Wind Energy Potential In Turkey Research Articles

Wind energy and assessment of wind energy potential in Turkey: A case study for Mersin province

Today, decrease in fossil resources and the ever increasing need for energy increases the importance of renewable energy resources. Wind power; It has an important potential and usage area in clean and renewable energy sources. The measurement of Wind speed and direction values is very important in terms of evaluating the data of Wind power plant (WPP) project and estimating the amount of energy that can be produced. Wind energy is a good example of clean energy source due to its advantages such as cleanless fast commissioning, and reliability. There has been a significant increase in recent years especially in terms of utilizing wind energy. By the end of 2016, the installed wind power capacity in the world is 486 749 MW, Turkey takes the 11th place with 6,081 MW of installed capacity. In this study, the use of wind power in Turkey's Mersin province were studied. Mersin province in terms of installed wind power capacity has an important place in Turkey. As of 2016, the installed wind power capacity throughout the province is 364 MW, but the usable wind energy potential in the region is about 3414 MW.

Wind Energy and Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in Turkey: A Case of Study from Sinop Province

Due to the emerging needs in parallel with the developing technology and industrialization, the importance of renewable energy sources is increasing with the decrease of usable fossil resources and the ever-increasing need for energy. For this reason, solutions are sought to provide the energy needed in a timely, sufficient, and reliable manner. Wind energy has the greatest potential and usage area among renewable energy sources. The wind, which has advantages such as clean, fast commissioning, reliability, and being independent of fuel, is considered a good example of a clean energy source with these features. In this study, the production potential of electrical energy from wind energy was investigated by using wind data for Sinop province. Wind energy potential on the availability of wind energy systems suitable for its natural structure for Sinop province; Visual Basic 6.0 was determined using the computer package program. In the study, hourly wind data were used and analyzes were made for suitable wind energy systems. In addition, for a possible WPPs, analysis has been made and evaluated considering the current data; The availability of wind energy in Sinop province has been tried to be revealed.

The Site Selection of Wind Energy Plants Using the MOORA Method

An important part of Turkey's energy needs is met with fossil fuel energy resources. The lack of fossil fuels to be sustainable and lead to pollution of the renewable energy resources, wind energy has led to be a very important energy resource for Turkey. Turkey Wind energy potential of Turkey is high. The initial installation costs of wind energy plants are high. For this reason, it is very important to select the wind energy plant installation sites correctly to ensure high efficiency from the plants. There are many criteria that affect the decision-making process in selecting an installation site of a wind energy plant. Therefore, installation site selection of a wind energy plant is a complex decision-making process. In this study, considering the wind speeds over the wind energy potential map, three plant sites are determined in the southeast (RES_1), north (RES_2) and southwest (RES_3) of Amasya. MOORA method (Multi-Objective Optimization on basis of Ratio Analysis), which is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods, has been used in the selection of the most appropriate installation site. Determined criteria values and benchmark weights are used in MOORA method. Using the MOORA method, the plant installation sites are ranked. After that, the most suitable wind energy plant installation site (RES_2) is determined for Amasya.

Assessing wind energy potential of Turkey via vectoral map of prevailing wind and mean wind of Turkey

In this study, the most detailed prevailing wind and average wind velocity maps of Turkey on a topographical layer were prepared in terms of the wind energy potential. Thus, the areas with high wind potential have also been investigated in detail, and the wind areas with high wind power potential that have not been studied before were determined. Then, comparisons were made with Turkish Wind Potential Atlas (REPA) prepared by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy (GDRE) operating under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The number of Automatic Weather Observation Stations (AWOS) installation by Turkish Meteorological Service (TMS) highly increased after 2012. Therefore, the composite vectoral topographical maps were well-prepared with using average wind velocity (m/s) data belong to 1207 stations and prevailing wind velocity (m/s) belongs to 1198 stations measured by AWOSs for the period 2012–2018. Climatologically, the strongest winds blow during the summer months, while the weakest winds blow during the autumn months in Turkey. However, the winds at 50 m are weaker in summer months than winter months according to the REPA. Also, higher wind potentials were calculated in selected areas than REPA. For example, it is shown that the Aksaray province has wind potential where REPA shows zero potential and the western parts of Datca have one of the highest wind potentials calculated in Turkey. Therefore, it is concluded that REPA should be updated using the higher numbers of measured station data as much as possible.

The determination of offshore wind energy potential of Turkey by using novelty hybrid site selection method

Wind energy ranks number one in Turkey among renewable energy sources excluding hydroelectricity with regard to installed power capacity. However, there are no satisfactory studies and investments on offshore wind energy potential and the evaluation of this potential. The study of the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey is of significant importance for strengthening the energy policy. In the present study, a methodology entitled Novelty Hybrid Site Selection Method (NHSSM) has been developed for detecting the suitable coastal regions for the installment of offshore wind farms in Turkey. A total of 10 multiple site selection criteria were evaluated by way of the analytical hierarch process (AHP) at 31 coastal regions within a methodological framework. It was determined as a result of the evaluations that offshore wind farms with installed powers of 2112 MW, 1176 MW and 1293 MW can be set up at the coastal regions of Bafra, Sinop and Mersin respectively. The estimated total capacity was 9021 MW. The methodology suggested in this study can be used to attain a decision making process at the regional level for offshore wind farm planning and the study results can also be used for developing renewable energy source policies.

Wind speed variability and wind power potential over Turkey: Case studies for Çanakkale and İstanbul

In this study, variability of wind speed and its effects on power generation for the 1980–2013 period over Turkey was studied. Hourly wind speed data of 335 stations was obtained from Turkish State Meteorological Service and subjected to quality control. 77 station data was found reliable and used in this work. For the 1980–2013 period, highest hourly average wind speed values equal or larger than 3.80 m/s were found in Gökçeada, Çanakkale and Mardin stations located at Aegean, Marmara and Southeastern regions of Turkey. Monthly average wind speed is observed to be the highest in July with a value of 2.22 m/s. As an Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS), highest average wind speed for the 2007–2013 period was found in Çatalca-Radar, İstanbul with a value of 7.08 m/s. Wind power was analyzed by Weibull distribution and seasonal power density analysis of Çanakkale reveals spring, summer and autumn seasonal average power densities as 49.11 W/m2, 51.12 W/m2 and 50.16 W/m2, together with a winter maximum of 81.68 W/m2. According to results, Çatalca was found as the largest wind energy potential in Turkey, not just having the largest wind speed but also having large rural districts for possible wind farm installment.

General situation of wind energy source in Turkey and wind turbine technologies

The increasing need for new energy sources is a result of the rapidly increasing global population and consumption of fossil fuels. In order to achieve more efficient use of wind energy in Turkey, the establishment of more efficient wind turbines with new technologies and the widespread use of wind-generating systems are inevitable. The regional distribution of the wind energy potential of Turkey, the regional and general usage rates and the policies followed in wind energy subjects are worth investigating. Besides, it is very important to discover new wind fields, to calculate the capacities of these areas by technical analysis methods and finally to use them. Recently, wind power capacity has increased dramatically in Turkey and accompanying that, the wind turbines that produce it have become more affordable and more efficient for wind energy producers. Wind turbine technologies have been mentioned in general and generator models used in wind turbines have been examined. Consequently, wind energy resource is not efficiently used in Turkey and how the using of wind energy potential is improved is generally discussed.

Exploring the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey based on multi-criteria site selection

Wind energy is the leading form of non-hydro renewable energy source in terms of installed capacity in Turkey. It is among the most promising option for Turkey to decrease the energy dependence of external primary energy resources such as national gas and oil that diversifies the domestic share of energy sources in the national energy mix. However, offshore wind energy deployment has not gained satisfactory attention even though the country is surrounded by seas on three of its sides. Exploring Turkey's offshore wind power potential becomes an important task to serve this energy policy. This study presents a methodological framework for finding the most suitable offshore wind farm locations, meeting various multi-layer site selection criteria. The offshore wind energy resource is first assessed using the wind energy potential for 55 coastal regions where the nearshore meteorological stations are available in Turkey. Following on this analysis, a multi-criteria site selection work is carried out to identify the most suitable areas for offshore wind development. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) is then used to conduct statistical analysis to identify the most promising offshore wind farm locations. According to the pre-processing step of the framework, Bozcaada, Bandirma, Gokceada, Inebolu, and Samandag coastlines are found to be the most suitable locations for offshore wind farm development. Finally, the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey is estimated by using the micro-sitting configuration of wind turbines, considering sea depth, main wind direction, and distance to shore for the most feasible project locations. It is found that total estimated offshore wind power capacity at the specified sites is 1,629 MW.

A short overview of energy production based CO2 emissions and wind power development strategy for Turkey

ABSTRACTEnergy is one of the main sources of economical and social developments. Energy demand is increasing day by day on both the global and national scale of many countries. The current energy paradigm is based on fossil fuels but fossil energy sources decrease day by day and go through to a death point. While this process happens, fossil sources constitute the main source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. At this point, the usage and spread of renewable energy sources is taking a place on the agenda of many countries.Wind energy systems have a high learning curve value (92%) and when making a comparison between wind energy and other renewable energy systems according to cost and efficiency parameters wind energy systems are more preferable. At the end of 2010, global installed wind power was 194,390 MW and 250 million tones CO2 emission was prevented with this installed power. The energy production paradigm of Turkey is based on thermal conventional technology. For that reason the CO2 emission level increased 102% according to 1990s value in Turkey and energy production-based CO2 emission ratio increaded to 92% in total CO2 emission value.The theoretical wind energy potential of Turkey is 48,000 MW and nearly 62 million tones of CO2 emission could be prevented with this potential.The goals of this study are that, given information about global and national CO2 emission levels, we can make some explanation about the national trend of the wind energy market and describe a convenient action plan for the Turkish wind energy market.

Design and development of a wind turbine

Which have a high potential in renewable energy sources wind energy has the capacity to meet the rapidly growing energy needs. This assessment of potential environmental problems of our country and to minimize the need to preserve the ecological balance. At the same time as the wind energy potential in Turkey is a country rich and technologically adequate. In this article, wind energy design, modeling and has been manufactured. Wind speed of 5 m/s has been adopted, the calculations carried out to meet the energy needs of a house.

The evaluation of feed-in tariff regulation of Turkey for onshore wind energy based on the economic analysis

Renewable energy sources have become popular with the technological developments, the increase in the price of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns. These factors have also prompted Turkey to utilize her rich renewable energy sources to meet her increasing electricity demand which is around 7% annually. Therefore, the Renewable Energy Law was enacted in 2005 to incentivize the utilization of domestic renewable sources with feed-in tariffs. In this study, onshore wind energy potential of Turkey is analyzed to find out whether these regulations and incentives will help the utilization of onshore wind energy potential. To that end, some background information about technology and cost of onshore wind power plants, the wind energy potential of Turkey and the current regulatory framework related to wind energy are explained. Then, a model is set up to conduct economic analysis by calculating NPV for the base case scenario and under the uncertain environment. The results show that an onshore wind energy potential of about 13GW having a wind speed of 7.5m/s or higher can be utilized profitably with the current feed-in tariff as the wind capacity of more than 100GW cannot be utilized economically.

A Statistical Investigation on the Wind Energy Potential of Turkey's Geographical Regions

Wind energy is one of the most significant and rapidly developing renewable energy sources in the world, and it provides a clean energy resource, which is a promising alternative in the short term in Turkey. The wind energy potential in various parts of Turkey is becoming economical due to reductions in wind turbine costs, and in fossil fuel atmospheric pollution. Because of this, it is necessary to make use of this resource immediately and start conducting the required technical and economical feasibility research. The aim of this study is to establish the potential and the feasibility basis for the wind energy resources in geographical regions of Turkey and provide suitable data for evaluating the potential wind power. For this purpose, the wind energy potential of Turkey's geographical regions is analyzed based on measured wind data over the 30-year periods by using 119 locations. The probability density distributions for all regions are derived from cumulative distribution functions. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distributions on a monthly, seasonally, and yearly basis for all regions. Based on these wind speed distributions, this study quantifies the available wind energy potential to provide practical information for the application of wind energy in this area. In addition to this, the wind energy potential of Turkey's geographical regions is studied based on the Weibull and the Rayleigh models for various hub heights.

Electricity restructuring in Turkey and the share of wind energy production

This paper presents the current status of Turkey's electricity power sector, efforts for introducing competition in the Turkey's power industry, and concerns with the restructuring in Turkey. Turkey include long-term high-cost agreements, low quality of power, and therefore restrictions for synchronization with UCTE network, increase in the reliance on imported natural gas, and the urgent need for highly qualified staff that would be capable of fast and reliable implementation of ongoing reforms in the electricity sector. The contribution of the exploiting wind energy potential in Turkey to reconstruction of Turkey electricity structure is investigated. The strong development of wind energy in Turkey is expected to continue in the coming years.

Wind Energy Potential in Turkey

The aim of this paper is to investigate the wind energy potential in Turkey. In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Turkey theoretically has 160 Terra Watt hours (TWh) a year of wind potential, which is about twice as much as the current electricity consumption of Turkey. The technical potential of Turkey's wind energy is approximately 88,000 MW, its total established power is only 18.9 MW according to data for 2001. Turkey had a share of 0.11% in Europe's installed capacity in 2001. As seen in the table, the installed capacity of Turkey's wind energy has increased from 9 MW in 1998 tol9 MW in 2001. But the installed wind energy capacity is very small.

04/00880 Energy sector and wind energy potential in Turkey: Ogulata, R. T. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 469–484

Scarcity of freshwater for agricultural production is becoming an ever increasing global environmental issue and one that will impact the food security of many nations in the very near future. Turkey is one of the key agricultural production nations in the world. The OECD estimates that Turkey is the world's seventh-biggest agricultural producer. With 40% of its total land area arable, it is the world's number one producer in numerous agricultural produce, including being the biggest wheat producer in the region. However its animal production system with the exception of poultry has declined considerably over the past few decades. The country has gone from being a livestock exporter in the 1980's to a major importer of red meat and slaughter animals since 2009. Despite the reduction in it national herd size the country has still managed to increase it's animal production water footprint (WF) due to inefficient natural resource management practices. Simulations of global climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with 21 different models, predicts a 12% decrease in annual rainfall in southern Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. As Turkey's annual water withdrawals are expected to exceed 20% of the annual renewable water supply, the country is likely to be at risk of suffering water stress in the next decade. Despite such grim prospects Turkey's agricultural sector is taking very few tangible water conservation measures. There is a real opportunity for Turkey to better utilize its rich water resources and become self sufficient for its animal production systems by adopting irrigated pasture improvement for grazing.

00/02747 On the regional wind energy potential of Turkey

00/02747 On the regional wind energy potential of Turkey

On the regional wind energy potential of Turkey

Continuous uses of fossil fuels are bound to pollute the atmosphere and consequently unwanted greenhouse and climate change effects will come to dominate every part of the earth. It is, therefore, advised to exploit clean energy resources, and for many nations in the world to try to assess their environmentally friendly, clean energy resources such as wind energy. Hence, it is an urgent situation to determine the wind energy potential in every country. This paper gives the wind velocity, topography and wind energy variation maps obtained for Turkey with local and regional interpretations.

Wind energy in Turkey

Wind and wind energy has always played an important role in the historical and economical development of Asia Minor and the geographical area covered by the Republic of Turkey today. The ancient city of Troia probably became rich with harbor fees from commercial vessels, which could not sail up the Dardanelles because of strong north-easterly winds and swift currents. As early as 1389 AC wind mills were already dominant landmarks and found their way even into naval maps. In 1940's wind mills ground corn, pumped water to fields and even powered first radio sets at the Anatolian country side. Like elsewhere, with the onset of oil era and construction of large hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants this renewable energy source was forgotten in Turkey until recently. Today there is a serious intention on part of Turkish authorities to promote wind energy. The ministry of Energy and Natural Resources approved the first B.O.T. wind park with 12 × 600 kW turbines in December 1997 and the contract text was initialled on April 3, 1998. By the time we present this paper this wind park should be in operation along with the first Autoproducer wind park with 3 × 500 kW turbines, which was connected to the grid on February 20, 1998. Efforts to include wind energy also in the B.O.O. Law are also continuing. We at Interwind estimate the usable wind energy potential in Turkey, at around 8'000 MW. However, how much of this potential can be utilized in the near future will depend on three factors; 1. 1) Definition of the specific place of renewable energy sources in the overall energy politics of Turkey, 2. 2) Reinforcement of infrastructure at high wind locations as a matter of priority, 3. 3) Revision of legal frame work for independent power producers to address the realities of the present and demands of the future.

Wind energy potential in Turkey

Lewis's methods are employed to evaluate the wind energy potentials of four selected locations, which have experienced relatively high wind velocities. In addition to Lewis's methods, the relations connecting the instantaneous and average wind powers, total and maximum wind energies for a given period of time are derived. Characteristics of wind energy, including rotor radius and tower height, are estimated using analytical and graphical approaches. It is concluded that Çanakkale with 73·76 W/m 2 mean yearly wind power is the most suitable and Florya with a relatively low value of 26·07 W/m 2 is the least suitable for wind energy systems.