Wilms Tumor 1 Expression Research Articles

Multifaceted functions of the Wilms tumor 1 protein: From its expression in various malignancies to targeted therapy.

Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is a multifaceted protein with dual functions, acting both as a tumor suppressor and as a transcriptional activator of oncogenes. WT1 is highly expressed in various types of solid tumors and leukemia, and its elevated expression is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. High WT1 expression also indicates a greater risk of refractory disease or relapse. Consequently, targeting WT1 is an effective strategy for disease prevention and relapse mitigation. Substantial information is available on the pathogenesis of WT1 in various diseases, and several WT1-targeted therapies, including chemical drugs, natural products, and targeted vaccines, are available. We provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms by which WT1 influences malignancies and summarize the resulting therapeutic approaches thoroughly. This article provides information on the roles of WT1 in the pathogenesis of different cancers and provides insights into drugs and immunotherapies targeting WT1. The goal of this work is to provide a systematic understanding of the current research landscape and of future directions for WT1-related studies.

Clinical Value of Urinary Wilms' Tumour-1 and Mu-Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Expression in Kidney Injury in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

To investigate the diagnostic value of urinary Wilms' tumour-1 (WT-1) and mu-glutathione S-transferase (Mu-GST) gene expression for detecting kidney injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients treated between October 2022 and June 2023 were divided into two groups: a diabetic nephropathy (DN) group (105 patients) and a diabetes mellitus (DM) group (100 patients). Additionally, 100healthy individuals undergoing routine medical check-ups were selected as the control group. The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), as well as urinary WT-1 and Mu-GST expression levels, were measured. The sensitivity and specificity of these markers for predicting renal injury were evaluated. The levels of ACR, WT-1 and Mu-GST in the DN group were significantly higher than those in the DM and control groups. The ACR in the DM group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and WT-1 and Mu-GST gene expression levels demonstrated a positive correlation with ACR (r = 0.391 and 0.342, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of WT-1 were 74% and 95%, respectively, whereas those of Mu-GST were 70% and 96%, respectively. The combined detection of WT-1 and Mu-GST yielded a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 97%. The levels of WT-1 and Mu-GST gene expression are closely related to T2DM kidney injury, helping to identify the location of kidney injury to some extent, which provides valuable information for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of kidney injury.

Steroidogenic differentiation of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells into a progesterone-/androgen-producing cell lineage by SF-1 and an estrogen-producing cell lineage by WT1-KTS.

Sex steroid hormones, primarily synthesized by gonadal somatic cells, are pivotal for sexual development and reproduction. Mice studies have shown that two transcription factors, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), are involved in gonadal development. However, their role in human gonadal somatic differentiation remains unclear. We therefore aimed to investigate the roles of SF-1 and WT1 in human gonadal steroidogenic cell differentiation. Using a transient lentivirus-mediated gene expression system, we assessed the effects of SF-1 and WT1 expression on the steroidogenic potential of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAmMSCs). SF-1 and WT1-KTS, a splice variant of WT1, played distinct roles in human steroidogenic differentiation of hAmMSCs. SF-1 induced hAmMSC differentiation into progesterone- and androgen-producing cell lineages, whereas WT1-KTS promoted hAmMSC differentiation into estrogen-producing cell lineages. Our findings revealed that SF-1 and WT1-KTS play important roles in human gonadal steroidogenic cell differentiation, especially during ovarian development. These findings may pave the way for future studies on human ovarian differentiation and development.

WT1 together with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 targets DUSP6 to dampen ERK activity in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) can function as an oncogene or a tumour suppressor. Our previous clinical cohort studies showed that low WT1 expression at diagnosis independently predicted poor outcomes in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with RUNX1::RUNX1T1, whereas it had an opposite role in AML with non-favourable cytogenetic risk (RUNX1::RUNX1T1-deficient). The molecular mechanism by which RUNX1::RUNX1T1 affects the prognostic significance of WT1 in AML remains unknown. In the present study, first we validated the prognostic significance of WT1 expression in AML. Then by using the established transfected cell lines and xenograft tumour model, we found that WT1 suppresses proliferation and enhances effect of cytarabine in RUNX1::RUNX1T1(+) AML but has opposite functions in AML cells without RUNX1::RUNX1T1. Furthermore, as a transcription factor, WT1 physically interacts with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 and acts as a co-factor together with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 to activate the expression of its target gene DUSP6 to dampen extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. When RUNX1::RUNX1T1-deficient, WT1 can activate the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/ERK axis but not through targeting DUSP6. These results provide a mechanism by which WT1 together with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 suppresses cell proliferation through WT1/DUSP6/ERK axis in AML. The current study provides an explanation for the controversial prognostic significance of WT1 expression in AML patients.

Unveiling Commonalities: Exploring Shared Characteristics in Clear-Cell Carcinomas of the Gynecologic Tract.

Clear-cell carcinomas (CCC) arising from the gynecologic tract (including from the ovary, endometrium, cervix, vulva, or vagina) represent rare but clinically significant entities with intriguing overlapping characteristics. Epidemiologically, CCCs exhibit a predilection for women of Asian ethnicity and are often associated with a previous or synchronous diagnosis of endometriosis. Pathologically, despite originating from different primary organs, CCCs of the gynecologic tract show similar morphologic and immunophenotypic features on traditional histopathology, such as the expression of napsin A and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β on IHC, without the expression of Wilms tumor 1. Well-described molecular characteristics of these cancers include recurrent mutations in genes such as ARID1A, PIK3CA, and/or PTEN, although significant variations exist across the different anatomic sites. Therapeutically, optimal management remains challenging due to the relative rarity of CCCs and limited subtype-specific clinical trials. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment, often complemented by systemic chemotherapy. However, promising drugs targeting angiogenesis or the immune microenvironment have emerged in recent years, leading to clinical successes, and are likely to reshape the therapeutic landscape of gynecologic CCC. This review summarizes the commonalities and disparities in terms of epidemiology, pathology, molecular features, and therapeutic approach, among CCCs of different anatomic origin, offering a foundation for further research and dedicated therapeutic interventions for these malignancies.

Expression of Wilms tumor one gene, cyclin D1, and p53 in acute leukemia – An immunohistochemical study in a tertiary care center from North India

Expression of Wilms tumor one gene, cyclin D1, and p53 in acute leukemia – An immunohistochemical study in a tertiary care center from North India

WT1 and TP53 as valuable diagnostic biomarkers for relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia.

Relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) occurs relatively frequently and is a significant risk factor for mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Early diagnosis is, therefore, of utmost importance and can provide valuable guidance for appropriate and timely intervention. Here, the diagnostic value of two molecular markers, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), were studied. Twenty AML patients undergoing HSCT participated in this investigation. Some had relapsed following HSCT, while others were in remission. Peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples were collected following relapse and remission. WT1 and TP53 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR). The diagnostic value of genes was evaluated by utilizing receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ROC analysis showed WT1 and TP53 as diagnostic markers for relapse after HSCT in AML patients. The mRNA expression level of WT1 was elevated in individuals who experienced relapse compared to those in a state of remission (p value < 0.01). Conversely, the expression level of TP53 mRNA was lower in individuals who had relapsed compared to those in remission (p value < 0.01). WT1 and TP53 possess the potential to serve as invaluable biomarkers in the identification of molecular relapse after HSCT in patients with AML. Further studies for a definitive conclusion are recommended.

Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is overexpressed in Kaposi Sarcoma and is regulated by KSHV vFLIP.

In people living with HIV, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a vascular neoplasm caused by KS herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Individuals living with HIV, receiving otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy, may present with extensive disease requiring chemotherapy. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several hematologic and solid malignancies and has shown promise as an immunotherapeutic target. We found that WT1 was overexpressed in >90% of a total 333 KS biopsies, as determined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Our largest cohort from ACTG, consisting of 294 cases was further analyzed demonstrating higher WT1 expression was associated with more advanced histopathologic subtypes. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of infected cells within KS tissues, assessed by expression of the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), and WT1 positivity. Areas with high WT1 expression showed sparse T-cell infiltrates, consistent with an immune evasive tumor microenvironment. We show that major oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are overexpressed in primary KS tissue and observed WT1 upregulation upon de novo infection of endothelial cells with KSHV. KSHV latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) upregulated total and major isoforms of WT1, but upregulation was not seen after expression of mutant vFLIP that is unable to bind IKKƴ and induce NFκB. siRNA targeting of WT1 in latent KSHV infection resulted in decreased total cell number and pAKT, BCL2 and LANA protein expression. Finally, we show that ESK-1, a T cell receptor-like monoclonal antibody that recognizes WT1 peptides presented on MHC HLA-A0201, demonstrates increased binding to endothelial cells after KSHV infection or induction of vFLIP expression. We propose that oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are upregulated by KSHV to promote tumorigenesis and immunotherapy directed against WT1 may be an approach for KS treatment.

Wilms' Tumor 1 Functions As a Tumor Suppressor to Suppress FLT3-STAT Signaling and Epigenetic Remodeling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (CALGB 8461, 9665 and 20202; Alliance)

The Wilms' Tumor 1 ( WT1) gene is a transcription factor that is recurrently mutated or commonly overexpressed in several cancer types. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), frequent overexpression of WT1 and poor patient outcomes associated with WT1 mutations highlight its importance in the disease; however, there are no tailored treatments for these patients. Furthermore, WT1's fundamental role as either an oncogene or tumor-suppressor remains unresolved. Here we examine the roles of both wild-type and mutant WT1 in AML through epigenetic and mechanistic studies. Using our findings we propose a personalized treatment strategy. WT1 mutations are enriched in the NPM1 mut subset of AML; thus we first focused our study on a cohort of 581 patients with de novo AML and NPM1 mutations enrolled on Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology studies. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that WT1 mut patientsphenocopied a distinct, aberrant gene expression signature associated with FLT3 internal tandem duplications (ITD), a mutation known to activate STAT signaling and associated with poor outcome in AML. We observed that WT1 expression levels were remarkably elevated in FLT3-ITD patients and were driven by STAT5A binding to the WT1 promoter. STAT5A binding and subsequent WT1 upregulation were blocked by small molecule FLT3 inhibitors. These findings linking FLT3 activity with WT1 expression raise two possibilities: either WT1 is an oncogene cooperating with the FLT3-STAT pathway, or WT1 naturally functions to suppress FLT3 signaling in a negative feedback loop subverted by WT1 mutations. As WT1 interacts with TET2 to facilitate epigenetic remodeling and DNA binding, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis on WT1 mut AML patients and observed selective hypermethylation of WT1 binding motifs consistent with loss of function. We confirmed that WT1 mutations in AML commonly cause truncation of the C-terminal DNA binding domain in our patient cohort. Using co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP-sequencing and luciferase reporter assays, we found that mutant WT1 functions as a dominant-negative, inhibiting WT1 derived from the wild-type allele. Investigation of WT1 target genes by intersecting transcriptomic and DNA methylation profiles identified hypermethylation and downregulation of miR-193a, leading to a significant downregulation of miR-193a-3p in WT1 mut AML patients. Overexpression of wild-type, but not mutated, WT1 rescued miR-193a expression in AML cell lines. Enforced expression of miR-193a significantly delayed AML onset in vivo. In addition, overexpression of miR-193a in multiple human AML cell lines and primary patient samples impaired AML cell growth and colony-forming capacity while promoting monocytic differentiation, underscoring its role as potent tumor suppressor. Therapeutic modulation of miRNA levels in cancer patients has been limited by inefficient delivery and tissue enrichment. To overcome this, we tested a novel lipid-nanoparticle (LNP) formulation of miR-193a-3p (INT-1B3), currently being investigated in a phase I clinical trial (NCT04675996). Biweekly i.v. treatments of INT-1B3 in the immunocompetent Hoxa9/Meis1 (H9M)-transduced model system prevented AML formation, highlighting the potent anti-leukemic activity of this miRNA based therapeutic. Overexpression of miR-193a-loaded LNPs downregulated FLT3 expression and suppressed STAT signaling in primary AML samples. Finally, treatment of primary AML cells with FLT3 inhibitors revealed enhanced sensitivity of WT1 mut cells in the absence of FLT3-ITD, highlighting the role of wild-type FLT3 in WT1 mut cells. In summary, we uncovered a critical negative-feedback loop maintained by WT1 to suppress FLT3 activity. Loss-of-function WT1 mutations subvert the tumor suppressor function of WT1 via failure to maintain miR-193a expression, leading to increased FLT3 expression and STAT5 signaling, subsequently impairing differentiation, increasing proliferation and disease aggressiveness in AML (Figure 1). Our findings advocate for use of FLT3 inhibition and miR-193a supplementation for treatment of WT1 mut patients, a subgroup with poor outcomes and no targeted treatment options.

SuPAR and WT1 modify the adhesion of podocytes and are related to proteinuria in class IV lupus nephritis

IntroductionLupus nephritis (LN) affects up to 60 % of the patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and renal damage progression is associated with proteinuria, caused in part by the integrity of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and by podocyte injury. The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) have been related to podocyte effacement and consequently with proteinuria which raises questions about its pathogenic role in LN. ObjectiveDefine whether suPAR levels and WT1 expression influence in podocyte anchorage destabilization in LN class IV. Materials and methodsThis is a cross-sectional study of cases and controls. We studied patients with SLE without renal involvement (n = 12), SLE and LN class IV with proteinuria ≤0.5 g/24 h (n = 12), LN class IV with proteinuria ≥0.5 g/24 h (n = 12) and compared them with renal tissue control (CR) (n = 12) and control sera (CS) (n = 12). The CR was integrated by cadaveric samples without SLE or renal involvement and the CS was integrated by healthy participants. The expression and cellular localization of WT1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), ac-α-tubulin, vimentin, and β3-integrin was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The concentration of suPAR in serum was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ResultsIn patients with LN, the activation of anchoring proteins was increased, such as podocyte β3-integrin, as well as the acetylation of alpha-acetyl-tubulin and uPAR, in contrast to the decrease in vimentin; interestingly, the cellular localization of WT1 was cytoplasmic and the number of podocytes per glomerulus decreased. The concentrations of suPAR was increased in patients with LN. ConclusionThe destabilization of podocyte anchorage modulated by β3-integrin activation, and tubulin acetylation, associated with decreased WT1 cytoplasmic expression, and increased suPAR levels could be involved in kidney damage in patients with LN class IV.

Role of Wilms’ tumor 1 in diagnosis and grading of astrocytomas

Background: Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) mutation has recently been detected in gliomas. Growing data indicate that WT1 mutation plays a causal role in gliomagenesis and is overexpressed in most glioblastomas. Emerging immunotherapy targeting WT1 has shown to be effective in resistant glioblastomas in clinical trials. WT1 expression and its potential utility in various grades of astrocytomas is still unclear and needs further elucidation. The evaluation of WT1 can be done by molecular or immunohistochemical methods. As immunohistochemistry is easier with wider routine use, immunoexpression of this biomarker was studied. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate WT1 immunoexpression across different histological grades of astrocytomas and differentiate low-grade astrocytomas from reactive astrogliosis. Materials and Methods: This was an observational prospective study on 54 cases of astrocytomas. Results: In the present study a total of 54 cases have been diagnosed as astrocytomas. Grade IV was the most common (31%) followed by grade II (44%). WT1 score correlated with histological tumor grades (P&lt;0.001) with a higher score in a higher grade. It was also observed that different tumor grades depicted two distinct expression patterns. WT1 score and pattern were valuable in differentiating high- and low-grade astrocytomas. Conclusion: This study supports the oncogenic role of WT1 in astrocytomas. WT1 was found to be valuable in distinguishing different grades of astrocytomas. The scoring and distinctive patterns of WT1 can aid in distinguishing high-grade and low-grade astrocytomas. However, one needs to be careful in pilocytic astrocytomas in which there is a mixed expression. WT1, therefore, appears to be an attractive immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker to be used concomitantly with other IHC markers in astrocytomas. In addition, the frequent expression of WT1 in astrocytomas supports its promising role in immunotherapy and its potential to guide patient selection for targeted immunotherapy.

POSTER: AML-280 A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Prognostic Implications of Methylation and Expression of Wilms Tumor -1 (WT-1) Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

POSTER: AML-280 A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Prognostic Implications of Methylation and Expression of Wilms Tumor -1 (WT-1) Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AML-280 A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Prognostic Implications of Methylation and Expression of Wilms Tumor-1 (WT-1) Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AML-280 A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Prognostic Implications of Methylation and Expression of Wilms Tumor-1 (WT-1) Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

High cholesterol diet-induced testicular dysfunction in rats.

Hypercholesterolemia due to a high-cholesterol diet is linked to numerous diseases and may lead to male infertility. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The maintenance of male fertility requires intact testicular structures (including seminiferous tubules and mesenchyme) and functioning cells (Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and germ cells, etc.), production of appropriate concentrations of sex hormones, and cooperation among testicular cells. Thus, we considered whether male fertility declined as the structure and function of testicular cells were altered in rats on a high-cholesterol diet. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a standard or a high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. Serum sex hormones, lipid components, semen quality, and fertility rate were assayed in the rats. The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), Wilms tumor 1 (WT-1), and deleted in azoospermia-like (DAZL) were regarded as specific markers of Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells in rats. In addition, the ultrastructure of the testis and expression levels of particular marker molecules of testicular cells were further investigated. Compared to rats fed on a regular diet, the serum testosterone levels and sperm progressive motility decreased in rats fed high cholesterol. Moreover, we observed a deformed nucleus, dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and swollen mitochondria of Leydig cells and a schizolytic nucleus of Sertoli cells in rats on a high-cholesterol diet. The 3β-HSD, WT-1, and DAZL protein expression levels were significantly reduced in rats on a high-cholesterol diet. Our results showed that a high-cholesterol diet adversely affected testosterone production and sperm progressive motility, possibly due to Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cell abnormalities.

Renal Glomerular Expression of WT-1, TGF-β, VEGF, and ET-1 Immunostains in Murine Models of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.

Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a type of chronic renal disease that commonly progresses to renal failure as the treatments are not particularly effective. Glomerular podocyte injury and loss are pivotal to the pathogenesis of FSGS. This study aims to explore the glomerular immunohistochemistry stain expression of Wilms tumor-1 (WT-1) (podocyte-specific protein), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (cytokine protein), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (angiogenic protein), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (profibrotic growth factor), in rats with adriamycin nephropathy, which represents the murine model of human FSGS. By the end of 8 and 12 weeks, the kidneys of adriamycin-treated rats and control rats were harvested and the histomorphology was studied. Both 8- and 12-week test groups developed proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia and showed FSGS on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. The renal tissue samples were also treated with immunostains for WT-1, TGF-β, VEGF, and ET-1. The glomeruli in all the FSGS kidneys showed loss of WT-1 expression with a concomitant notable increased expression of TGF-β, VEGF, and ET-1 immunostains. These results demonstrate that as FSGS evolves, the WT-1-expressing podocytes are lost and it correlates inversely with the overexpression of TGF-β, VEGF, and ET-1, suggesting that during the pathogenesis of FSGS, podocyte damage triggers the activation of these proteins. The findings in the current study echo the theory hypothesized in world literature that TGF-β, VEGF, and ET-1 play an integral part in the evolution of FSGS. More research is needed to further detail the pathogenic role of these proteins as it may open routes to more targeted and effective treatment modalities.

Prognostic value of combined WT1 and multiparameter flow cytometry assessment for measurable residual disease after induction in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia

The objective of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene at diagnosis, complete remission (CR) and relapse status in non-acute promyelocytic leukemia (non-APL) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, and further explore the prognostic value of measurable residual disease (MRD) assessment by WT1 gene and multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). Our results showed that the average expression level of WT1 was 4026 ± 616.1 copies/104 ABL at diagnosis, 155.3 ± 36.03 copies/104 ABL at CR, and 1766 ± 238.8 copies/104 ABL at relapse, with statistically significant differences (p = .000). ROC analysis showed that WT1 expression levels were 118.1 copies/104 ABL and MFC-MRD was 0.155%, which had good predictive efficacy for relapse of patients during consolidation therapy. Both WT1-MRD and MFC-MRD had a significant impact on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients with WT1-MRD positive or MFC-MRD positive were associated with worse RFS (HR 3.840, 95% CI 1.582–9.320, p = .003), (HR 4.464, 95% CI 1.841–10.984, p = .001) and worse OS (HR 2.963, 95% CI 1.058–8.295, p = .039), (HR 3.590, 95% CI 1.254–10.280, p = .017). Besides, compared with patients who were negative for both WT1-MRD and MFC-MRD, patients who were positive both WT1-MRD and MFC-MRD were associated with worse RFS (HR 6.200, 95% CI 2.206–17.430, p = .001) and worse OS (HR 4.886, 95% CI 1.388–17.197, p = .013). This study demonstrates that combined assessment of MRD by WT1 and MFC improves relapse and prognosis prediction in non-APL AML patients, and may help guide interventions for disease relapse.

Primary testicular lymphoma demonstrates overexpression of the Wilms tumor 1 gene and different mRNA and miRNA expression profiles compared to nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) shows a high degree of clinical and biological heterogeneity. Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is an extranodal variant of DLBCL associated with a higher risk of recurrence, including contralateral testicles and central nervous system sanctuary sites. Several molecular aberrations, including somatic mutation of MYD88, CD79B, and upregulation of NF-kB, PDL-1, and PDL-2, are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and poor prognosis of PTL. However, additional biomarkers are needed that may improve the prognosis and help understand the PTL biology and lead to new therapeutic targets. RNA from diagnostic tissue biopsies of the PTL-ABC subtype and matched nodal DLBCL-ABC subtype patients was evaluated by mRNA and miRNA expression. Screening of 730 essential oncogenic genes was performed, and their epigenetic connections were examined using the nCounter PAN-cancer pathway, and Human miRNA assays with the nCounter System (NanoString Technologies). PTL and nodal DLBCL patients were comparable in age, gender, and putative cell of origin (p>0.05). Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in PTL exceeded that in nodal DLBCL (>6-fold; p=0.01, FDR <0.01) and WT1 associated pathway genes THBS4, PTPN5, PLA2G2A, and IFNA17 were upregulated in PTL (>2.0-fold, p<0.01, FDR <0.01). Additionally, miRNAs targeting WT1 (hsa15a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, has-miR-361-5p, has-miR-27b-3p, has-miR-199a-5p, has-miR-199b-5p, has-miR-132-3p, and hsa-miR-128-3p) showed higher expression in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL (≥2.0-fold; FDR 0.01). Lower expression of BMP7, LAMB3, GAS1, MMP7, and LAMC2 (>2.0-fold, p<0.01) was observed in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL. This research revealed higher WT1 expression in PTL relative to nodal DLBCL, suggesting that a specific miRNA subset may target WT1 expression and impact the PI3k/Akt pathway in PTL. Further investigation is needed to explore WT1's biological role in PTL and its potential as a therapeutic target.

The miR-143/145 cluster induced by TGF-β1 suppresses Wilms' tumor 1 expression in cultured human podocytes.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 contributes to podocyte injury in various glomerular diseases, including diabetic kidney disease, probably at least in part by attenuating the expression of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1). However, the precise mechanisms remain to be defined. We performed miRNA microarray analysis in a human podocyte cell line cultured with TGF-β1 to examine the roles of miRNAs in podocyte damage. The microarray analysis identified miR-143-3p as the miRNA with the greatest increase following exposure to TGF-β1. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed a significant increase in the miR-143-3p/145-5p cluster in TGF-β1-supplemented cultured podocytes and demonstrated upregulation of miR-143-3p in the glomeruli of mice with type 2 diabetes. Ectopic expression of miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p suppressed WT1 expression in cultured podocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of Smad or mammalian target of rapamycin signaling each partially reversed the TGF-β1-induced increase in miR-143-3p/145-5p and decrease in WT1. In conclusion, TGF-β1 induces expression of miR-143-3p/145-5p in part through Smad and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, and miR-143-3p/145-5p reduces expression of WT1 in cultured human podocytes. miR-143-3p/145-5p may contribute to TGF-β1-induced podocyte injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study by miRNA microarray analysis demonstrated that miR-143-3p expression was upregulated in cultured human podocytes following exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Furthermore, we report that the miR-143/145 cluster contributes to decreased expression of Wilms' tumor 1, which represents a possible mechanism for podocyte injury induced by TGF-β1. This study is important because it presents a novel mechanism for TGF-β-associated glomerular diseases, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and suggests potential therapeutic strategies targeting miR-143-3p/145-5p.

The roles and molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA WT1-AS in the maintenance and development of gastric cancer stem cells

It has been proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for almost all malignant phenotypes of tumors. Long non-coding RNA WT1 antisense RNA (WT1-AS) has been found to be implicated in lung cancer cell stemness. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of WT1-AS in the development of gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) remain unknown. Our present study showed that WT1-AS negatively regulated WT1 expression in GCSCs. WT1-AS knockdown or Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) overexpression improved GCSC proliferative and migratory capacities, inhibited GCSC apoptosis, potentiated the resistance of GCSCs to 5-FU, promoted GCSC EMT, induced HUVEC angiogenesis, enhanced GCSC stemness, and facilitated in-vitro 3D GCSC aggregate formation. WT1-AS overexpression exerted reverse effects. WT1-AS ameliorated the malignant phenotypes of GCSCs by down-regulating WT1 in vitro. WT1-AS inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, and reduced tumor stemness in GCSCs-derived (s.c., i.p., and i.v.) xenografts in vivo. Moreover, XBP1 was identified as an upstream regulator of WT1-AS in GCSCs. Also, 4 potential WT1-AS downstream targets (i.e. PSPH, GSTO2, FYN, and PHGDH) in GCSCs were identified. Additionally, CACNA2D1 was demonstrated to be a downstream target of the WT1-AS/WT axis. XBP1 or CACNA2D1 knockdown exerted an adverse effect on the maintenance of stem cell-like behaviors and characteristics of GCSCs. In conclusion, WT1-AS weakened the stem cell-like behaviors and characteristics of GCSCs in vitro and in vivo by down-regulating WT1. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex phenotypes of GCSCs might contribute to the better management of gastric cancer.

High prevalence of Wilms tumor 1 expression in multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma: A cohort of 142 Asian patients' samples.

Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is a promising target antigen for cancer immunotherapy. However, WT1 protein expression and its clinical correlation in multiple myeloma (MM) patients are still limited. We, therefore, investigated WT1 expression in 142 bone marrow and plasmacytoma samples of MM patients at different stages of the disease by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between WT1 expression and clinical parameters or treatment outcomes were evaluated. The overall positive rate of WT1 expression was 91.5%; this high prevalence was found in both bone marrow and plasmacytoma samples, regardless of the disease status. Cytoplasmic WT1 expression was correlated with high serum free light chain ratio at presentation. However, no significant association between WT1 expression and treatment outcome was observed. This study confirms the high prevalence of WT1 expression in an Asian cohort of MM, encouraging the development of immunotherapy targeting WT1 in MM patients, particularly in those with extramedullary plasmacytoma or relapsed disease.