Wind Energy Conversion System Research Articles

Design analysis of intelligent controller to minimize harmonic distortion and power loss of wind energy conversion system (grid connected)

<p>The controlling of internal parametric variations in addition to the non-linearity of a large conversion system of wind energy (WECS) is prime challenges to make the most of the generated energy, with less power loss and secure the proficiency (η) integration conventional grid. An adjustable speed control structure of grid-connected conversion system of wind energy (WECS), with the help of a Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Generator with intelligent controller minimizes the power loss. The control system incorporates a pair of controllers dedicated to the converters of both the generator and grid edge. The controller at the generator side has the main function is to optimize power that can be withdrawal from the wind by intelligently regulating the turbine’s rotational speed. Meanwhile, the grid edge converter effectively manages active and reactive power by manipulating the d & q-axis current components, respectively. This paper discusses about the improvement in performance of the system when using Neuro-Fuzzy system as compared to Neural Network and Management of energy deliver system via direct control method. The findings reveal that the training time for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is substantial, leading to the Neural Network-Direct Power Contol (NN-DPC) approach being the slowest option among the alternatives. Additionally, the NF-DPC system is less time-consuming than the NN-DPC, with a recorded duration of 24 seconds compared to the NN-DPC’s observation of 8 min and 5 s. However, it is worth noting that the NF-DPC system is somewhat more time-intensive than Common-Direct Power Contol (C-DPC).</p>

A Comprehensive Topology Review and Comparative Analysis of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

A Comprehensive Topology Review and Comparative Analysis of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Power Losses Reduction of Stacked Multicell Converter Fed Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Using Hybrid Methodology

This paper proposes a hybrid method for reduction of power losses of multicell converter in wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed methodology is the Artificial Intelligence (AI) based phase disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM). The Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree algorithm (GBDT). Hence it is named as GBDT-PD-PWM. Gradient boosting is a machine learning system that creates a prediction model in the group of weak prediction models, often called decision trees. The multicell converter is employed as the grid side converter (GSC) of WECS to attenuate harmonics created by nonlinear load. For stacked multicell converters (SMCs), a method of capacitor voltage balance based on PD-PWM approach is proposed.

A Novel Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm Differential Evolution Algorithm-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Employed Wind Energy Conversion Systems for Water Pumping Applications: Practical Realization

This article describes the implementation of a proposed hybrid whale optimization algorithm differential evolution (WOADE) as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for wind energy conversion systems (WECS) employed for water pumping applications. The proposed hybrid MPPT algorithm provides rapid and zero oscillation power tracking to achieve the global maximum power point (GMPP) within a limited number of iterations. In this work, the exploitation capability of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is integrated with the exploration behavior of differential evolution (DE) to improve the tracking ability over a steady and dynamic operating climate. The performance of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven centrifugal pump for water pumping applications with wind energy conversion systems has also been investigated. A modified Ćuk converter provides a higher output voltage with an enhanced voltage conversion ratio and is employed for optimal wind power tracking. The practical realization is done to substantiate the productiveness of the introduced hybrid WOADE based MPPT algorithm for WECS applied for water pumping under varying and sudden changes in wind velocity.

Designing and Modelling of Wind Turbine Simulation Using MATLAB / SIMULINK

Abstract: The renewable energy, Malaysia hopes to lessen its reliance on oil and gas. Wind energy is one of the more promising renewable sources of electricity. Malaysia is situated in an area with low wind speeds, with an annual mean wind speed of 1.2- 4.1 m/s, close to the equator. The northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon are the two monsoonseasons that Malaysia experiences. While wind speeds during the northeast monsoon can approach 15 m/s, they can only reach 7 m/s during the southwest monsoon season. The potential for wind energy in Sarawak, Malaysia, has only receiveda limited amount of research and study. In this article, MATLAB/SIMULINK will be used for modelling and simulation of numerous wind energy conversion systems (WESC) utilizing different generators operating under the same conditionsin order to analysis the generators' efficiency. Although ultimately all of them are equally efficient, PMSG has shown tobe more efficient than SCIG and DFIG at lower wind speeds. SCIG, DFIG, and PMSG efficiency are, respectively, 66.25%, 69.38%, and 71.88% at the rated wind speed.

A novel intelligent control approach for wind energy conversion systems with synchronous reluctance generators

SummaryThis study addresses a significant research gap in the field of wind energy, focusing on the underutilized potential of synchronous reluctance generators (SynRG) in wind power conversion systems (WPCS). Despite notable advancements in wind energy controls, the capabilities of SynRG within these systems have not been fully explored. In response, we introduce an innovative model‐free control (MFC) approach, termed intelligent proportional (iP), specifically designed and optimized for WPCS equipped with SynRG. This research encompasses the modeling, control, and simulation of SynRG‐based WPCS, aiming to optimize system performance and enhance the quality of grid power supply. The proposed vector control (VC) method utilizes a MFC approach (VC‐iP) to address the limitations inherent in traditional VC methods with proportional‐integral (PI) controllers (VC‐PI). Although widely used for their simplicity, VC‐PI methods often lead to power fluctuations and decreased power and current quality, consequently reducing overall system efficiency. In contrast, VC‐iP markedly enhances power quality and system efficiency, especially in situations involving fluctuating power demand and variable wind speeds. The efficacy of VC‐iP is demonstrated through simulations in two distinct test scenarios that include variations in power demand and random wind speed fluctuations. The results affirm the superiority of VC‐iP in maintaining stable, high‐quality power output from WPCS. This method notably minimizes fluctuations, improves current quality, reduces harmonic distortion and steady‐state error, ensures reliable grid integration, and contributes to a more efficient and sustainable energy system.

Power hardware in the loop methodology applied in the integration of wind energy conversion system under fluctuations: a case study

ABSTRACT In this paper, a power hardware in the loop (p-HIL) validation of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) interconnected into the balanced or unbalanced grid is presented. WECS power is obtained from wind fluctuations of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, and transferred through the DC-AC power electronic converter (PEC). A robust control law based on a simple PI regulator and phasor analysis is proposed, having advantages, such as continuous power generation, operating both under balanced and unbalanced grid conditions; total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction less than 3%; power factor (PF) correction close to the unit; balanced grid currents; a simple mathematical analysis. The main objective is to keep the WECS connected to the electrical grid even in the presence of unbalanced three-phase voltages, including contributions such as: i) VDC ripple reduction; ii) Balanced currents; iii) Sinusoidal currents; iv) Free of Sequence calculation; v) Free of dq0 or αβ Transforms; vi) Simple PI Loop control; and vii) Experimental Validation. The WECS efficiency and robustness are assessed by a complete mathematical examination, validated by the simulations in MATLAB-Simulink®, and support with experimental results through the real-time simulator Opal-RT Technologies®, a low-scale laboratory prototype, and p-HIL methodology. The results present a DC link voltage constant at 75 V and optimal and reliable power integration with an efficiency of 95%.

Internet of Things-Based Control of Induction Machines: Specifics of Electric Drives and Wind Energy Conversion Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) is introduced in systems with electrical machines, such as in electric drive systems, wind energy generating systems, and small and special machines, to remote monitor and control the operation for data acquisition and analysis. These systems can integrate with the equipment and retrofit the existing installations. At the end of the control loops there are always motors, or actuators, of big or small ratings, of rotating or linear movements, electrical or nonelectrical, which must produce the motion. This article analyses selected aspects of research and applications of IoT-based control in electric drive systems and of wind energy conversion systems with induction machines. Various applications and study cases of control systems of electrical machines with IoT technology are described. With the IoT-based control of induction machine systems operators can remotely monitor parameters and obtain accurate real-time feedback during fast changing duty cycle operation. Thus, IoT creates multipurpose instruments in the remote control of induction machines. The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of IoT-based control applications in the field of induction machines, with technical details of design, construction, experimental testing, and prototyping, that are useful to energy engineering specialists in the sector of electric drives and wind energy conversion systems.

On-line estimation of induction generator parameters using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems for wind energy conversion systems

This paper proposes a new method for online estimation of the induction generator parameters by means of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). The suggested technique can be applied to induction generators that are used in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The WECS structure comprises a wind turbine, a three-phase induction generator and two back-to-back power converters. The WECS provides electric energy to the utility grid through an LCL filter. The self adjustment of the induction generator parameters provides accuracy in the implementation of the field oriented control and therefore accomplishes optimal operation on the WECS. The proposed method is simple and, since it does not require time consuming off-line laboratory experiments, it can be easily applied to any wind energy system that is already in operation. Several simulation results will be presented in order to validate the theoretical considerations and demonstrate the operational improvements of the proposed system.

Low Voltage Ride Through Characterization of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) has emerged as an essential requirement that system operators demand to wind energy conversion systems (WECS). LVRT characterization is to get the minimum grid voltage profile under which the transient stability of WECS is not possible. This paper will determine the LVRT capability of existing Egyptian WECS. The methodology for analyzing wind power systems will require the modeling of three different wind turbine generator technologies. These are the fixed speed induction generator (SCIG), variable slip IG with variable rotor resistance, and doubly-fed IG with rotor-side converter. The methodology also requires the modeling of wind power plant, and the equivalent representation of power system. Simulation results are obtained for different IG technologies. They will provide a good understanding of the dynamic behavior of existing wind farms, and how to improve the stability and LVRT capability. Moreover, the results will form a template for the requirements by wind farm developers and power utilities in Egypt when developing new wind farms.

Modelling and Simulation of a Wind Energy System with Fractional Controllers

This paper is on wind energy conversion systems with full-power converter and permanent magnet synchronous generator. Different topologies for the power-electronic converters are considered, namely two-level and multilevel converters. Also, a new fractional-order control strategy is proposed for the variable-speed operation of the wind turbines. Simulation studies are carried out in order to adequately assess the quality of the energy injected into the electrical grid. Conclusions are duly drawn.

CUSUM based Fault Detection of Stator Winding Short Circuits in Doubly-Fed Induction Generator based Wind Energy Conversion Systems

This paper investigates the detection of short-circuit faults in the stator winding of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) algorithm is used to detect the change in the stator negative-sequence current magnitude which is used as the fault residual. The grid voltage unbalance is considered along with the fault position and its severity to evaluate the effect on the residual. The generator is modeled using the winding-function approach. Simulation results are presented for a 15 kW system operated, under a power control strategy, at rated conditions. It is shown that the fault-detection method is able to detect the fault rapidly and is not influenced by the grid voltage unbalance within normal limits.

Computational Assessment of Control Strategy for PMSG Wind Turbines aiming at Voltage Regulation on Connection Point

The growing deployment of wind energy conversion systems experienced in recent years has been reflected in increasing requirements for connection of such complexes to electric networks. In this way, in a near future, wind farms could be required to behave as conventional power plants, which, besides the characteristics of energy supply, promote support to the electrical system in steady state and transient conditions. In this context, this work is focused in a computational assessment of a control strategy directed to wind energy conversion system with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) aiming to regulate the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling. Therefore, after the mathematical description of the main physical components of such generating units, it proceeds to the computational implementation and performance evaluation of the control method using the ATP-EMTP simulator.

Wind Power Determination for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Lab-scale Multi-MW Wind Energy Systems

The low voltage ride through (LVRT) grid code requirements are pushing the new era of multi MW wind energy conversion systems (WECS) to full power topologies. Lab scale emulation of such multi MW systems usually substitutes the wind energy conversion by a torque producing emulator (e.g. DC machine). Nevertheless, the complete study of the wind energy system is more insightful and allows a better analysis of the WECS. This work focuses on the design of the blades and the wind power calculation for lab scale emulation of multi MW wind energy systems. Theoretical analysis for the design of the lab scale system is presented and experimental results show the wind power characteristic curves for maximum power point tracking of variable speed generators.

Power Limitation at High Wind Speed for a Variable Speed Fixed Pitch Wind Turbine using Close-Loop Scalar Control

This paper represents the speed regulation for a fixed pitch stall-regulated variable speed wind energy conversion system. The speed regulation in the high (above rated) wind speeds region is the main topic of this paper where in this region, the rotor/generator speed activity is controlled by using the concept of adjustable or variable speed drive (ASD/VSD). Speeds need to be controlled in order to maintain the generated power by reducing the power coefficient from the peak of Cp curve. It can be achieved by reducing the tip speed ratio from the optimum value when wind speed vary from rated wind speed to cut-out wind speed. Therefore, closed-loop scalar speed control with the concept of constant ratio of voltage/frequency was being applied. In addition, simple algorithms of drive train and squirrel cage induction generator were being used. A proportional integral (PI) controller was used to control the generator slip speed. Results demonstrate that such a closed-loop scalar control with proportional integral (PI) controller is good enough to accurately maintain constant power by restraining the rotational speed corresponding to the wind speed variation at the rated wind speed.

Analysis, Calculation and Reduction of Shaft Voltage in Induction Generators

This paper presents analysis of shaft voltage in different configurations of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and an Induction Generator (IG) with a back-to-back inverter in wind turbine applications. Detailed high frequency model of the proposed systems have been developed based on existing capacitive couplings in IG & DFIG structures and common mode voltage sources. In this research work, several arrangements of DFIG based wind energy conversion systems are investigated on shaft voltage calculation and its mitigation techniques. Placements of an LC line filter in different locations and its effects on shaft voltage elimination are studied with mathematical analysis and simulations.

Modeling and Control of Micro Grid Powered by Maximum Power PV Array and Fixed Speed Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper, the dynamic modeling of the studied micro grid (MG) is presented for steady state and transient operation conditions. Moreover, control strategies to obtain the maximum converted power and stabilize the voltage under different operating conditions are derived. The integrated system under study has four key subsystems to supply the required electric loads. The first and second subsystems include the layout of the studied MG and the renewable generation sources from Wind turbine and PV array. The third represents the boost converter between the PV and the DC collection bus as well as the interfaced inverter to the point of common coupling (PCC) with the MG. The fourth subsystem comprises mainly the required PI controllers to regulate the modulation index of the inverter and the duty cycle of the boost converter for PV maximum in addition of regulating the boost inverter DC link voltage. The proportional and integral parameters of these controllers are tuned off-line to enhance the grid performance. The integrated system and the associated subsystems are fully validated for efficient operation under normal or fault conditions using the Matlab/Simulink/Sim Power software.

Synchronization Techniques Comparison for Sensorless Control applied to PMSG

This paper encompasses a comparative study of techniques for position and speed estimation applied to permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), connected to the distribution grid by means of a back to back converter. In the context of low and medium power wind energy conversion systems, the robustness of the sensorless techniques are studied taking into account the tolerance of the PMSG parameters.

Integrating Wind Energy into Weak Power Grid Using Fuzzy Controlled TSC compensator

Wind energy has been developed significantly over last decade and has been noted as the most rapidly growing technology and most cost-effective ways to generate electricity from renewable sources. On the other hand, the voltage of wind turbine driven generator is variable due to intermittent nature of wind energy. Therefore, the integration of large wind scheme can pose inherent security problems such as voltage fluctuations and power quality. Voltage control, power quality and reactive power compensation in a distribution network with embedded wind energy conversion system represent the main goal of this paper. The dynamic simulation of the proposed voltage stabilization TSC scheme is presented using fuzzy logic based controller. The Wind Energy Scheme comprises three key parts. The wind energy system, induction generator, TSC compensator with the associated fuzzy logic controller and the distribution wind-grid integrated AC system feeding the hybrid load. The integrated wind-grid scheme with all subsystems has been digitally simulated using the Matlab Simulink/Sim-Power software environment. The fuzzy logic controlled TSC scheme was fully validated to ensure voltage stabilization and efficient wind energy utilization

Power Quality impact of a small wind energy conversion system connected to the LV grid

This research work is devoted to the study of the Power Quality (PQ) impact of small wind energy conversion systems (SWECS) connected to the low voltage grid. A common coupling point (CCP) has been monitored using a PQ meter that fulfils the standard IEC 61000-4-30 class A. The PQ survey has been conducted with and without the SWECS and the results were compared with the limits defined by the standard EN 50160