Wind Blowing Research Articles

Spraying Agricultural Crops Based on Internet of Things (IoT)

Indonesia's Agriculture is a strategic sector in increasing economic growth. One of the efforts to increase agricultural production in Indonesia is through technology. Smart farming models can be developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of farmland management. The monitoring and watering regulation system using IOT has many benefits, including time efficiency, work effectiveness, remote operation, simplicity, and better irrigation accuracy. In this study, the Smart Farming Device was placed in a coastal area with a hot climate in the chili garden. The experiment was conducted 9 hours from 08.00 – 17.00 WIB (West Indonesian Time). The Smart Farming Device works in a modular manner controlled remotely by the internet network, which works by energy converted from the sunlight. The use of types of sensors and the sensors placed on the farmland will determine the accuracy of the information received by farmers. From the sensors parameter, we found that spraying water to the farmland does not raise the soil moisture. A wind speed sensor needs to be added to the device to determine the effect of wind blow on the environmental parameters of the farmland. The irrigation method looks more promising for improving soil moisture conditions than the method of spraying water through the air.

Camera motion-induced systematic errors in stereo-DIC and speckle-based compensation method

Stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) is now a standard technique for determination of the mechanical properties of materials and structures. In stereo-DIC, cameras are assumed to be motionless after camera calibration, so the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction can be implemented using pre-calibrated parameters. However, this assumption is not true in some situations, such as drop test, seismic shaking table test and non-laboratory environment. Due to the presence of ground shaking or wind blowing, it's almost impossible to avoid camera motion in these experiments even if mechanical fixing is adopted. Camera motion during the experiment can undoubtedly introduce significant errors on measured results. Generally, camera motion can be divided into pair motion and relative motion. The influence of these two kinds of motion on stereo-DIC measurement is different and worth of separate study. Keep this in mind, in this paper, the influence of camera motion on stereo-DIC is investigated and the effects of pair motion and relative motion are examined separately using precisely controllable simulated experiments. Specifically, by integrating into the stereo matching, the speckle-based compensation method for relative motion is proposed and the accuracy of the compensation methods is analyzed in detail. The reduction of camera motion-induced systematic errors will be helpful for the further applications of stereo-DIC in non-laboratory environments and engineering fields.

Microhabitat Selection and Population Density of Nehalennia Speciosa Charpentier, 1840 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in a Peripheral Microrefugium

Peripheral populations of boreal tyrphophilic animals and plants often occupy relict Alpine peatlands, which act as microrefugia. Ecological conditions within local peatlands can lead to uncommon adaptations, highly valuable for the long-term conservation of species and habitats. The pigmy damselfly (Nehalennia speciosa) is an endangered Odonata distributed in Central and Eastern Europe with peripheral populations in the Alps. We investigated the microscale species-habitat association and the conservation status of one of these populations in a relict raised bog. We applied dynamic N-mixture models to assess population ecology and density, while disentangling predictors’ effect on ecological and observation process. We counted N. speciosa individuals in spring 2018 along with vegetation, water, soil and weather conditions during surveys. Final model resulted reliable according to performance measures. Spatial variation in N. speciosa abundance was driven by vegetation type, with a strong selection for flooded hollows where C. rostrata, R. alba and S. palustris vegetation occupy acidic and oligotrophic shallow pools. Population density showed a peak in the first decade of June and increased with accumulation of superficial water. Detection probability was generally low and decreased further when wind blew. The reduced ecological plasticity of the species imperil the species to habitat and climate changes, which will be particularly threatening for its peripheral Alpine populations in the near future, causing water imbalance and rapid vegetation turnover within the peatlands’ fragile microhabitat. The studied peat bog could thus be retained a key future microrefugium for the long-term conservation of tyrphopilous wildlife and habitats.

Reducing Evaporation From Water Reservoirs Using Floating Lattice Structures

AbstractTo accommodate the increase in irrigation water demand, millions of reservoirs were built during the last decades all over the world, but half of the stored water is lost to evaporation. Opaque floating elements are used to cover the reservoirs and suppress evaporation. However, they limit light transmission and oxygen exchange, thus preventing the coupling of fish farming with irrigation. The concept of open, lattice‐like, structures that suppress evaporation while allowing transfer of light and oxygen to the water is presented here. Experimental results under laboratory conditions show that the structure studied has reduced the wind speed above the free water surface, and has suppressed evaporation by 40%–60%. The performances of the lattice‐like structure were compared to those of floating balls. In the absence of wind, the balls that cover ∼90% of the water surface with opaque material are much more efficient in suppressing evaporation than the lattice structure that leaves ∼90% of the water surface uncovered. When the wind blows, the balls‐cover is still more efficient in suppressing evaporation than the lattice structure. However, the ratio between evaporation from the basin covered with the lattice structure and the one covered with balls is higher than 0.75. That shows that the performances of the investigated structure are equivalent to opaque elements covering 50%–85% of the surface. This emphasizes the high efficiency of the proposed concept to achieve significant evaporation suppression while ensuring transfer of light and oxygen, thus allowing efficient management of dual reservoirs.

JURISPRUDENTIAL RULINGS RELATED TO WINDSIN PURITY BOOK A COMPARATIVE STUDY

The research deals with the most important jurisprudential issues related to winds in the book of Purity. In introduction: I showed the reason for my choice of the topic and my methodology in it there are four sections: I showed in the first topic: Defining wind as a language and a term, and the difference between them and the wind... and that most of use the word “winds” (plural) in Qur'an is for mercy, and most of the word “wind” (singular) is for torture. I showed in the second topic: that the pure water if some leaves, hay or weeds fall into it due to the wind, it remains pure as long as its delicacy has not disappeared.. and that if the water reaches two jars and is changed with impurity, then it is no longer pure if it is changed by the winds.... and that the wind has an effect on continuation in ablution .I showed in the third topic: it is disliked to urinate or defecate in the wind, and the validity of tayammum for whom his ablution is broken if he intended dirt when the wind blew, evoking the intention of tayammum before throwing it in his hands until the time of his throwing them and then wiping tayammum. And our last prayer is praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds

Determination of Tekirdağ (Turkey) wind energy potential and evaluation of selected wind turbines in terms of techno-economic and environmental aspects

In this study, the wind energy potential of Tekirdağ was investigated obtaining the wind data from meteorology stations located in nine districts of the province and recorded hourly at 10 m altitude between the years of 2014 and 2018. Moreover, monthly average wind and Weibull and Rayleigh probability distributions, as well as hourly wind speeds, were analyzed for each district. Furthermore, monthly dominant wind directions and the ratio of dominant winds to all wind blowing numbers were determined for each district and wind speeds and wind power densities by month were compared. In addition to determination of wind energy potential, four different types of wind turbines which can be installed in the examined regions were assessed in terms of techno-economic and environmental aspects by using RETScreen Expert software. Capacity factors of selected wind turbines, initial installation costs, annual savings incomes, and annual energy amounts were determined by district. The gross greenhouse gas emission amounts that can be prevented from being released into the environment have been determined via the usage of wind turbine. Finally, the most suitable wind turbines for the districts were determined through financial sustainability analysis. Correspondingly, it has been determined that if the Enercon E2-82 wind turbine is installed in the Marmara Ereğlisi district, optimal results will be obtained. It is thought that this study will contribute to the development of the wind energy potential and planning of the wind power plants in the regions showing the similar characteristics with the examined one with regard to wind energy.

Airflow visualization and performance assessment for a roof ridge ventilator under wind using Schlieren photography technique

In Taiwan, natural ventilation devices are installed in many high-ceiling buildings, and such devices become a natural smoke vent system when a fire breaks out. The improved ridge ventilators can lead to hot air exclusion while avoiding the effect of wind. Four modes of wind were adopted to carry out the model experiments in this research. Considering that ventilators have complex and curved geometries, the Schlieren photography technique was used to effectively display the flow pattern of hot air. Thermocouples were installed to measure temperatures at each opening. The Schlieren images and temperature values indicate that the heat flowed upwards significantly when the wind was calm. When the traditional ridge ventilator was installed, the wind had an inhibitory effect on the exhaustion of hot air in an internal space. After the improved ridge ventilators were installed, the wind blew like moderate breeze, and the removal effect of hot air was improved. The experimental results indicated that heat accumulation was not obvious. However, the outside air would gush into a building when the intensity of the wind became a strong breeze. The results showed the performance of traditional and improved roof ridge ventilators in different wind fields.

Effect of slope tower angle and thermal storage media on flexibility solar chimney power plant performance

AbstractFloating tower projects in solar chimney power plant are emerging with considerable interest. However, high chimney tower might be under great pressure from wind blow. Use of flexible fabric material for the tower might reduce the constraint on the chimney and reduce the cost. The present work is devoted to the study of the solar tower inclination impact on the efficiency of the solar chimney power plant (SCPP). The considered inclination angles of the tower are 15°, 22°, and 30°. In addition, waterbed is laid down on the ground of the collector to store heat. Results showed that a tower inclination of up to 22° might improve the performance of the SCPP. The extra heat storage also made a better use of the energy. This improved the power produced from sunset to sunrise with a lower entropy generation, mainly in the configuration with a solar tower inclination between 15° and 22°.

RESEARCH OF BATYRBEK MOUNDS ON NARYN SAND

The article presents the results of archaeological excavations on the Batyrbek Mound on the Naryn sand. The Naryn sands are located in the northwestern part of the Caspian Basin, between the Volga and Ural rivers. Administrative covers Isatai Was Makhambet areas of Atyrau region and the southern part of Bokey Orda, Zhangala and Akzhaiyk parts of the West Kazakhstan region. The area is 40 thousand km 2. The sandy zone is on average 21 m below sea level. The region is formed by deposits of the Khvalyn and Khazar periods of the Caspian Sea. Consists of arrays Batbayar, Botany, Condulet, Manteca Arcticum, Zhamankum Horde. The north-East is occupied by the Kamyshovo-Samara floodplain. Often the wind blows, a dust storm. A river with a constant flow of no streams. Fresh water reserves underground (at a depth of 1.5-2 m) are plentiful. There are many wells and oases. The spring floodplain runoff of Karaozen and Saryozen sometimes irrigates the northern side of the Naryn sand. The soil cover consists mainly of pale brown, sandy loam, and salt-gray soils[1]. In September 2019, excavations were carried out of 2 burial grounds dating back to the Iron Age, located 3.36 km south of the village of Batyrbek, located on the north-western side of the Kurmangazinsky district of Atyrau region. In archaeological excavations, tombs typical of the Iron Age were discovered. 4 graves were discovered, buried in the late period. The article covers the research of these mounds. The mounds are found in the northwestern part of the Naryn sand, in the steppe areas of «takyr», consisting of hard clay rocks. There were hundreds of Iron Age burial mounds in these areas. The mound was excavated for the first time.

Review of Wind Models at a Local Scale: Advantages and Disadvantages

Wind forecasts are widely spread because of the growth in wind power, but also because there are other applications to consider, such as the long-term scenario forecasts regarding the effects of global warming. Overall, there have been big developments in global circulation models (GCM) that inform future scenarios at the large scale, but wind forecast at a local scale is a problem that has not totally been solved. It should be possible to estimate the winds in the near field with a certain accuracy, which is interesting for aspects such as the blowing of incident wind at wind farms, the wind on a dune in movement, or the wind blowing in a harbour. Therefore, a data-driven wind transference equation at a local scale is needed. Among the conclusions, it is worthy to state that the statistical downscaling techniques are suitable for application as a statistical inference at small scales. The aim of this paper is therefore to review the current methods and techniques used and show the different methodologies and their applications in the field. Additional targets will be to identify the advantages, disadvantages, or limitations of the current models at the local scale and propose research to find possible improvements.

Promenade of wind ‐NIFCO YRP‐

AbstractThe Promenade of Wind is an entry building to experimental facilities on a nature‐rich hill where a fresh prevailing wind blows. The building provides an open passage space connecting the buildings standing on its 2 sides, and is used as a thinking, resting, communication, and meeting space for researchers. The big yajirobe (balancing‐toy) roof framed structure provides a variety of places to stay. We have created a space that makes you feel more familiar with natural changes by positively taking in “variations in environment”, such as changes in light and wind, through water features and natural ventilation.

Alone in the face of adversity

From my desk I could be watching the wind blow or the horses running. Practicing Medicine in a rural setting has these advantages: from time to time you can take the time to admire the beauty that surrounds you in the form of an obligatory pause within a marathon working day, and rest helps refresh your mind of prejudices to continue with the inescapable task that awaits us after a few minutes, the only ones allowed to order our thoughts.

Evaporation characteristics and heat transfer enhancement of sessile droplets under non-uniform electric field

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of water droplet evaporation by non-uniform electric field and the subsequent dynamic characteristics were experimentally investigated in this paper. A pin-to-plate electric field was produced by a needle connected to a high-voltage power supply and the grounded heated surface coated by thin Teflon film with a contact angle of about 100°. The droplet was generated onto the hot surface by a micro-syringe with a constant initial volume of 4 μl, and a high-speed camera was used to capture the droplet morphology. Effects of electric field and surface temperature on the contact angle, droplet height, evaporation stage, volume variation, and evaporation rate were studied. The results showed that both the increase in external electric field strength and surface temperature enhance droplet evaporation with a maximum enhancement ratio of 6.8 times in the present work. In addition, a special extra constant contact angle (CCA) stage was found in droplet evaporation under electric field, while only constant contact radium (CCR) and Mixed stages existed in neutral (no voltage) evaporation. In particular, the evaporation enhancing mechanism of no-uniform electric field considering corona wind blowing, surface tension weakening and molecular orientational alignment was also presented.

Design and Experimental Study of a Wine Grape Covering Soil-Cleaning Machine with Wind Blowing

Due to the cold and dry climate during the winter season of Central Asia, in order to prevent frostbite and vines drying out for wine grapes, the common methods are burying the vines in winter under a thick layer of soil and then cleaning them out in the next spring. The design of existing vine digging machinery is not precise enough and can only remove the outer layer of the soil on both sides and the top. It cannot clean the soil from the central area of the buried vine. Sometimes, the branches and buds get damaged due to uneven driving condition. To solve the problem, an innovative non-contact blower was designed and tested to clean the vine. In this paper, the design specifications and operation parameters of the blower were determined according to the agronomic properties of the grapevines. Fluent-EDEM coupling, that is, with the help of Engineering discrete element method (EDEM) and CFD fluid simulation software Fluent, was the most common method for dynamic simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow. The Fluent-EDEM coupling simulation was used to simulate the dynamics of soil particles under the action of different wind speeds and blowing patterns, with the goal of a high soil cleaning rate. A prototype of the soil cleaning blower was manufactured and tested at the vineyards of Ningxia Yuquanying Farm in China. The results showed that the blower had an operation efficiency of 4669 m2·h−1, with an average soil removal rate of 80%. The efficiency of covering soil cleaning and rattan raising was greatly improved, and the damage rate of the vines, branches and the buds was greatly reduced.

海岸抗风植物黑松对净风和风沙流的生理响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海岸抗风植物黑松对净风和风沙流的生理响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201912202754 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31770762） Physiologial response of Pinus thunbergii Parl in wind resistant to coastal wind blowing and win-drift blowing Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:利用野外便携式风洞仪对盆栽黑松（Pinus thunbergii Parl）幼株在不同风速（6、9、12、15、18 m/s）、不同风沙流强度（0、1.00、28.30、63.28、111.82、172.93 g cm-1 min-1）、不同时间（10、20、30、40、50 min）进行了净风和风沙流吹袭，通过测定其叶片相对含水量（Relative water content，RWC）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA）、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量，及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase，POD）活力等变化规律以揭示黑松抗风沙流生长的生理适应机制。结果表明，在净风吹袭下，随着风速提高至15 m/s，黑松叶片RWC相对稳定，MDA含量和细胞膜透性小幅增加且较低，而脯氨酸含量下降17.5%。同时叶片SOD、CAT、POD活力也小幅增加。在风沙流吹袭下，随着风沙流风速提高至15 m/s，黑松在短时低风速吹袭时叶片RWC就开始下降（4.4%），叶片平均MDA含量、细胞膜透性分别较对照增加61.3%、25.6%，脯氨酸含量增加8.9%，叶片SOD、CAT、POD活力分别较对照增加21.5%、30.4%、13.9%。同风速吹袭下，风沙流处理组叶片抗逆生理指标均高于净风处理。如15 m/s风速下，风沙流处理组叶片平均MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量分别较净风处理组高4.7%、36.6%、22.1%，SOD和CAT活力较净风处理组高21.5%、36.5%。在高风速（18 m/s）净风和风沙流吹袭中，随着风吹时间延长（50 min），叶片MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和SOD、CAT、POD活力均下降。研究表明，风吹袭中黑松叶片较高抗脱水力与其抗风性相关。风沙流引发的叶片失水可能是黑松抗逆生理变化的诱因。风吹袭下叶片失水能快速促使脯氨酸的积累和维持可溶性糖含量，以维护细胞中水分平衡。同时，叶片失水又快速激活抗氧化保护酶系统来防御和清除氧自由基、抑制膜脂过氧化维护细胞膜的完整性使黑松在风沙流吹袭中生存。黑松较强的渗透调节能力和抗氧化防御系统在其适应风沙流吹袭中起重要的生理调控作用。 Abstract:The experiment was designed that there were different wind speed (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18m/s), different wind-drift blowing (0.00, 1.00, 28.30, 63.28, 111.82 and 172.93 g cm-1 min-1), and five wind blowing times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min) in spring, 2018 in Yantai, Shandong Province by using outdoor portable wind tunnel to understand the how physiological responses of Pinus thunbergii Parl seedlings to wind blowing and wind-drift blowing. The relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, membrane permeability, osmotic regulators (soluble sugar, proline), and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT), peroxidase(POD)) were tested in the leaves of seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl under the previous treatments. The results showed that under treatment of wind blowing, with increasing of wind speed to 15m/s, the RWC was not changed, MDA content and membrane permeability increased slightly, while the proline content decreased, and the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were slightly enhanced in the leaves of Pinus thunbergii Parl.. Under treatment of wind-drift blowing, with increasing of wind speed to 15 m/s, the RWC decrease, the membrane permeability and the contents of MDA and proline increased, and the activities of SOD, CAT, POD enhanced. At same wind speed, the value of each resistant physiological index under treatment of wind-drift blowing was higher than those under treatment of wind blowing in the leaves of Pinus thunbergii Parl. However, under wind blowing and wind-drift blowing at 18 m/s, the contents of MDA, proline, soluble sugar, and the activities of SOD, CAT, POD decreased with time extension to 50 min in the leaves of Pinus thunbergii Parl. It indicated that leaves of Pinus thunbergii Parl had stronger capacity of resistant dehydration, which was correlated with its ability of resistance to wind blowing. But cell dehydration induced by wind-drift blowing would be a main factor, which could not only promote the accumulation of proline and keeping on soluble sugar content to maintain water balance, but also activate antioxidant defense system to scavenge oxygen free radicals, and inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation to preserve the integrity of cell membranes. It suggested that Pinus thunbwould beergii had stronger capacity of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense system could be an important physiological adaptation mechanism for it to resistance to wind-drift blowing. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Anemometer Modified II

A commercial anemometer was modified by replacing the four cups with four identical two-dimensional blades, each with a circular arc side and a flat side. The flat sides are fixed to four arms radiating from a pivot so that they are parallel to the wind direction. The rounded sides all point in the same direction around a circle. When the wind blows, there is a lift force on the rounded side of each blade and they unite in causing rotation about the pivot with the curved sides leading. The more blades the faster the rotation is a prediction.

Synoptic aspects associated with pervasive dust storms in the southwestern regions of Iran

Dust storm is a natural hazardous phenomenon that affects arid and semi-arid regions of the world the same as Iran. The present research aims to investigate the formation of synoptic patterns of pervasive dust storms (PDSs) in the southwestern regions of Iran. For this purpose, daily data of visibility less than 1000m in 16 synoptic stations (Ilam and Khuzestan provinces) were reviewed during 2004–2017, and 59 PDSs with more than 2 days of duration (overlapped: 70% of the region) were extracted. In practice, mid-level atmospheric data (500, 700, 850 hPa, and sea level pressure (SLP)) with 2.5*2.5 degree resolution (domain: 0-80°E and 10-70°N) were obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset, and the matrix 825*59 of 500 hPa data was performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) with S-mod, were used for extracting synoptic patterns that make PDSs. PCA showed that the first four components ensured more than 86.45% of the data variance. PDSs classification based on output components showed that the patterns had seasonal structures. Synoptically, the north wind blowing in the first pattern is the most dominant structure in the formation of PDSs in the Middle East. The second and third patterns showed postfrontal structures. The fourth pattern with prefrontal structure was the reason for PDSs in the cold seasons of the year. From the four final patterns, the first three patterns showed the dominance of the Persian trough in the SLP maps. Mean values map analysis of the aerosol optical depth suggests that each of the most consistent synoptic patterns stimulates special dust centers.

Review on research of water saving for natural ventilation cooling tower

Thermal power plant is one of the eight high water consumption industries in China, and circulating cooling water is the largest water consumption project. Under the increasingly severe situation of water resources in China, measures must be taken to reduce the evaporation loss, wind blowing loss and pollution discharge loss of natural ventilation cooling tower. Based on the comprehensive summary of water-saving technology of natural ventilation cooling tower, we compared the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies to provide a basis for water-saving transformation of cooling tower.

Iphigenia in Afghanistan: Notes on Women and War

Iphigenia in Afghanistan:Notes on Women and War Paisley Rekdal (bio) "Do not destroy me before my time, for it is sweet to look upon the light, and do not force me to visit scenes below," Iphigenia begs her father, Agamemnon, having learned that he plans to sacrifice her to Artemis. The Greek ships are assembled in Aulis's harbor but are unable to sail to Troy because Artemis refuses to let the sea winds blow. One of Agamemnon's men shot and killed the goddess's sacred deer, and for payment, Artemis has now demanded a sacrifice. The sacrifice must be a young virgin, and so Agamemnon has lured his teenage daughter Iphigenia to Aulis on the pretext that she will marry Achilles. Everyone knows there will be no marriage, of course: Euripides's play is about the capitulation to one's fate and duty, which is why Iphigenia—horrified at first by her father's plan—finally relents, urging her mother, Clytemnestra, to accept her death, cheered (if that is the word) that on her "the whole of [End Page 404] mighty Hellas looks; on [her] the passage over the sea depends; on [her] the sack of Troy."1 I first read Euripides's play in college, where I was profoundly irritated by Iphigenia's low-grade filial whining. Now I see I missed something. When I read the play again today, Iphigenia no longer appears as a wilting teen who relents to her father out of selfsacrificing misogyny. I see instead a cannier girl, one who rebuffs her mother's despair and Achilles's offers of help, which Iphigenia knows will only lead to more violence among the Greeks. "All this deliverance will my death insure, and my fame for setting Hellas free will be a happy one," she insists instead to the crowd of soldiers that gape at her, stunned by her declaration. Iphigenia doesn't just consent; she claims agency through her self-sacrifice, declaring that the Greeks' future victory at Troy will also be hers, the war overwritten with her own image. In poems of war, we look first to the narratives of male soldiers, but Iphigenia reminds me that the costs and even authorship of battle are more complexly shared. Those who begin and end the story of Troy's fall with the Iliad forget the ways that Iphigenia's sacrifice both initiates the war and also casts a moral shadow over its legacy. This is something my high school Latin teacher tried to teach me the afternoon she played Michael Cacoyannis's movie Iphigenia for my senior class, how particularly enraptured she'd been by the performance of Irene Papas, who played Clytemnestra. My teacher freeze-framed the video to point out the black stare Papas shot at the Greek boats as they pulled away from Aulis's shores. "You know what comes next," my teacher said, turning to us with a raised eyebrow. I didn't. Euripides's play ends on Agamemnon wishing his [End Page 405] wife well, telling Clytemnestra that as parents "they may be counted happy," as Iphigenia now lives among the gods and goddesses. But in college I would read Aeschylus's Oresteia, which picks up where Iphigenia in Aulis and the Iliad drop off, centering on Clytemnestra's plot to murder Agamemnon in part for revenge for her daughter. And after that, their son Orestes will later not only kill his mother in order to avenge Agamemnon's murder but be tormented by the furies for it. Iphigenia in Aulis is but one moment in a complicated and brutal unfurling of war that extends from Mycenae to Troy then back again to Greece. The war abroad begets the war at home: there is no end to what Iphigenia accepts and initiates in Aulis. When I first began thinking about this essay, I'd imagined portraying Iphigenia as one of the many female victims of war—a nubile girl slaughtered to satisfy an army's blood lust—but I see it's more nuanced if I read Iphigenia's self-sacrifice as a way of allying herself with and also claiming her father's martial project. Though...

The morphology and chemical composition of the urban PM10 near a steel plant in Apulia determined by scanning electron microscopy. Source Apportionment

PM10 samples were collected in a site of Apulia region (South-East Italy) near a steel plant when the winds were blowing from the NW and the SE to exclude and include, respectively, the contribution of the industrial source in order to study the aerosol particles in detail and attribute them to the most appropriate emission sources. Size, morphology and chemical composition of 6500 individual particles, with an equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) between 0.4 ˗ 1 μm, 1 ˗ 2.5 μm and 2.5 ˗ 10 μm, were analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM - EDX). These particles were classified in the thirteen groups: aluminosilicates, silicates, iron oxides, metal oxides, iron mixtures, aluminosilicates with sulphur, calcium sulphates, silicate-sulphate mixed particles, carbonates, carbonates-silicates, soot, biological particles and carbon rich particles. Source apportionment analyses were carried out separately for the three dimensional ranges considered and for the two wind directions from North-West and South-East and nine main sources were distinguished. The soil and the soot components are higher when the wind blow from the NW than the SE, while the anthropogenic sources are evident with the wind from the SE due to the presence of iron and carbonaceous particles characterized by typical spherical shapes and chemical elements as Ca, Na and K which could to be indicative of industrial activity. The single particle analysis let better identify the emission sources that persist on the territory, attributing to them the particles characterized by peculiar morphology and chemical composition.