Willow Cultivation Research Articles

Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Parameters According to Energetic Willow (Salix viminalis L.) Cultivation

The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of growth conditions of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) on its physical and chemical parameters towards lignocellulosic biofuels. This work is linked to the global trend of replacing fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) with energy and renewable fuels. This energy transition is dictated by the reduction of the human-induced greenhouse effect (to the greatest extent by industrial development). Changing from traditional to renewable energy sources results in industry becoming less dependent on fuels whose sources are beginning to run out, and in energy processing being broken down into smaller sectors with greater flexibility to change and less susceptibility to failure. The use of lignocellulosic raw materials such as wood, straw, food industry waste, wood, and post-consumer products such as old furniture for energy purposes allows the use of substances which bind the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in their cellular structure during growth. In order to optimise the costs of producing such energy and minimise its impact on the environment, these plants should be located as close as possible to the source of raw materials. One of the most important characteristics for the profitability of energy production from woody biomass is a high biomass yield. For this purpose, the raw material used for this study was energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) seedlings, which are often used for energy crops. Due to the moisture-loving nature of the substrate, the effect of the addition of the active substance prednisonum as a catalyst for water adsorption from the substrate was investigated. In order to determine the substances formed during the thermal decomposition of energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) wood, a pyrolysis process was carried out at 450 °C using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY/GC-MS).

Biofuels from perennial energy crops on buffer strips: A win-win strategy

The objective of this work was to assess the environmental performances of advanced biofuels produced from perennial energy crops (miscanthus and willow) grown in bioenergy buffer strips (BBS) and compare them with the environmental performances of alternative systems providing the same function, i.e. private mobility. The growing evidence of potentially negative environmental impacts of bioenergy pathways calls for renewed efforts in identifying win-win bioenergy pathways, thus capable of mitigating climate change without worsening other environmental impacts. An holistic approach encompassing all the relevant areas of environmental concern is thus fundamental to highlight environmental trade-offs. Therefore, in this study we follow an attributional Life Cycle Assessment approach, but our analysis includes detailed modelling of biogenic carbon pools, nutrients cycles, infrastructures’ impacts as well as the expansion of the system boundaries to include the fuel use. We find that the fragmented and linear configuration of the buffer strips does not affect significantly the GHG emissions of lignocellulosic ethanol for BBS compared to growing the crops in open field. Additionally, we find that ethanol from perennials grown in BBS has the potential to reduce several other environmental impacts associated to private mobility. Firstly, the cultivation of miscanthus and willow in BBS enables both the removal of nutrients from the environment and the removal of carbon from the atmosphere, through the creation of an additional terrestrial sink. Secondly, when compared to the use of fossil gasoline, bioethanol from BBS crops generates lower impacts on all other areas of environmental concern, such as resources depletion or air pollution.We also find that cars fuelled with bioethanol form buffer strips perform even better than electric vehicles in all the impact categories analysed except for acidification and particulate matter emissions, where battery electric vehicles running on renewables perform slightly better.We conclude that bioethanol from perennial crops grown in BBS is a good example of nature-based solution, able to reduce GHG emissions without shifting the environmental burden on other areas of environmental concern.

Environmental impact of the cultivation of energy willow in Poland

The purpose of the work is to analyze the structure of the environmental impact of energy willow cultivation (Salix spp.) on plantations of various sizes, divided per materials and processes. The research covered 15 willow plantations, ranging from 0.31 ha to 12 ha, located in southern Poland. It was found, among others, that the so-called processes, i.e. the use of technical means of production, dominate the structure of the environmental impact (EI) related to the cultivation of energy willow, and that the cultivation of energy willow on larger plantations has a much lower environmental impact compared to cultivation on smaller plantations. Also, in the case of the environmental impact of processes, the largest environmental impact was recorded in the human health category, which is mainly associated with the consumption of fuel, i.e. diesel. It was determined, e.g., that the cultivation of energetic willow on larger plantations is characterized by a much lower environmental impact (as per the cultivation area), at approx. 108 Pt, compared to the cultivation on smaller plantations, where the value of the environmental impact is 168 Pt. A decisively dominant position in the structure of the environmental impact (EI), related to the cultivation of energy willow, is held by the so-called processes, i.e. the use of technical means of production. Their share in the total environmental impact decreases from 148.5 Pt in the group of the smallest plantations to 77.9 Pt in the group of the largest plantations.

Economics of Wicker Willow Cultivation as a Sustainable Livelihood Activity of Its Cultivators and Handicraft Makers in Ganderbal District of Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was carried out in four blocks, viz., Ganderbal, Sherpathri, Lar and Kangan of district Ganderbal of the Kashmir valley owing to the majority of wicker willow cultivators and handicraft makers in these blocks of the district. A total number of 120 respondents, i.e., wicker willow cultivators and handicraft makers were selected for the study. Data derived from the respondents were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Three main varieties of wicker willow species were determined in the study area, i,e., Salix triandra, Salix dickymat and Salix viminalis, with Salix triandra being the most prominent among the three as almost 53.33% of the respondents were cultivating this specie of wicker willow followed by Salix dickymat and Salix viminalis. During the cultivation of wicker willow, costs on preparation of land, planting material, fencing, FYM were applicable during the first year only, whereas, costs on fertilizer, weeding/cleaning were applicable throughout the crop life. During this study it was found that the inputs like planting material, fertilizers and weeding/cleaning had a direct impact on the total output of wicker willow. The study reveals that the average production of wicker willow was 768 kgs/kanal. The average cost of production was Rs 1170/kanal/year, whereas the average gross return stood at Rs 8256/kanal/year. The average net returns were estimated to be Rs 7086/kanal/year. Almost 44% of respondents were involved in making wicker handicrafts, which indicates that 44% of the respondents were accepting it as their main source of income. During this study, it was calculated that the payback period in case of wicker willow cultivation was 3rd year, whereas per rupee return was estimated to be Rs 3.19 and the ratio of benefit and costs was estimated to be 2.48, thereby making this practice as a profitable one when compared to other crops in the study area.

The potential of harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis as a predator of the giant willow aphid Tuberolachnus salignus: voracity, life history and prey preference

The giant willow aphid, Tuberolachnus salignus is an invasive insect in New Zealand for which control measures are being sought due to its detrimental effects on willow cultivation and apiculture. We evaluated the biocontrol potential of the harlequin ladybird beetle, Harmoniaaxyridis, by measuring voracity and feeding preference of larvae and adults in laboratory trials. Results show that H. axyridis consumes T. salignus, with females being more voracious than males and larvae. However, H. axyridis fed T. salignus took longer to develop, gained less weight and had lower survival compared with those fed eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestiakuehniella. In a choice test, larval and adult H. axyridis preferred the green peach aphid, Myzuspersicae, as prey item, rejecting T. salignus. We suggest that H. axyridis is likely to use T. salignus only as a facultative prey, and therefore cannot be prioritised as a potential biocontrol agent.

Environmental Application of Ash from Incinerated Biomass

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ash from combustion of plant biomass of energy willow and Pennsylvania fanpetals on yields of willow grown as an energy crop and on soil properties. A three-year pot experiment was carried out on substrates with a loamy sand texture. Ash application rates were based on the potassium fertilisation demand. An incubation experiment was carried out to determine the effect of biomass-based ash on soil properties. Three soils with textural categories were incubated for 3 months with the ashes, the doses of which were determined on the basis of the hydrolytic acidity of soils (¼; ½ and 1.0 Hh). It was found that ashes generated from burning willow or Pennsylvania fanpetals can be applied instead of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium fertilisers in the cultivation of energy willow. The plant uptake of P, K and Mg from the ashes did not diverge from their absorption by plants when supplied with mineral salts. The application of these alkaline ashes will increase the soil content of phytoavailable forms of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The examined ashes enriched the soil with micronutrients.

Assessment of the socio-economic factors affecting the development of willow energy plantations in Lithuania

The study was designed to determine whether cultivation of willow (Salix sp.) energy plantations (WEP) is cost-efficient and to identify the main factors that influence development of such plantations in Lithuania. The economic efficiency of the cultivation of WEP was estimated based on cash flow analysis, discounted cash flow net present value and decomposition analysis methods. The survey of the willow plantation growers identified the motives, incentives, problems and intentions of local willow growers. The study revealed that cultivation of WEP was mostly hindered by economic factors, including low selling price of willow biomass for fuel and high cost of harvesting. Willow cultivation in Lithuania was least hindered by social and ecological factors. The results suggest that European Union (EU) subsidies are currently the main incentive to cultivate willow plantations. However, financial support alone did not guarantee the success of willow biomass harvesting and market access of the final biofuel production. The findings of this study provide information for decision makers on the opportunities and challenges of the development of willow plantations in Lithuania.
 Keywords: Salix sp., short-rotation plantations, social and economic factors, economic incentives.

Changes in the Regulating Ecosystem Service on the Contaminated Site Used for Energy Purposes

Soil cleaning, the ability of the soil to immobilize the risk elements, belongs to important agroecosystem services in terms of protection of the hydrosphere and plant production from contamination. Dynamic monitoring of selected indicators of soil quality was realized in a special network of site on soil used for planting fast growing willow (Salix viminalis). Monitoring of the study site Kuchyňa (Mollic Fluvisol) is running since 2010 year. The fast-growing willow was planted on an area of about 43 hectares. Study site Kuchyňa belonged to the degraded contaminated sites, at the time of planting (the total contents of the risk elements were as follows: Cd 1.016 mg∙kg−1, Zn 199.000 mg∙kg−1, Ni 51.500 mg∙kg−1) There were positive changes in the total content of cadmium, zinc and nickel (in 2018 year), the zinc content decreased by 27% compared to 2010, the nickel content was lower by 23% and the Cd content by 57% in comparison to 2010 year, these elements have a declining trend during the monitored period. The remediation ability of the willow in relation to the risk elements was manifested by the accumulation of these elements in the wood mass and by their decrease in the soil below the limit value. The regulatory ecosystem service, the potential for the immobilisation of the risk elements, was evaluated based on the sum of the assessment of the contamination potential and the sorption potential of soil. The decrease of the total content of risk elements in the soil below the limit value was manifested in the increase of the potential of the agroecosystem regulatory service, the potential of risk element immobilisation, from very low category to medium category. If willow cultivation continued in the next decade, the value of risk element Zn would most likely reach the value 73 mg∙kg−1, which is less than 50% of the limit value, based on the results of the predictive model. In the case of Cd, the soil would be completely cleaned and in the case of Ni, its total content in the soil would fall to 23 mg∙kg−1, which is less than 40% of the limit value. The overall potential for contamination would fall into the category—very low (forecast for 2021 year). The higher potential of immobilisation reduces the risk of contaminants transport and thus prevents contamination of the other ecosystem components such as biota.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Energy Willow Cultivation on Plantations with Varied Surface Area

Abstract The paper carries out a comparative analysis of the production technology of energy willow on plantations varied on account of the surface area in the aspect of the impact on the natural environment. The studies covered the cultivation of willow in the southern part of Poland. Technologies from soil preparation for cultivation to first harvesting and transport to a farm were analysed. A type of the applied technological treatments, used machines and transport means as well as the time of their operation, amount of the consumed fuel, pesticides, fertilizers, and water were taken into consideration. The research results were referred to the surface area of willow cultivation (1 ha). To determine the environmental impact SimaPro program version 8.1.0.60 was used. It was concluded, inter alia, that cultivation of willow on smaller plantations constitutes a bigger environmental footprint.

Potential of Energy Willow Plantations for Biological Reclamation of Soils Polluted by 137Cs and Heavy Metals, and for Control of Nutrients Leaking into Water Systems

Abstract Willow is a low-maintenance crop that has potential for energy production and enhancing the local environment. The area of commercial plantations of willow in Europe is mostly concentrated in Sweden, with more than 20 000 ha. Willow trees are used not only for energy production, but also for reclamation of polluted soils because a plantation may grow for 20–25 years, with a three-year period of harvesting. Our research covers issues of reclamation of soils contaminated by radionuclides and heavy metals, and decreasing of eutrophication of water ecosystems with using willow plantations. The field studies of phytoremediation of soil contaminated by 137Cs by willow plants were conducted in eastern Belarus, in the area where agricultural activity was banned after Chernobyl disaster. This region is heavily polluted with 137Cs (from 185 to 555 kBq/m2) and heavy metals. The transferring factors of accumulated 137Cs and heavy metals from the soil to willow biomass were determined. The field experiments showed that willow does not accumulate actively Cd and Pb, but it accumulates Zn, Cu and Mn intensively. The potassium application decreases the accumulation of 137Cs in willow biomass and increases accumulation of Cu, Zn and Mn, but has no influence on accumulation of Cd and Pb. Our results confirmed that soils polluted with radionuclide and heavy metals could be used for willow cultivation as energy crop, if adequate management is applied. The different potential of the willow species concerning heavy metals accumulation was also established. The yield of willow biomass on polluted soils achieved 11.5–12.8 DMg ha–1 per year, depending on variety, that is competitive with the ordinary yield of willow on mineral fertile soils. Willow plantations also may be used for accumulations of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in watersheds. It enables to decrease impact for water ecosystems and to control eutrophication.

Suitability of Biochar and Biomass Ash in Basket Willow (Salix Viminalis L.) Cultivation

The article presents the findings of a field experiment investigating the effectiveness of biochar and plant biomass ash when used as a soil fertiliser in the cultivation of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.). The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal dose of fertiliser to enable a maximum increase in the crop yield and enhancement of the chemical properties of the soil. In the course of the two-year experiment, the increase in basket willow yield was in the range of 6%–49%. The highest dry matter yield from the plants, at the end of both the first and the second year of the experiment, was obtained in the plots where the soil was amended with biochar alone (11.5 t ha−1), a combination of biochar and ash (respectively 11.5 and 1.5 t ha−1) and ash added at the rate of 1.5 t ha−1. The yield was reduced when the soil was amended with ash added at the rates of 3.0 t ha−1 and 4.5 t ha−1 or with the latter doses of ash combined with biochar. The results indicated that too high a concentration of ash (rate of 3.0 t ha−1 or higher for basket willow) have negative effects on plant growth and may represent a limiting factor. The study suggests that biochar is a better soil amendment than ash, because biochar application gave the highest improvement in the soil properties and plant growth. It was found that the addition of biochar, biomass ash or combinations of the two materials applied in suitable doses may be a good soil amendment.. In particular in soils which are severely damaged and require restoration, this fertilization may have a noticeable effect on soil properties and plant growth.

Influence of bioenergy crops on pollinator activity varies with crop type and distance

AbstractCompared to traditional arable crops, second‐generation perennial energy crops (PECs) are generally associated with increased biodiversity and ecosystem services, but robust experimental studies on this subject are few. Consequently, the potential for PEC cultivation to contribute to enhanced pollination processes in adjacent farmland remains unclear. In a 4‐year field study across multiple sites and two PECs (Miscanthus x giganteus and willow short‐rotation coppice), we examine whether pollinator visits to crop margin wildflowers were augmented by PEC cultivation. Each field was paired with two cereal fields, one adjacent to the PEC and one distant, and we recorded wildflower visits to crop margins by three pollinator groups: hoverflies, bumblebees and butterflies/moths. We also quantified floral resources, since crop‐specific management seemed a likely means of influencing margin wildflowers and thus pollinator activity. Our results add quantitative support to the suggestion that PECs should enhance ecosystem processes in agri‐landscapes. However, benefits were highly context‐dependent. Consistent enhancement of pollinator activity in margins of PEC fields was only apparent for willow where the relative frequency of flower visitation was higher for all three pollinator groups compared to adjacent or distant cereals. This distribution was most likely positively associated with the increased availability of preferred food plants in willow margins. In Miscanthus, by contrast, opposing trends arose for different pollinator taxa: Lepidoptera were the only pollinator group more frequently associated with PEC margins; bumblebees showed no variation while hoverflies were comparatively more abundant in distant cereal margins than in other crop types. Future land‐use practices should consider how PEC identity affects both target species and ecosystem processes. Tackling anthropogenic climate change through cultivation of willow, in particular, may yield local conservation benefits for both wildflowers and pollinators, although strategic cultivation of PECs to enhance pollination processes in the wider agri‐environment may not be achievable.

Оцінка ростових показників однорічних клонів тополі та верби на короткоротаційній плантації у Харківській області

Breeding and cultivation of poplar ( Populus sp.) and willow ( Salix sp.) was practiced by many researchers throughout the 20 th century. Mostly theirs interests were focused on the long-term period of plant cultivation (up to 20 years) with using the wood in timber or paper-pulp industry. Cultivation of poplar and willow under short rotations (up to 3–5 years) in Ukraine is underestimated. Therefore, for establishing high productive energy plantations, testing of varieties at the early stages is of particular interest. The purpose of our work was preliminary evaluation of growth rates at first-year trials of poplar and willow clones under short rotation cultivation. At the experimental plot in Kharkiv region, 10 poplar and 3 willow clones were planted in 2014. The plants were analyzed in October, after the end of growing season. Measurements of the survival rate (%), shoots’ diameter (cm), their height (m), the average number of shoots per plant, dry biomass weight (g), and general estimation of plants’ state were performed. According to the results, survival rates were differed in different clones and in poplar clones ‘Strilopodibna’, ‘Druzhba’ and ‘Gulliver’ were significantly higher (76–84 %) from the average levels. The lowest survival levels (48–51 %) were found in poplar clones ‘Konstanta’ ‘Roganska’ and willow ‘Pryberezhna’. The studied clones differed by growth rates also. It is worth to mention that poplar ‘Gulliver’, ‘Slava Ukrainy’, ‘Strilopodibna’, ‘Druzhba’ and willows ‘Olympiysky vogon’ and ‘Lisova pisnya’ showed the best growth activity at the first year. The ave­rage growth rates at the end of the first vegetation season were demonstrated by poplar ‘Novoberlinska-3’, ‘Toropogrytskogo’ and ‘Roganska’, while poplar ‘Konstanta’, ‘Lvivska’, ‘Nocturn’ and willow ‘Pryberezhna’ showed the lo­west growth rates.

The effect of sewage sludge application on soil properties and willow (Salix sp.) cultivation

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of sewage sludge from three wastewater treatment plants of different sizes (small, medium and large) applied in two doses (3 and 9 tons per hectare) on soil properties, determined as the content of organic carbon and humus fractions, bacterial abundance, phytotoxicity and PCDD/PCDF TEQ concentrations. The study also evaluated the impact of this sewage sludge on the biometric and physiological parameters and detoxification reaction of willow (Salix sp.) as a typical crop used for the remediation of soil following sludge application.The cultivation of willow on soil treated with sludge was found to result in a gradual increase of humus fractions, total organic carbon content and bacterial abundance as well as soil properties measured using Lepidium sativum. However, it also produced an initial increase of soil phytotoxicity, indicated by Sinapis alba and Sorghum sacharatum, and PCDD/PCDF Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) concentrations, which then fell during the course of the experiment, particularly in areas planted by willow.Although the soil phytotoxicity and PCDD/PCDF TEQ content of the sewage sludge-amended soil initially increased, sludge application was found to have a positive influence on willow, probably due to its high nutrient and carbon content. The obtained results reveal increases in willow biomass, average leaf surface area and leaf length as well as chlorophyll a+b content. Moreover, a strong decline was found in the activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a multifunctional enzyme involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in plants, again demonstrating the used sludge had a positive influence on willow performance.

盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201611082263 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项（CAFYBB2016MA011） Effects of saline-alkali stress on growth and osmotic adjustment substances in willow seedlings Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以盐柳1号为试验材料，将2种中性盐NaCI、Na2SO4和2种碱性盐NaHCO3、Na2CO3，按不同比例混合成A（NaCl：Na2SO4：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：2：1：0）、B（NaCl：Na2SO4：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：9：9：1）、C（NaCl：Na2SO4：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1：1：1）3种组合，设4个浓度梯度（50、100、150、200 mmol/L），模拟出12种盐度和碱度各不相同的盐碱条件，对盐柳1号幼苗进行处理，测定了株高生长量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量4项指标。结果表明：随着盐浓度的增大和碱性盐比例的增高，盐柳1号幼苗的株高生长量呈降低趋势，叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量则有不同程度的升高。A、B、C处理组的株高生长量在盐浓度200 mmo/L时分别相对CK降低了61.32%、68.67%、73.02%，差异均达到显著水平（P < 0.05）。A处理组（pH值为8.04），随着盐浓度的增大，叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高趋势不明显；B处理组（pH值为8.66），叶片MDA含量在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L时呈显著升高趋势，脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在盐浓度超过150 mmol/L时急剧增加；C处理组（pH值为9.47），盐浓度大于150 mmol/L时，盐柳1号幼苗的叶片全部枯黄。综合分析结果表明，在混合盐碱胁迫下，盐柳1号幼苗的生长受到了不同程度的抑制；盐柳1号可以耐受不超过100 mmol/L的3种组分盐碱胁迫，且盐浓度 > 150 mmol/L、pH > 9.51的盐碱条件不适宜盐柳1号的生长。 Abstract:Previous studies on response to salt stress in willows have focused mainly on the physiological response to single-salt stress; however, response to complex saline-alkali stress in willows has rarely been reported. The present study explored the physiological resistance characteristics of willow under complex saline-alkali stress, to provide a theoretical basis for willow cultivation in saline-alkali soils. The effects of complex saline-alkali stress on growth and osmotic adjustment substances were studied using willow (Salix psammophila ‘Yanliu NO. 1’) seedlings. The seedlings were treated with 12 types of saline-alkali stress with different salinity and alkalinity levels, simulated by two neutral salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) and two alkali salts (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) mixed in various proportions[A (NaCl:Na2SO4:NaHCO3:Na2CO3=1:2:1:0), B (NaCl:Na2SO4:NaHCO3:Na2CO3=1:9:9:1), and C (NaCl:Na2SO4:NaHCO3:Na2CO3=1:1:1:1)] and concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol/L). Under these conditions, plant height increment and malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, and soluble sugar content in leaves were measured. The results showed that salt concentration was the main factor driving growth in Yanliu NO. 1. With increasing salt concentration and proportion of alkaline salts, plant height increment of Yanliu NO. 1 showed a decreasing trend, whereas the leaf MDA, proline, and soluble sugar content increased in different degrees. At 200 mmol/L, plant height increment under treatments A, B, and C was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that under the control treatment (CK, 0 mmol/L), by 61.32%, 68.67%, and 73.02%, respectively. The leaf content of MDA, proline and soluble sugar in Yanliu NO. 1 did not differ significantly with increasing salt concentration under treatment A (pH 8.04). Under treatment B (pH 8.66), the leaf MDA content showed a significantly increasing trend at salinity > 100 mmol/L, whereas the leaf content of proline and soluble sugar increased considerably at salinity > 150 mmol/L. Under treatment C (pH 9.47), the leaf content of MDA, proline and soluble sugar showed a small variation at salinity of 100 mmol/L, whereas the leaves withered at salinity > 150 mmol/L. The results of this comprehensive analysis indicated that (1) the growth of S. psammophila ‘Yanliu NO. 1’ was subject to different degrees of inhibition under complex saline-alkali stress, (2) S. psammophila ‘Yanliu NO. 1’ could not tolerate stress at concentrations > 100 mmol/L of the three mixed saline-alkali solutions, and (3) the saline-alkali condition with salinity > 150 mmol/L and pH > 9.51 was not suitable for the growth of S. psammophila ‘Yanliu NO. 1’. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Climate impact assessment of willow energy from a landscape perspective: a Swedish case study

AbstractLocally produced bioenergy can decrease the dependency on imported fossil fuels in a region, while also being valuable for climate change mitigation. Short‐rotation coppice willow is a potentially high‐yielding energy crop that can be grown to supply a local energy facility. This study assessed the energy performance and climate impacts when establishing willow on current fallow land in a Swedish region with the purpose of supplying a bio‐based combined heat and power plant. Time‐dependent life cycle assessment (LCA) was combined with geographic information system (GIS) mapping to include spatial variation in terms of transport distance, initial soil organic carbon content, soil texture and yield. Two climate metrics were used [global warming potential (GWP) and absolute global temperature change potential (AGTP)], and the energy performance was determined by calculating the energy ratio (energy produced per unit of energy used). The results showed that when current fallow land in a Swedish region was used for willow energy, an average energy ratio of 30 MJ MJ−1 (including heat, power and flue gas condensation) was obtained and on average 84.3 Mg carbon per ha was sequestered in the soil during a 100‐year time frame (compared with the reference land use). The processes contributing most to the energy use during one willow rotation were the production and application of fertilizers (~40%), followed by harvest (~35%) and transport (~20%). The temperature response after 100 years of willow cultivation was −6·10−16 K MJ−1 heat, which is much lower compared with fossil coal and natural gas (70·10−16 K MJ−1 heat and 35·10−16 K MJ−1 heat, respectively). The combined GIS and time‐dependent LCA approach developed here can be a useful tool in systematic analysis of bioenergy production systems and related land use effects.

Hydrological modelling of changes in the water balance due to the impact of woody biomass production in the North German Plain

Several studies have implied that cultivation of willow and poplar short-rotation coppices influence the area’s water balance. Due to the high density of sites suitable for SRCs in the Northern German Plain, this study focusses on four different model areas representative of the climatic, soil, and morphological heterogeneity of this landscape. The river basins selected for the study are the Ems, Treene, Aland, and Uecker–Randow–Welse basins. The water balance modelling was performed with the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and automatically calibrated with SWAT-CUP. The implemented scenarios were set to 10 % SRC cover on suitable sites, based on the area’s predicted need to meet domestic demands for woody biomass by 2020. Additionally, an extreme scenario of 100 % cultivation on all suitable sites was implemented to determine the maximum effect of SRC on the regional water balance as well as to allow for a direct comparison with annual crops, pasture, and deciduous forest. For parametrization, field measurements were used to characterize the key physiological parameters for willow and poplar in SWAT. The results for the 10 % SRC scenarios did not show a substantial impact on the investigated water balance components at the water basin level. But at the local level, the effects of conversion to SRC are more pronounced. In general, actual evapotranspiration of SRC is 16 % higher compared to annual crops and average groundwater recharge decreases by 48 %. Also, available water capacity in the soil increases by 26 % for SRCs in comparison with annual crops.

Relevance of environmental impact categories for perennial biomass production

AbstractThe decarbonization of the economy will require large quantities of biomass for energy and biomaterials. This biomass should be produced in sufficient quantities and in a sustainable way. Perennial crops in particular are often cited in this context as having low environmental impacts. One example of such crops is miscanthus, a tall perennial rhizomatous C4 grass with high yield potential. There are many studies which have assessed the global warming potential (GWP) of miscanthus cultivation. This is an important impact category which can be used to quantify the environmental benefit of perennial crops. However, the GWP only describes one impact of many. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that a holistic assessment also needs to include other impact categories. A life cycle assessment (LCA) with a normalization step was conducted for perennial crops to identify relevant impact categories. This assessed the environmental impact of both miscanthus and willow cultivation and the subsequent combustion for heat production in eighteen categories using a system expansion approach. This approach enables the inclusion of fossil reference system hot spots and thus the evaluation of the net benefits and impacts of perennial crops. The normalized results clearly show the benefits of the substitution of fossil fuels by miscanthus or willow biomass in several impact categories (e.g. for miscanthus: climate change −303.47 kg CO2 eq./MWhth; terrestrial acidification: −0.22 kg SO2 eq./MWhth). Negative impacts however occur, for example, in the impact categories marine ecotoxicity and human toxicity (e.g. for miscanthus: +1.20 kg 1.4‐DB eq./MWhth and +68.00 kg 1.4‐DB eq./MWhth, respectively). The results of this study clearly demonstrate the necessity of including more impact categories than the GWP in order to be able to assess the net benefits and impacts of the cultivation and utilization of perennial plants holistically.

Regulation of macro, micro, and toxic element uptake by Salix × smithiana using liming of heavily contaminated soils

Willow cultivation in soils heavily contaminated by risk elements is a challenging issue due to phytotoxic effects that restrict plant growth. Liming reduces the mobility of some risk elements in contaminated soils and therefore can be a suitable measure for contaminated soils but can also affect availability of nutrients for planted willows. We investigate how liming affects concentrations of macro, micro, and toxic elements in the organs of willows planted in contaminated soils. We established a 3-year pot experiment with Salix × smithiana planted in weakly acid and alkaline soils anthropogenically seriously contaminated by As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Soils were both untreated and treated with two doses of lime and dolomite in the first year before planting. We determined biomass production, mortality, and the concentration of macro- and micronutrients and toxic elements in the willows’ aboveground organs. Lime application increased biomass production in both soils; dose of lime played an important role for its increase only in alkaline soil. Lime in a higher dose was incompatible with the vitality of just-planted willows in both soils. Doses of dolomite significantly affected the biomass production and mortality of willows, where lower doses caused a permanent decrease of biomass production and mortality in weakly acid soil. The toxicity of Cd and Zn in leaves was recorded in both untreated soils; the latent deficiency of P and deficiency of Fe in leaves was only recorded in weakly acid untreated soil. Lime application irrespective of dose with foliar Fe application seemed to be the most suitable measure for increasing biomass production and decreasing toxic elements, especially Cd and Zn, without decreasing the macro- and micronutrients in the aboveground organs of willows in weakly acid soil. In alkaline soil, only higher doses of lime had a positive effect on the studied parameters. Dolomite application is not a suitable measure for planting willows in both contaminated soils. Dolomite in a lower dose impairs the growth of willows in weakly acid soil.

Site Suitability Analysis For Willow Tree Plantation In Uttarakhand Using GIS

The objective of a present study was to evaluate the land of Uttarakhand for suitability of Willow. The study area located between latitude 28º43'N and 31º27'N and longitude 77º34'E and 81º02'E. and covers approximately 53,485 sq km. A suitability resulting from the overlay process of the identified theme layers has unique information of tree requirement on which the suitability is based. The identified theme layers include temperature (maximum, minimum and average temperature), precipitation and soil texture. All thematic layers with their associated attribute data were encoded in GIS database. Overlay operation was performed on these layers through the model developed using Model Builder module of ARC-view 3.2. The model was a result of the crop requirements and the range of input variables in the state. Model was applied to formulate the suitability classes. The results indicate that 38%, 29.3%, 13.2% and 19.5% area of the total geographical area of the state fall under the most suitable, suitable less suitable and not suitable categories, respectively for Willow plantation. On the basis of the results, it can be recommended that Willow can be grown on the larger area of Uttarakhand state, especially the wastelands can be utilized for cultivation of Willow, which will not only be beneficial for socio-economic point of view but also sequester large amount of the carbon from the atmosphere.