Leadership Willingness Research Articles

Towards implementation of context-specific integrated district mental healthcare plans: A situation analysis of mental health services in five districts in Ghana.

Access to quality mental health services in Ghana remains poor, yet little is known about the extent of the access gaps and provision of mental health services at the district level in Ghana. We aimed to conduct an analysis of mental health infrastructure and service provision in five districts in Ghana. A cross-sectional situation analysis was conducted using a standardised tool to collect secondary healthcare data, supplemented by interviews with key informants, across five purposively selected districts in Ghana. The Programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) situation analysis tool was adapted to the Ghanaian context and used for data collection. The districts are predominantly rural (>60%). There were severe challenges with the provision of mental healthcare: there were no mental healthcare plans, supervision of the few mental health professionals was weak and unstructured, access to regular supplies of psychotropic medications was a major challenge, and psychological treatments were extremely limited given the lack of trained clinical psychologists. There were no available data on treatment coverage, but we estimate this to be <1% for depression, schizophrenia, and epilepsy across districts. Opportunities for mental health systems strengthening include: the commitment and willingness of leadership, the existence of the District Health Information Management System, a well-established network of community volunteers, and some collaboration with traditional and faith-based mental health service providers. There is poor mental health infrastructure across the five selected districts of Ghana. There are opportunities for strengthening mental health systems through interventions at the district healthcare organisation, health facility, and community levels. A standardised situation analysis tool is useful for informing district-level mental healthcare planning in low-resource settings in Ghana and potentially other sub-Saharan African countries.

Curriculum Leadership of Rural Teachers: Status Quo, Influencing Factors and Improvement Mechanism-Based on a Large-Scale Survey of Rural Teachers in China.

Revealing the general status quo of teacher curriculum leadership has great theoretical, policy, and practical significance. However, large-scale empirical investigations in this area are rare, and there is even less attention to the current situation of rural teacher curriculum leadership. Based on the survey of 2,966 rural teachers in 20 provinces of China, this paper presented the status quo of rural teacher curriculum leadership and examined influencing factors through multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that curriculum leadership of rural teachers was at a low level with backward leadership views, lack of practical ability, and low sense of identity. Regression analysis demonstrated that individual field factors had a significant impact on teachers’ curriculum leadership. Specifically, the higher the teachers’ leadership willingness, trust in others, and self-efficacy, the higher the curriculum leadership. The school field was also an important influential aspect. In particular, the formation of a common vision and teacher community by the school and the appropriate empowerment of the principal had a significant positive impact on the curriculum leadership of rural teachers. Based on these key findings, several improvement suggestions are put forward at the end, which can be used as references for other countries to develop improvement plans on rural teacher curriculum leadership.

Graduate medical education in anaesthesiology and COVID-19: lessons learned from a global pandemic.

Purpose of reviewThe recent global pandemic has dramatically altered the anaesthesiology educational landscape in unexpected ways. It is important that we pause to learn from this crisis.Recent findingsMost resident trainees actively caring for COVID-19 patients present with probable or subclinical finding of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anaesthesia resident training programmes evolved to continue the mission of anaesthesia education in the face of institutional restrictions and evolving clinical crises.SummaryThe recent global COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated how external stressors can cause significant disruption to traditional medical education pathways. Resilience to external disruptive forces in anaesthesia education include a willingness of leadership to understand the problem, flexibility in adapting to the needs of learners and instructors in the face of key challenges, deployment of technology and innovation-minded solution-finding where appropriate, and attention to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Video abstract

The Importance of Decisive Leadership and Clear Direction During Crisis

This essay considers the importance of strong leadership during critical incidents and crisis, including a decisive approach that seeks to understand problems through exploring data and stakeholder feedback, but ultimately leadership's willingness to take ownership, and finally action. This work also sets forth organizational benefits of establishing clear direction, as well as the downfall of failing to provide support.

Preferred leadership style, leadership and entrepreneurial inclination among university students

Although many researches have been conducted on leadership styles and university studentsare participants in exploratory social science research quite frequently, fewer examples can befound on the application of the Full Range Leadership model among the youth. In this article,the authors examine preferred leadership styles among Hungarian students, and map theirconnections with managerial and entrepreneurial inclination. The online questionnaire used inthe research was completed by university students studying economics, technology and socialstudies in the capital and beyond. The questionnaire was completed by 335 university students.The results are exploratory, and they seem to modify the existing typologies. Four distinctleadership styles could be observed within the target group, embodying the transformative,supportive, defensive, and laissez-faire leadership types. Based on multivariate analysis one maysuppose that among students leadership willingness is positively connected to transformativeleadership, while entrepreneurial inclination to the transformative and supportive styles.

Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Training Programs.

Drug overdose death rates from opioid use have risen steadily since 1999 and reached epidemic levels, slowing for the first time in 2018, though not for many forms of opioid use. Yet evidence-based approaches to combating OUD, such as medication-assisted treatment for OUD (MT-OUD), are still inaccessible to many. Primary care providers are well-positioned to offer these services; however, training and education in OUD care remains inadequate. The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health interviewed the Health Resources Service Administration (HRSA) awardees of federal funding to implement an MT-OUD curriculum in their primary care residency training programs to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation. Awardees were interviewed at program launch and one year later. Results showed the importance of leadership willingness to participate, effective treatment integration into existing workflow, curriculum and clinical flexibility, and supportive interdisciplinary and community partnerships. Recommendations for best practices of MT-OUD training in primary care are identified.

Understanding Gender Differences in Leadership

Abstract Using data from a large-scale field experiment, we show that while there is no gender difference in willingness to make risky decisions on behalf of a group in a sample of children, a large gap emerges in a sample of adolescents. The proportion of girls who exhibit leadership willingness drops by 39%, going from childhood to adolescence. We explore the possible factors behind this drop and find that it is largely associated with a dramatic decline in ‘social confidence’, measured by willingness to perform a real effort task in public.

Demand for decision autonomy and the desire to avoid responsibility in risky environments: Experimental evidence

• We study the demand for making/delegating own decisions. • We study the demand for taking on/avoiding decision responsibility for others. • Men are more likely to demand both autonomy and authority at the same time. • Other regarding individuals are more likely to avoid responsibility when the loss is more likely. • Results have implications for decision-making in pairs/groups and leadership. This paper experimentally studies individuals’ willingness to pay for the authority to make risky decisions for themselves, and the willingness to take responsibility for others, as primary determinants of leadership willingness. We consider a setup involving a pair of individuals, where one individual is designated to make both parties’ decisions by default. Depending on treatment, either party can express a willingness to pay to change this situation. If one’s willingness to pay to make her own decision herself is positive (negative), we interpret it as a demand for autonomy (a desire to delegate). On the flip side, if one’s willingness to pay to avoid making a decision on behalf of another person is positive (negative), we interpret it as a desire to avoid responsibility (a demand for authority). We find that on average, individuals are willing to pay positive amounts of money to make their decisions themselves, and incur positive but smaller opportunity costs for the right to make decisions for others. Certain individual and contextual characteristics emerge as important predictors. Notably, (1) men are more likely to demand both autonomy and authority at the same time, (2) individuals with other regarding preferences are more likely to pay to avoid taking responsibility for others’ decisions when the probability of loss is high. Exploring differences between individuals’ own decisions and the decisions they make on behalf of others, we find that subjects with other-regarding preferences tend to “cautious-shift” when making decisions on behalf of others. Also, we find that individuals who would like to avoid responsibility also tend to “shift” their decisions when put in a decision-making role. The results have implications for the allocation of decision-making authority in pairs and leadership.

Global Leadership and International Regime: Empirical Testing of Cooperation without Hegemony Paradigm on the Basis of 120 Multilateral Conventions Data Deposited to the United Nations System

AbstractThis study is an attempt to construct a quantitative link for international regimes with global leadership. The country's willingness to lead in solving global issues as the first mover in the formation of an international regime is measured and characterized by analyzing their ratification behavior in multilateral conventions deposited to the United Nations which shape ‘the rules of the game’ of the global community. For this purpose, a set of quantitative indicators, the Index of Global Leadership Willingness and the Global Support Index, was defined and calculated for each country based on its actual ratification year data for 120 multilateral conventions covering global issues such as peace and security, environment, commerce, communication, intellectual property protection, human rights, and labor. By proposing a framework of global leadership analysis, the study seeks to provide an empirical testing of the transformation of global governance towards cooperation without hegemony paradigm. The paper analyses changes in the leadership willingness indices of selected country groups, such as the G3, G7/8, and G20, over the century and finds that the will to drive the international agenda of these groups of leaders is in decline. Moreover, our study provides evidence to argue that our current world is actually without consistent global leadership across domains of the world affairs. Although several countries still show visible leadership in specific policy domains, such as environment and intellectual property, neither the G7/8 nor the G20 was playing a comparable role to those performed by the G3 a hundred years ago.

P04.85. Addressing nature deficit disorder: a quantitative survey study of multidimensional aspects of well-being among young adults at a wilderness camp

Purpose The health and well-being of America’s youth is increasingly in jeopardy due to a‘screen-based’ culture that decreases exposure to the natural world. We hypothesized that interactions with nature would promote physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual well-being. To investigate this claim, we surveyed young adults at a three-week science and wilderness camp in rural West Virginia. Methods Online surveys were administered pre-camp to both campers and staff (n=46; 65% female, 35% staff, 18-31 years old, 51% from suburban/urban areas). Scales measuring nature experience were modified from previous research in camp settings. Validated, reliable instruments measured physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual components of well-being, as well as nature connection. Completed post-camp surveys (n=36) were matched with pre-camp data and differences investigated using paired samples t-tests. Results Statistically significant differences between pre- and postcamp experiences of the participants were identified on all nature-related measures: exposure (p<0.001), knowledge (p=0.018), skills (p<0.001), leadership willingness in a natural setting (p<0.001), sense of connection to nature (p<0.001), and sense of connection to place (p=0.001). All scores showed an increase post-camp. Several holistic well-being outcome measures also significantly improved: sense of wholeness (p=0.012), positive emotions (p<0.001), and experiences of transcendence (p=0.002) increased, while perceived stress (p=0.020) and negative emotions (p=0.003) decreased. However, physical activity level (p=0.084) and several psychological measures, including resilience (p=0.083), psychological well-being (p=0.943), self-esteem (p=0.950), self-awareness (p=0.200), and reflection (p=0.129), did not change. Conclusion

The Eisenhower Administration's Fear of Empowering the Chinese

The mid-1950s represented a high point for Maoist China in diplomatic, economic, and military terms. The Korean War armistice agreement signed in 1953 demonstrated that China had fought U.S. forces to a stalemate on the Korean peninsula. In 1954, China joined other major powers at the conference on Indochina and Korea. It also began to enjoy increased status within the communist bloc, in part as a result of the Korean outcome and in part because of the new Soviet leadership's willingness to put its relationship with Beijing on a more equal basis. These events, together with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May, helped to convince the Eisenhower administration that Asian communism had entered a more vigorous phase. Washington concluded that its strategy had to be to maintain a high level of pressure on that most dynamic and confident example, the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Eisenhower administration's harsh policy toward the PRC has tended to be explained in the scholarly literature in two main ways: first, students of the period have argued that, while the Eisenhower administration (and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in particular) privately realized there was a need to be more flexible toward the PRC and to deal with two Chinas, it would not risk its relationship with the right wing in Congress in order openly to pursue that reality. Second, it has been said that a coercive policy toward China made it easier domestically for Dwight D. Eisenhower and Dulles to pursue a partial improvement in relations with the Soviet Union; or, alternatively, that the strategy of driving a wedge between Moscow and Beijing required a policy of isolating