such an area would commonly imply the involvement of a time-consuming geometry preparation in the pre-processing stage. This is also the innovative goal of the present paper for which an automated geometry generation procedure for Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) applications is developed in open-source environments. This paper further expands on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulation of a thunderstorm downburst immersed in a background Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind moving over Genoa city, Italy. Recommendations for geometry and grid generation of the present case study are also proposed. The study considers two simultaneous approaching wind conditions, a background ABL wind and a moving downburst (DB), the latter modeled as an impinging jet. The simulated results are compared with available full-scale LiDAR profiler data in terms of the vertical profiles of outflow velocity, showing relatively good agreement in terms of magnitude and profile shape.

Linking Survivor Stories to Forensic Engineering: How an Interscience Approach Reveals Opportunities for Reducing Tornado Vulnerability in Residential Structures

Abstract When a tornado strikes a permanent or mobile/manufactured home, occupants are at risk of injury and death from blunt force trauma caused by debris-loaded winds and failure of the structure. Mechanisms for these failures have been studied for the past few decades and identified common weaknesses in the structural load path. Also under study in recent decades, much has been learned about how people receive and understand warnings and determine how, when, and if they will shelter in advance. Recent research, for example, shows most people do not shelter until close to impact, after seeing, hearing, or feeling the approaching tornado. To advance beyond these innovations, a new, multi-disciplinary approach was fielded in nine Southeast U.S. tornadoes between 2019 and 2022. For each tornado, 1) wind engineering assessments documented near-surface wind fields, 2) structural engineering assessments documented the primary wind load path for each structure, and 3) social science interviews captured the survivor’s narrative and asked several follow-up questions to assure key items of interest were addressed in each interview. When possible, the team was multi-disciplinary during the interview, enabling survivors to ask questions and better understand their experiences. Most survivors became aware of the approaching tornado with at least a few minutes lead time and most were able to reach a place of refuge. Most survivors recalled sensory experiences during the tornado and about half could describe direction or temporal sequences of damage. A case study of the Cookeville, Tennessee, Tornado of 3 March 2020 illustrates the power of the integrated data assessment.

Computational study of reducing wind loads on solar-power plants using windbreaks

Computational study of reducing wind loads on solar-power plants using windbreaks

Detection method for structural defects of U-shaped hanging ring for power fittings based on magnetic leakage principle

The U-shaped hanging ring of electric power fittings is usually installed outdoors and operates in harsh environments. Under the combined effect of the weight of the conductor and wind load, the bending part at the bottom of the U-shaped hanging ring often experiences wear and cracks due to friction contact, which can easily lead to accidents such as the detachment of transmission lines. Traditional methods for detecting structural defects in ferromagnetic materials, such as ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and manual testing, are affected by environmental factors, have a shallow measurement depth, and are difficult to quantify. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a measurement method for detecting structural defects in the U-shaped hanging ring of electric power fittings based on the principle of magnetic leakage. The magnetic leakage signal characteristics of U-shaped hanging ring defects under different excitation structural parameters and different defect types are analyzed. The method of arranging magnetic leakage signal measurement points is studied. The detection of defect parameters is achieved based on the characteristic quantity of the magnetic leakage signal under different defect conditions. Finally, the method is analyzed and verified through examples. The results show that this method can achieve quantitative detection of defect parameters in the U-shaped hanging ring under uniform structural defect and crack structural defect, and has the advantages of high measurement accuracy and small error. The research results of this paper can provide a scientific theoretical basis for the inspection and replacement of transmission line fittings in engineering, which is of great engineering significance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid.

Research on wind resistance principles and design of super high-rise buildings

Due to the high and flexible characteristics of super high-rise buildings, the structure is very sensitive to wind loads, and wind vibration effects and comfort are issues that cannot be ignored in the structural design of super high-rise buildings. The paper mainly introduces the problems in wind resistance design of super high-rise buildings. Including wind load values, wind vibration effects, and vibration control methods and applications. The result show that the wind induced vibration effect and comfort of the structure are often determined through wind tunnel tests. For super high-rise buildings with complex structural forms. There are two methods for controlling wind-induced vibration in high-rise buildings: Optimizing structural form through architectural methods; Take structural control measures. At the same time, with the cost of high-performance materials and engineering technologies, it is a challenge to find building materials and technologies that can meet wind resistance requirements while keeping costs in check. However, as computational technology continues to evolve, the wind-resistant design of tall buildings will benefit from more accurate wind-tunnel simulations and computational modelling, which will help to better predict and address wind-resistance challenges. Scientists and engineers will continue to research novel materials and structural designs to improve the wind resistance of tall buildings and reduce costs.

Analysis of Deployable Cylindrical Space Bar Structures of Reciprocal Linkages with Frustoconical Ends

In this article, deployable cylindrical vaults of reciprocal linkages with frustoconical ends are analysed. Deployable cylindrical vaults with quadrangular scissors modules have low stiffness in the longitudinal direction, which requires the use of stiffening bars after deployment. The truncated cone-shaped ends improve their stiffness but do not prevent bracing. However, if reciprocal knots are used, the mesh performance improves considerably. This article studies the design conditions of these vaults and their resistance to gravity, wind suction and wind loads in the transverse and longitudinal directions. We also study the different resistance behaviour of the mesh, depending on whether the roof is supported on the upper or lower joints. In all cases, model tests are carried out to check the validity of the proposed solutions. Both theoretical calculations and experimental tests demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of this type of structure.

Active Planning for Virtual Microgrids with Demand-Side and Distributed Energy Resources

In this paper, the notion of a cohesive and self-sufficient grid is proposed. Based on a cohesive and self-sufficient virtual microgrid, an active distribution network is optimally planned, and an optimal configuration of demand-side resources, distributed generations, and energy storage systems are generated. To cope with stochastic uncertainty from forecast error in wind speed and load, flexibility reserves are needed. In this paper, the supply relation between flexibility and uncertainty is quantified and integrated in an innovative index which is defined as cohesion. The optimization objectives are a minimized operational cost and system net-ability cohesion as well as self-sufficiency, which is defined as the abilities both to supply local load and to deal with potential uncertainty. After testing the optimal configuration in the PG&E 69 bus system, it is found that with a more cohesive VM partition, the self-sufficiency of VMs is also increased. Also, a case study on uncertainty-caused system imbalance is carried out to show how flexibility resources are utilized in real-time operational balance.