Changes In Wind Direction Research Articles

Validation of induction/steering reserve-boosting active power control by a wind tunnel experiment with dynamic wind direction changes

This paper presents an experimental validation of an active power control methodology that combines induction control and wake steering to maximize the power reserve of the wind turbines in a farm. The experiments are carried out on a cluster of three scaled wind turbines in a boundary-layer wind tunnel, by dynamically varying the wind direction, and by considering a time-varying power tracking signal that mimics secondary frequency control of the grid. The methodology is compared with three active power control algorithms sourced from the literature. Results indicate that the instantaneous power reserves are indeed improved by an appropriate handling of wake effects, achieving a more accurate tracking of the power signal.

Dynamic wake conditions tailored by an active grid in the wind tunnel

Well characterized test environments are required for novel wind turbine and wind farm control concepts. Aeroelastic simulations are mostly used to model turbine aerodynamic and structural response. For wind farm control, also the wake behaviour needs to be represented, including the impacts of dynamic wind direction changes, wake meandering and the interaction of wakes with the atmospheric boundary layer. This paper shows how wake-like inflow conditions can be emulated with an active grid in a wind tunnel, exciting a broad band of turbulent scales. The artificial wake conditions can be used as inflow for an exposed model turbine. A focus is put on the meandering dynamics, which are driven by large transversal turbulence patterns in the atmospheric boundary layer. Following the conjecture of the Dynamic Wake Meandering (DWM) model, such turbulent scales must have the size of multiple rotor diameters, to impact the entire wake deficit like a passive tracer. In conventional wind tunnel experiments, such spatial scale ratios are hard to reach, since wind tunnel sizes are bounded while the model turbines must be sufficiently large to have appropriate aerodynamic scaling and instrumentation. In this work, quasi-stochastic meandering trajectories are created, using scaled Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. Thus, the intrinsically stochastic process of wake meandering is made repeatable. The paper focuses at a thorough characterization of the inflow conditions with both lidar and hot-wire measurements, considering wake shape and spectral features. The results show an approximately axi-symmetric Gaussian deficit, which meanders as a coherent structure while having spectral features similar to a turbine wake.

Data-driven wind turbine sensor health validation

This paper presents a data-driven approach for detecting anomalies in wind turbine sensors, specifically anemometers and wind vanes, and the development of a smart alerting system. The study focuses on utilizing SCADA and reanalysis (ERA5) data for accurate anomaly detection and reducing false alarms through smart change point detection algorithms. The methodology involves modeling normal behavior, detecting change points, and comparing power curves before and after these points. For anemometer anomaly detection, a three-year SCADA dataset from an offshore wind farm and a synthetic dataset is used, employing an XGBoost model and the PELT algorithm for change point detection. Wind vane anomalies are identified using a nine month dataset from seven turbines, with synthetic alterations to simulate misalignments. Results show successful detection of sudden changes in wind speed and direction, with smart alarms assisting operators in decision-making. This research enhances wind turbine condition monitoring, improving reliability and efficiency.

Adaptivity of a leaf-inspired wind energy harvester with respect to wind speed and direction

Environmental wind is a random phenomenon in both speed and direction, though it can be forecasted to some extent. An example of that is a gust which is an abrupt, but short-time change in wind speed and direction. Being a free and clean source for small-scale energy scavenging, attraction of wind is rapidly growing in the world of energy harvesters. In this paper, a leaf-like flapping wind energy harvester is introduced as the base structure in which a short-span airfoil is attached to the free end of a double-deck cantilever beam. A flap mechanism inspired by scales on sharks’ skin and a tail mechanism inspired by birds’ horizontal tail are proposed for integration to the base harvester to make it adaptive with respect to wind speed and direction, respectively. The use of the flap mechanism increases the leaf flapping frequency by +2.1 to +11.5 Hz at wind speeds of 1.5 to 6.0 m s−1. Therefore, since the output power of a vibrational harvester is a function of vibration frequency, a figure of merit or an efficiency parameter related to the output power will increase, as well. On the other hand, if there is a misalignment between the harvester’s heading and wind direction due to change of the latter one, the harvesting performance deteriorates. Although the base harvester can realign in certain ranges of sideslip angle at each wind speed, when the tail mechanism is integrated into that, it broadens the range of realignable sideslip angles at all the investigated wind speeds by up to 80 ∘ .

Extracting engineering-relevant wind information from research radar measurements

Historically, engineering-oriented characterization of low-level atmospheric winds has been dependent upon obtaining relevant measurements from anemometry, but recent research has shown promise in extracting relevant scales using radar measurements. Central to the success of these new analysis concepts was the proper correction of the acquired data fields to account for momentum advection and the implementation of a robust space-to-time conversion methodology. Combined, these facets allowed researchers to interpolate high resolution “tower-like” time histories from across the entire radar analysis domain, resulting in a more comprehensive evaluation of flow field evolution. However, the previous methodologies failed to properly characterize highly complex wind flows that contain wind speed and direction gradients. This study built upon these previous methodologies to better characterize complex wind flows, while also preserving engineering-relevant scales of motion. The new methodology was implemented on a wind record collected from a passing thunderstorm and included several sharp wind speed and direction changes. Validation of the resulting dual-Doppler-derived second-by-second projections was completed through comparison with available anemometry. The results highlight the significant advantages of using research radar information to bolster engineering perspectives, while also documenting the current limitations of the method.

Rolling active load relief technology for launch vehicle bundled with common booster core in face

The aerodynamic interference forces and moments of different windward surfaces of a launch vehicle bundled with a common booster core in the face vary considerably. The servo mechanism is laid out to maximize the control capability of the rocket at a certain angle. The dominant surface of the rocket is determined by aerodynamic interference and control capability. For the problem of large interference and asymmetry during the flight of a nominal rocket, a rolling active load relief control law based on the optimization of the spatial interference vector is proposed. The direction with the largest spatial interference vector is obtained online by visual acceleration information. By adjusting the rolling program angle, the rocket will align the dominant face with the direction of the largest interference when flying through the windy area. And then, the rocket obtains a good control effect. The simulation results show that the control law proposed in this paper can effectively improve the adaptability of the rocket control in the case of sudden changes in wind direction. It achieves the purpose of reducing the static load of the rocket body structure during the flight.

Investigation of the integration of an oscillating aerofoil-based energy harvester into the building roof

The increasing energy efficiency requirements have led to innovative renewable energy solutions being integrated into buildings. Several works have shown the potential of micro wind turbines on buildings. However, their implementations have been hindered by several challenges. Flow energy harvesting devices such as oscillating aerofoils provide potential, yet a literature gap exists regarding their integration into buildings. This study addresses this gap by investigating oscillating aerofoil wind energy harvesting system performance through numerical modelling. A coupled numerical model was introduced, integrating a novel computational approach using ANSYS Fluent with one degree of freedom in rotational motion. This methodology was introduced to analyze the dynamic behaviour and predict mechanical power output of the oscillating aerofoil wind energy harvesting system, which is a novel exploration in existing literature. Moreover, validation of the computational fluid dynamics model was conducted through using experimental wind tunnel data in the literature, and results demonstrated agreement between numerical and experimental results. To improve the wind energy harvesting system of a single oscillating aerofoil, it was integrated into building roof to take advantage of acceleration effects of building roof shape. The design improvement comprises of a novel wind energy harvesting system design of an oscillating aerofoil integrated into three different building roof including flat, pitched, and curved shapes to enhance energy efficiency. The numerical analysis demonstrated that integrating an oscillating NACA 0012 aerofoil into a curved roof resulted in the highest average power output. Specifically, the integration of the curved roof and the aerofoil yielded 18 watts, while the flat roof generated only 0.6 watts at a wind speed of 3 m/s. Integration into a pitched roof achieved 12 watts at 9 m/s. Comparatively, integrating the curved roof with the aerofoil increased power output by 50% compared to the pitched roof design at 9 m/s wind speed. Thus, variations in wind speed significantly impact performance. In addition, changes in wind direction from 0 to 10 degrees led to reduced efficiency and lower predicted power output. Lastly, the power spectral density for NACA 0012 integrated into the pitched and curved roof buildings revealed peaks at 5.8 Hz in 9 m/s wind speed conditions.

Influence of warm surface water originating from the East China Sea on surface water temperature off the south coast of Korea in summer

Surface seawater temperature in the southwestern coast of Korea suddenly rose in the summer of 2017. This rapid temperature rise event occurred simultaneously with a change in wind direction in the Korea Strait from northwesterly to southeasterly due to the approach of typhoon Noru. To identify the causes of the abrupt rise in surface temperature, the variations of the surface currents and temperature were investigated using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. Warm and less saline surface water, a mixed shelf water of the Changjiang Diluted Water and saline water from an onshore branch of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea (ECS), flowed northeastward to the west and south of Jeju Island, proceeding eastward through the Jeju and Korea Straits. While westerly winds prevailed, wind-driven ageostrophic currents flowed southeastward, moving away from the south coast of Korea, due to Ekman transport. The shallow coastal region was occupied by cool and saline surface water (T < 22 °C, S > 32.5 psu). However, after the wind shifted to an easterly direction, the surface ageostrophic currents realigned northwestward, and the warm and less saline water moved into the shallow coastal region. In a passive tracer dispersal experiment, dyes injected from the ECS flowed to the west of Jeju Island and through the Jeju Strait via geostrophic currents. These dyes did not affect the shallow southern coastal region of Korea while the westerly winds dominated. However, during the easterly wind event, the dyes were advected toward the coast by the coastward Ekman transport. An analysis of temperature data observed at Cheongsando over 16 years and the tracer experiment revealed that the abrupt temperature rise in the summer of 2017 was a marine heatwave event generated by the advection of warm and less saline surface water from the ECS to the southwestern coast of Korea through the Jeju Strait.

Dynamic wind farm flow control using free-vortex wake models

Abstract. A novel dynamic economic model-predictive control strategy is presented that improves wind farm power production and reduces the additional demands of wake steering on yaw actuation when compared to an industry state-of-the-art reference controller. The novel controller takes a distributed approach to yaw control optimisation using a free-vortex wake model. An actuator-disc representation of the wind turbine is employed and adapted to the wind farm scale by modelling secondary effects of wake steering and connecting individual turbines through a directed graph network. The economic model-predictive control problem is solved on a receding horizon using gradient-based optimisation, demonstrating sufficient performance for realising real-time control. The novel controller is tested in a large-eddy simulation environment and compared against a state-of-the-art look-up table approach based on steady-state model optimisation and an extension with wind direction preview. Under realistic variations in wind direction and wind speed, the preview-enabled look-up table controller yielded the largest gains in power production. The novel controller based on the free-vortex wake produced smaller gains in these conditions while yielding more power under large changes in wind direction. Additionally, the novel controller demonstrated potential for a substantial reduction in yaw actuator usage.

A GEO-GEO Stereo Observation of Diurnal Cloud Variations over the Eastern Pacific

Fast atmospheric processes such as deep convection and severe storms are challenging to observe and understand without adequate spatiotemporal sampling. Geostationary (GEO) imaging has the advantage of tracking these fast processes continuously at a cadence of the 10 min global and 1 min mesoscale from thermal infrared (TIR) channels. More importantly, the newly-available GEO-GEO stereo observations from our 3D-Wind algorithm provide more accurate height assignment for atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) than those from conventional TIR methods. Unlike the radiometric methods, the stereo height is insensitive to radiometric TIR calibration of satellite sensors and can assign the feature height correctly under complex situation (e.g., multi-layer clouds and atmospheric inversion). This paper shows a case study from continuous GEO-GEO stereo observations over the Eastern Pacific during 1–5 February 2023, to highlight diurnal variations of clouds and dynamics in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), altocumulus/congestus, convective outflow and tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Because of their good vertical resolution, the stereo observations often show a wind shear in these cloud layers. As an example, the stereo winds reveal the classic Ekman spiral in marine PBL dynamics with a clockwise (counterclockwise) wind direction change with height in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere subtropics. Over the Southeastern Pacific, the stereo cloud observations show a clear diurnal variation in the closed-to-open cell transition in the PBL and evidence of precipitation at a lower level from broken stratocumulus clouds.

Commercial real estate and air pollution

AbstractWe analyze the causal effect of air pollution (acute fine particulate matter) exposure on the commercial real estate (CRE) market. We instrument for air pollution using changes in local wind direction to find that an increase in fine particulate matter exposure leads to a contemporaneous decrease in CRE market values and (net) income as well as an increase in capital expenditures. Heterogeneous treatment analysis within a building‐level fixed effects framework uncovers that the negative effect on market values is concentrated in the office sector, consistent with the notion that air pollution‐induced decreases in CRE values are driven by a reduction in CRE assets’ productive capacity. Additionally, we document that the negative impact on (net) income is concentrated in the apartment sector, which is consistent with a broad set of local disamenity mechanisms identified in previous residential real estate literature.

Increased power capture efficiency of large-scale wind turbines using model-free coordinated pitch, yaw, and torque control with wind direction estimation in diverse environmental conditions

Offshore large-scale wind turbine systems (LSWTS) face challenges in pitch and yaw management mainly due to unreliable wind direction measurements, delayed responses, and redundant yaw movements, reducing their optimal efficiency under various offshore renewable environmental conditions. To address this problem and increase power capture, this study introduces a model-free coordinated super-twisting pitch, yaw, and generator torque control for LSWTS under various wind speed and direction conditions. To achieve this, a dynamic model of the weather vane is first designed to accurately measure the wind directions under fluctuating wind speed and environmental conditions. At the same time, the onshore/offshore LSWTS weather vane model is formulated to operate under optimal conditions considering air density, temperature, humidity, and external disturbances. Then, super-twisting control based on an enhanced adaptive barrier function is proposed for the coordinated control operation of the pitch, yaw, and generator torque actuators for stable maximum power extraction of the offshore LSWTS. Finally, simulation and comparative studies are presented to signify the increased power capture ability of the proposed scheme for both a 4.8 MW benchmark and a 20 MW PMVG-based offshore LSWTS to verify robustness against wind gusts, direction changes, and model uncertainties.

Climate Risk Management in Cultural Heritage for Inclusive Adaptation Actions in Nigeria

Different regions around the world are experiencing climate risks, including increasing temperatures, rapid changes in rainfall patterns, loss of biodiversity and extreme weather events. Within the last decade, Nigeria has experienced a series of localised and regional drought and flooding events affecting not only arable farmlands but also cultural heritage, including heritage buildings and cultural landscapes. This study assesses climate-related risks affecting cultural heritage using the ABC risk assessment method to understand the impacts of key climate drivers. The assessment method was applied to five cultural heritage sites with different values and functions. The findings revealed that changes in precipitation and wind speed and direction induce most of the sudden-onset impacts, such as bushfires, flooding and physical collapse. A sense of community connection and attachment to the built heritage remain strong but there have been limited efforts to implement actions that address climate risks to the built heritage and its surrounding spaces. The output of the assessment contributes to risk prioritisation and informs decision making for developing the needed adaptive actions. The study demonstrates the need to leverage climate information collected by different national and international organisations not to only assess climate risks to heritage but also to improve the involvement of local communities and non-heritage professionals in developing adaptation actions for built heritage.

Variability of Fine‐Scale Chlorophyll Fronts in the Tīkapa Moana Te Moananui ā Toi Hauraki Gulf, Aotearoa New Zealand

AbstractAotearoa New Zealand's marine environment is heavily impacted by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Little is known about the effect of ENSO on oceanographic properties in the area or their consequences on the distribution of marine organisms. Here we characterize the spatio‐temporal variability of fine‐scale fronts (&lt;10 km) in the area of the Tīkapa Moana Te Moananui ā Toi Hauraki Gulf (HG) and investigate how it is impacted by dominant wind direction, seasonality, and ENSO phase. We processed satellite Ocean‐Land Color Instrument images from 2016 to 2022 with a fit‐for‐purpose version of the Belkin and O'Reilly frontal detection algorithm. We find coherent shifts in the position of fine‐scale features depending on the ENSO phase, with El Niño isolating the gulf sub‐regions and La Niña connecting them together. Overall, fronts tend to co‐locate with the 70 and 40 m isobaths in the outer and inner HG respectively, and their locations shift close or away from shore in response to changes in dominant wind direction. Furthermore, offshore frontal occurrences increase during winter and spring, and nearshore ones increase during summer and autumn. Our results sketch a first assessment of the distribution of fine‐scale features in a biologically important yet understudied region.

Experimental investigation on coupling characteristics of principal and shear stress of wind turbine under dynamic change of wind direction

Experimental investigation on coupling characteristics of principal and shear stress of wind turbine under dynamic change of wind direction

Experimental investigation of wind turbine stress and power characteristics under dynamic changes in wind direction

ABSTRACT The dynamic inlet conditions of variable wind direction had an obvious influence on the response of wind turbine stress and power, and accurately analyzing their changing characteristics is of great significance to enhancing wind turbines’ stability and efficient operation. Experiments were performed in a wind tunnel, where the wind turbine was mounted on a rotating platform to simulate dynamic changes in wind direction at prescribed speeds and angles. The wind turbine’s stress and power were measured. Results show that the stress was minimally reduced by 4.4% (tower) and 1.7% (blade) when the wind direction change angle was small. Maximum stress reduction of 92% (tower) and 93% (blade) with increasing wind direction change angle. As the wind direction change speed increased, the magnitude of the drop in blade stress decreased by 6% ~32%. The decrease in power coefficient and rotational speed at small wind direction change angles and large wind direction change speeds were not significant, and the fluctuations were more obvious. The coupling of aerodynamic deterioration and inertial effects during dynamic changes in wind direction was one of the main reasons for the variations in the wind turbine power and stress response.

Should we care about the level of detail in trees when running urban microscale simulations?

Due to lack of information and long geometry generation times, tree geometries are usually oversimplified or even ignored in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations that predict wind and pollutant dispersion in urban areas. Nevertheless, trees are known to impact local wind patterns and air quality levels. Thus, in this paper we explore the effects that tree models automatically reconstructed at diverse Level of Detail (LoD) (1, 2 and 3) have in numerical wind predictions. We address this by comparing the non-dimensional velocity magnitude differences between simulations with multiple tree LoDs. To further understand these differences in changing environmental contexts we use three morphologies: an isolated tree, an idealized street, canyon, and a real urban geometry from Rotterdam, The Netherlands The numerical results show that the velocity magnitude differences between the cases with LoD1 tree models and those with LoD2 tree models can be over 1.0m/s while the differences between LoD2 and LoD3 cases are rather limited, usually lower than 0.2m/s. Consequently, through this study we highlight the importance of using tree models in LoD2 or LoD3 at least for CFD simulations of wind flows in urban areas. To further support this conclusion we also analyze the impact of changing wind directions and tree Leaf Area Density (LAD) values in the impact of tree LoDs on wind. The differences found in this work linked to the level of realism in your tree models can support future studies where researchers want to make an informed choice.

Case study of a bore wind-ramp event from lidar measurements and HRRR simulations over ARM Southern Great Plains

The rapid change of wind speed and direction on 21 August 2017 is studied using Doppler lidar measurements at five sites of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) facility in north-central Oklahoma. The Doppler lidar data were investigated along with meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, and turbulence available from the large suite of instrumentation deployed at the SGP Central Facility (C1) during the Land-Atmosphere Feedback Experiment in August 2017. Lidar measurements at five sites, separated by 55–70 km, allowed us to document the development and evolution of the wind flow over the SGP area, examine synoptic conditions to understand the mechanism that leads to the ramp event, and estimate the ability of the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh model to reproduce this event. The flow feature in question is an atmospheric bore, a small-scale phenomenon that is challenging to represent in models, that was generated by a thunderstorm outflow northwest of the ARM SGP area. The small-scale nature of bores, its impact on power generation, and the modeling challenges associated with representing bores are discussed in this paper. The results also provide information about model errors between sites of different surface and vegetation types.

The Empirical Influence of Tibetan Plateau Spring Soil Moisture on South Asian Monsoon Onset: A Linear Diagnostic Perspective

Abstract The South Asian high (SAH) location and intensity are linked with the latent heating of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Yangtze River basin. The relationship between SAH variability and its impact on South Asian monsoon (SAM) onset is rarely linked with TP soil moisture. This study uses remotely sensed soil moisture and reanalysis products to quantify the relationship between the TP spring (April–June) soil moisture with SAH and SAM onset during 1988–2008. The results show that the TP spring soil moisture and monsoon onset indices are negatively correlated (R &lt; −0.65), whereas the SAH exhibits a significant positive correlation (R ≥ 0.70) with TP soil moisture. The monsoon onset shows a difference of 20–25 days between the early- and late-onset composites. Significant positive (negative) soil moisture anomalies persist over the TP during the early (late) onset followed by positive (negative) LH (SH) anomalies during early (late)-onset composites. The TP thermal forcing exhibited positive anomalies during the early (late)-onset composites implying significant soil moisture control over the diabatic heating, which favors vertical ascent over the eastern plateau. Such a pattern leads to an earlier formation and movement of the SAH toward the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and southwestward of the TP. Before the early and late monsoon onset composites, the SAH pentad evolution drives the lower-tropospheric westerlies/easterlies toward continental SA. In the Indian Ocean the wind shear and transition from prevailing easterlies into westerlies during the pre-onset, onset, and post-onset pentad results in strong/weak ascent affecting the onset timing over the Arabian Sea and continental SA with less influence over the BOB monsoon onset. Significance Statement The Tibetan Plateau heating is one of the key drivers of the Asian monsoon precipitation in the surrounding regions, which has been previously studied in detail. This study explored the Tibetan Plateau spring soil moisture’s effect on South Asian monsoon onset timing. The monsoon onset timing is calculated using changes in wind direction, atmospheric temperature, and relative precipitation magnitude. Results found that the spring soil moisture substantially affects the TP thermal heating and the SA monsoon onset timing and highlights the physical processes leading to changes in the monsoon onset timing. The inclusion of soil moisture in estimating the monsoon onset timing can provide a tangible way of improving our understanding of the monsoon and associated water resources management practices.

Алгоритми стабілізації швидкості обертів ротора Дар’є вітро-енергетичної установки, керованого змінами довжини лопатей

The world’s power engineering features ever increasing attention to the development of renewable power sources. Difficulties in provision with traditional energy sources (gas, coal, and oil products) and the global trends of transition to green sources call for replacing the traditional sources with new ones. Among the alternative energy sources, wind power plants (WPPs) installed in suitable territories have received widespread use. Modern WPPs are of two types: vertical- and horizontal-axis ones. Vertical-axis WPPs, as distinct from horizontal-axis ones, have a number of specific advantages, such as, for example, insensitivity to wind direction changes, which significantly simplify the WPP design and increase the WPP reliability. Both WPP types are dynamically complex systems, which operate in different regimes depending on their dynamic and technological features. The task of matching these features is assigned to control systems, which control the rotor operation using additional devices, for example, generators of different types. For horizontal-axis WPPs, approaches to the solution of a number of system control problems have been developed on the basis of the principle of swept area variation. The development of a similar approach for vertical-axis WPPs seems to be an important and promising task. The goal of this paper is to develop efficient algorithms of WPP rotor speed stabilization using the principle of swept area variation, namely, telescopic blades. The problem is solved using methods of the classical automatic control theory and mathematical simulation. The novelty lies in extending the concept of control by swept area variation to Darrieus vertical-axis WPPs, synthesizing efficient algorithms for stabilizing the rotor speed of Darrieus vertical-axis WPPs controlled by blade length variation, and determining conditions for their stability. The algorithms may be used in substantiating design solutions for Darrieus rotor vertical-axis WPPs.