Donation Willingness Research Articles

The Behavioral Consequences of Public Appeals: Evidence on Campaign Fundraising from the 2018 Congressional Elections

AbstractWhereas the preponderance of studies on public appeals evaluates their impacts on mass public opinion, we investigate behavioral responses—in particular, the willingness of donors to contribute to candidates for public office. As appeals, we identify and code the online messages from all 2018 candidates for Congress, winners and losers alike, about both Donald Trump himself and his signature policy initiative, immigration reform; and as behavioral responses, we track candidates’ daily itemized fundraising totals. What Republican candidates for Congress say about Trump, we find, bears significantly on their ability to raise money. In the immediate aftermath of complimenting the president, Republicans secured a modest increase in fundraising; when they criticized him, however, they promptly suffered a substantial decline. We do not observe comparable evidence for Democratic candidates. Our findings are robust to a wide variety of measurement and modeling strategies, and expand our understanding of the political stakes of public appeals.

Willingness of volunteers from Canadian Blood Service's Stem Cell Registry to donate blood, marrow, and other tissues for regenerative therapy.

As research surrounding cell-based regenerative therapy advances toward human trials, greater demand for cell products sourced from healthy donors will arise. The extent to which volunteers in Canadian Blood Services Stem Cell Registry would be willing to donate cells to support regenerative therapy is not known and warrants exploration. We conducted a Web-based survey to assess factors that would influence donor willingness to donate various tissues (blood, skin, fat, and bone marrow) for regenerative therapy. The survey was provided to 15,000 randomly selected donors who registered between 2013 and 2018. Data from the 1118 respondents were analyzed. Despite a mixed degree of familiarity with regenerative medicine, potential donors were very supportive of donating for direct patient care and for research, and increasing their familiarity by reading a brief paragraph of information on regenerative medicine increased willingness to donate. Canadian Blood Services' stem cell registrants greatly preferred supporting nonprofit groups in research and development in comparison to entities that represent profit-seeking industry involvement. The most important factors influencing donor willingness to donate were having an impact on patients, safety of donation, advancing knowledge in regenerative medicine, a manageable time commitment, and tolerable pain that could be managed. Donors were most willing to donate blood and had mixed responses to donating other tissue types. Adult volunteers from a national stem cell registry are willing to support donation of biospecimens for regenerative therapy.

Knowledge Does Not Correlate with Behavior toward Deceased Organ Donation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan.

BackgroundAlthough knowledge is an important factor that influences decisions regarding deceased organ donation, the associations of knowledge with attitude and behavior regarding organ donation remain uncertain in countries with low organ donation rates like Japan.Material/MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of hospital medical and non-medical staff in 15 Japanese medical facilities. The questionnaire included items on knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward deceased organ donation and transplantation. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to the tertile of knowledge score. Modified Poisson regression models were used for associations of knowledge score with organ donor registration and willingness to become an organ donor after death.ResultsOf the 1967 staff, 1275 returned the questionnaires (response rate, 64.8%). There were 1190 study subjects with complete data for analysis. For the lowest (n=512), middle (n=428), and highest (n=250) tertile knowledge groups, the proportions of participants who registered and expressed willingness to donate organs were 20.1%, 23.4%, and 28.4% and 31.1%, 38.3%, and 44.0%, respectively. The adjusted proportion ratios for organ donor registration were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.73–1.10) for the middle and 1.00 (0.80–1.26) for the highest tertile of knowledge, compared with the lowest tertile. However, participants with the highest tertile of knowledge score expressed higher willingness for organ donation than the lowest tertile (adjusted proportion ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13–1.66).ConclusionsFor hospital staff in Japanese medical facilities, high knowledge about organ donation and transplantation was not associated with donor registration, but was associated with willingness to become an organ donor.

Understanding innovation: The development and scaling of orange-fleshed sweetpotato in major African food systems

The development and scaling of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) during the past 25 years is a case study of a disruptive innovation to address a pressing need – the high levels of vitamin A deficiency among children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. When the innovation was introduced consumers strongly preferred white or yellow-fleshed sweetpotato, so it was necessary to create a demand to respond to that need. This was at odds with the breeding strategy of responding to consumers’ demands. Additional elements of the innovation package include seed systems and nutrition education to create the awareness amongst consumers of the significant health benefits of OFSP. Complementary innovation is required in promotion and advocacy to ensure a supportive institutional environment.Four dimensions-- technical, organizational, leadership, and institutional environment-- are explored across five distinct phases of the innovation process, from the emergence of the innovative idea (1991–1996) through scaling phase in 15 countries under a major institutional innovation (2015-mid-2019), the Sweetpotato for Profit and Health Initiative (SPHI).Systematically gathering evidence of nutritional impact and ability to scale cost-effectively was requisite for obtaining support for further development and diffusion of the crop. Positive findings from a major study coincided with a major change in the institutional environment which placed agriculture and nutrition at the forefront of the development agenda, resulting in an inflection point in both research and diffusion investment. The role of committed leadership during all phases was critical for success, but particularly during the first decade of limited support in a challenging institutional environment. The most critical technical achievement underpinning scaling was moving from 2 to 13 African countries having local breeding programs. Evidence is presented that adapted, well performing varieties which consumers prefer is the foundation for successful scaling to occur. Building a cadre of within country and regional advocates was critical for getting sustained commitment and local buy-in to the concept of biofortification by regional bodies and governments, which in turn built within country ownership and the willingness of donors to invest. The SPHI united diverse organizations under a common vision with a simple metric--- the number of households reached with improved varieties of sweetpotato. Since 2009, 6.2 million households were reached by July 2019 in 15 SSA countries. Much more remains to be done. Advocacy efforts led to the integration of nutritious foods into many national and regional policies, setting the stage for further investment.

Current political aspects of transplantation medicine in Germany: Organ donation in contradiction?

Despite the claimed high organ donation willingness in Germany, the real numbers for organ donation are far below the international average. About 8000 patients in Germany are waiting for atransplant kidney, of which only afraction, after years of waiting, can be treated with asuitable transplant. Further changes to the transplantation law to improve organ donation in Germany were recently adopted. However, it remains the demand for areorganization of organ donation towards the opting out solution. The political decision on this is at the time of delivery of the article.

Do we have to tell the patient's family everything concerning organ donation?

Background: Globally there have been many initiatives to enhance the number of organ donors.1 The number of individuals waiting for a transplant is significantly higher than the number of available donated organs and the gap continues to widen. In the United States, it has been reported that over 106,000 individuals are awaiting organ donation.2 The family plays a crucial role in the organ donation process. Therefore, it is important to understand the organ donation experiences of family members in the Arab world which extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Gulf in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to Central Africa and the Indian Ocean in the south. There are some challenges surrounding organ donation due to ethical, legal, and social problems. Besides that, religious and traditional issues are more common in the Middle East and Gulf region. In the Middle East, organ donation after brain death or for living donors have less family members’ willingness and acceptance.3 Family members of organ donation cases face many challenges before accepting the terms of donation. In reference to this issue, many studies stress the need for family involvement, education and awareness programs in early stage of brain death, even in acute cases that are subject to time constraints.We aim to examine findings of an integrative literature review and explore families’ decision-making process related to organ donation of brain dead patients or living donors, posing the question “Do we have to tell the patient's family everything concerning organ donation?” Answering this question will help healthcare providers to understand factors, barriers and culturally sensitive aspects that are leading to the willingness and acceptance of organ donation.4 Methods: The integrative literature review was based on Cooper's five-stage process.5 These stages clearly summarized by Russell include problem formulation, data collection or literature search, evaluation of data, data analysis, and interpretation and presentation of results.6 To determine the sample of the review, published scientific papers in indexed periodicals electronic databases, such as CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar with Full Text and PubMed from 2009-2019 were searched. Results: The result of the review highlighted the importance of different aspects that lead to acceptance of organ donation. We anticipate that the results of this review will increase awareness of the patients’ families concerning organ donation experiences and its impact on the decision-making process. In addition, it will help healthcare professionals and policymakers to consider new strategies, ways of thinking, and communication strategies that can be adopted with patients’ families concerning organ donation. Organ donation campaigns can help raise public and healthcare providers’ awareness of the benefits of such programs. Conclusions: This review identified that public orientation and family support is the ideal approach for family consent which often remains the only way for organ donation to be made possible. In addition to that, there is a need for the development of supportive policies and continuous education and training programs for healthcare providers and proper utilization of resources to improve the organ donation process.

Reluctance and Willingness for Organ Donation After Death Among the Slovene General Population.

IntroductionThe paper presents the findings of the first large-scale survey on post-mortem organ donation among the general Slovenian population. It focuses on the reported donation willingness, the barriers to joining the register of organ donors and the position towards consent to donate organs of deceased relatives.MethodsA face-to-face survey was conducted on a probability sample of 1,076 Slovenian residents between October and December 2017. The performed analyses included estimations of means and proportions for target variables, an evaluation of between-group differences and a partial proportional odds model to study the relations between organ donation willingness and socio-demographic characteristics.ResultsThe mean reported willingness to donate one’s own organs after death was 3.77 on a 5-point scale, with less than a third of respondents claiming to be certainly willing. Only 6% of those at least tentatively willing to donate organs were certain to join the register of organ donors in the future. The most frequently reported barriers to registration were unfamiliarity with the procedure and a lack of considering it beforehand. The reported willingness to donate organs of a deceased relative strongly depended on the knowledge of the relative’s wishes, yet 80% of the respondents did not discuss their wishes with any family members.ConclusionsThe findings confirm the gap between the reported donation willingness and joining the register of donors. Future post-mortem organ donation strategies need to consider socio-demographic and attitudinal factors of donation willingness and help stimulate the communication about organ donation wishes between family members.

Religious denomination influencing attitudes towards brain death, organ transplantation and autopsy-a survey among people of different religions.

(Brain) death, willingness of organ donation and autopsy are relevant questions of life and death. Religious beliefs are expected to have a significant influence on individual attitudes. People with an active relationship to a religion were surveyed about brain death, organ transplantation and autopsy using an anonymous questionnaire. The study was aimed in particular at students of theology and people in religious communities. In addition to a descriptive statistical analysis, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. From November 2016 to April 2017, 1306 people took part in the study. Religious denomination had statistically significant implications. Members of a certain religion were found to share similar positions. Significant differences were noted in the attitudes shown by members of different religions and by those without any religious affiliation. Especially the concept of brain death was rejected by Buddhists. The majority of Sunni Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists rejected organ donation following brain death. In all religious groups, the majority did not possess an organ donor card. Catholics and Protestants had more organ donor cards than any other religious group and more likely supported autopsies. Religious denomination plays a central role in the various viewpoints and attitudes. The findings are just as relevant in scientific and public discussions as they are in medical practice and may contribute to increasing sensitivity and professionalism and to facilitate communication.

Knowledge and Willingness for Organ Donation in the Middle Eastern Region: A Meta-analysis

Medical advancements over the past decades brought organ transplantation as a definitive therapy for different end-stage organ failure. However, non-availability of organs required for transplantation is a major challenge worldwide. We aimed to determine the knowledge and willingness to donate organs in various populations and settings in the Middle Eastern region. Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google scholar electronic databases. Different combinations of search terms such as “organ donation”; “knowledge”, “awareness”; “beliefs”, “willingness”; and “attitude” along with the country names were used. Additional searches using reference lists of studies and review articles were conducted. Data were extracted using standardized excel form and pilot tested. Three authors independently abstracted the data using a data collection form. Results from different studies were pooled for the analysis when appropriate. The search yielded 1806 articles; 1000 duplicates and review articles were excluded, and a further 792 articles not relevant were excluded. Finally, 14 original studies met the inclusion criteria. Total pooled sample size for assessing knowledge was 6697 and for willingness was 8714. Pooled overall knowledge regarding organ donation was 69% with a 95% CI [64.5, 73.5]. Pooled overall willingness to donate organ was 49.8% with a 95% CI [41.3, 58.4]. Knowledge about organ donation and willingness to donate organs varies in different population and settings in the Middle East. These in fact are linked to multiple social factors ultimately leads to ‘consent’ for donating organs by a potential donor. Family’s influence; religious, traditional and spiritual beliefs; and status of ethnic, minority, and immigrant populace are the important determinants of the decision for organ donation. Understandings on social determinants in organ donation remain crucial and should be addressed while developing policies and organizational developments.

(Non-)donor demographics, donation willingness, and the donor career.

KEY IDEAS Donation willingness is generally high but registering with donor centers lags behind.We need to understand why and when during the life course which groups of individuals are motivated to donate.With this knowledge, we can design targeted recruitment and retention strategies and improve evidence‐based donor management.

Comparing web-based video interventions to enhance university student willingness to donate organs: A randomized controlled trial.

The efficacy of video interventions to increase organ donation willingness remains unclear. Three-arm web-based randomized controlled trial involving 2261 students at 3 northeastern Ohio universities. Intervention students watched a live-action (n=755) or animated (n=753) donation video. Control students (n=753) viewed wellness information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The primary outcome was proportion of students who visited their state electronic donor registry to consent. The secondary outcome was intervention quality. Logistic regression assessed the effects of interventions on visiting the state registry to provide donation consent while controlling for baseline variables. Students in the live-action video arm visited their state registry more frequently than students in the CDC arm (OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.20-2.88). There was no difference between students in the animated video and CDC arms (OR=1.10, 95% CI=0.69-1.76). The quality of the live-action video was rated lower than the animated video and the CDC text (75%±18, 84%±16, 80%±16, respectively; P<0.001). Students who watched the live-action video were more willing to visit their electronic donor registry to register as organ donors, but rated it lower in satisfaction. Future work should identify the most potent components of organ donation interventions.

Cross-sectional survey of cognitive status and attitude of different population about biobanking donation

Objective To understand the cognition and attitude of patients, medical staff and medical examination people on biobanks and their willingness to donation. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 452 individuals, including patients, medical staff and people receiving health checkup at a hospital in Beijing from July to September, 2017.The questionnaire assessed the respondents′ demographic data, general knowledge about biobanking and the factors influencing their willingness to donate specimens to biobanks.Pearson′s Chi-square test, student t test or ANOVA were used for univariate analysis.Additionally, the linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used for multivariate analyses. Results A total of 452 questionnaires were delivered, and the effective questionnaires amounted to 440, including 196 medical staff, 123 patients and 121 health checkup individuals.The awareness score of biobanks was significantly different among the medical staff, patients and health checkup individuals(P<0.05). After adjustment for potential risk factors, we found that the population characteristics and the experience of participation in a medical research were the independent beneficial factors of the awareness score.The percentage of the willingness of donation in medical staff, health checkup individuals and patients were 83.7%, 76.9% and 70.7%, respectively.The results of univariate analyses suggested that the population characteristics, education level, health conditions, the history of blood donation, and the experience of participation in a medical research were significantly associated with the willingness to donate(all P<0.05). Population characteristics and health conditions were independently relevant to the willingness of donation, after multivariate analyses of logistic regression. Conclusions Despite the strong willingness to donate biospecimens, patients and health checkup individuals lack knowledge of biobanking. It is apparent that we need to strengthen promotions and to encourage the ethics and humanities to improve the knowledge of biosample donation, for healthy development of hospital-based biobanks. Key words: Questionnaires; Biobanks; Cognition; Willingness to donate; Population

36 Culturally Targeted and Individually Tailored Videos Improve Organ Donation Willingness Among Black Men After Viewing

Black men have disproportionally greatest need for kidney transplants due to higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and inadequate access to treatment. Black men also are least likely to donate organs. The ED is the portal of entry for potential organ donors with more opportunities arising from new programs that consider donation after failed resuscitation. These programs are reliant on patients being registered donors. We assessed whether generic, culturally targeted, or individually tailored videos differentially impact donation willingness among black men. Videos were produced with clients, barbers, and owners of black-owned barbershops (BOBs) throughout NYC. Content was informed from individual qualitative interviews with clients. Beliefs mapped into religion, culture/knowledge, altruism, and normative constructs. Videos were evaluated with a single blinded RCT. Clients viewed videos with iPads and noise cancelling headphones, after which registration was offered. The control video showed a white mother who met the recipient of her daughter’s heart (a white man). The targeted video conveyed information with testimonials from black transplant specialists, barbers, and a black man who is awaiting a kidney transplant. Content debunked myths about organ donation with equal length segments devoted to the belief constructs. Tailoring consisted of 16 video variations based on the targeted video. Pre-intervention organ donation beliefs were assessed with an index validated with multidimensional Rasch models. If a participant scored < 0.6 logits in a domain, that content was included. The primary outcome was proportion of participants who registered. Secondary outcomes included taking an informational pamphlet and change in pre/post organ donation willingness scores (ODWS) assessed with a 5-item scale informed by stages of change theory. We modeled registration with multi-level logistic regression using video group as the primary regressor and BOB location as a random effect. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model post-viewing ODWS as the dependent variable, video group as the primary regressor adjusting for baseline ODWS. Outcomes were assessed with intention to treat (ITT) and treatment effects. 3,746 men were approached in 40 BOBs. Of these, 1,440 were enrolled and 1,353 completed the study. Mean age was 34 years. Randomization yielded approximately equal groups based on age, sex, education, religion, and baseline ODWS. Outcomes are presented in the table below. Tailored and targeted videos did not impact registration differentially compared to generic content, but these production choices improved taking pamphlets and willingness among black men. There were no significant differences between the tailored and targeted groups. Distributing culturally targeted videos without individually tailoring content in community settings may be effective means for improving organ donor willingness among black men.

Awareness of eye donation among eye health workers

Introductions: To assess the level of awareness and willingness of eye donation among eye health workers and compare it among the two institutes, one with cornea transplant services and other without cornea transplant services. &#x0D; Methods: This was comparative, questionnaire based, cross- sectional study under taken among eye health workers in two institutes. The questionnaire contained questions on demographic details, their awareness on eye donation, reasons for donating and not donating eyes by people as perceived by them, their intention to donate eyes and source of information. The responses were compared and statistically analyzed using chi-square test. &#x0D; Results: Of the 178 participants 132 participants were aware that eye donation was donation of eye after death. The most common source of information about eye donation was from eye professional. It was observed that 107 participants knew that eyes can be donated after death ideally within 6-8 hours of death. 139 respondents believed donated eye gives good sight to blind. Lack of awareness was cited as an important reason for people not donating eyes. &#x0D; Conclusions: Eye health workers are well aware about eye donation they can be actively involved in eye donation campaigns in community level and can act as counselors for eye donors.

Assessment of the hepatocytic differentiation ability of human skin-derived ABCB5+ stem cells

The continuously decreasing willingness for liver donation aggravates treatment of end-stage liver diseases requiring organ transplantation as the only curative strategy. Cell therapy approaches using human hepatocytes or stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells may be a therapeutic option out of this dilemma. ABCB5-positive mesenchymal stromal cells from human skin featured promising potential to treat immune-mediated diseases. Since most of chronic liver diseases involve exaggerating immune mechanisms, it was the aim to demonstrate in this study, whether ABCB5+ stem cells may serve as a resource to generate hepatocytic cells for application in liver cell transplantation. Using an established single-step protocol, which had been successfully applied to differentiate mesenchymal stromal cells into the hepatocytic lineage, ABCB5+ skin-derived stem cells did not gain significant characteristics of hepatocytes. Yet, upon culture in hepatocytic differentiation medium, ABCB5+ stem cells secreted immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic factors as well as proteins, which may prompt hepatic morphogenesis besides others. Hepatic transplantation of ABCB5+ stem cells, which had been prior cultured in hepatocytic differentiation medium, did not cause any obvious deterioration of liver architecture suggesting their safe application. Thus, human ABCB5+ skin-derived stem cells secreted putative hepatotropic factors after culture in hepatocytic differentiation medium.

Study to assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding organ donation among interns of a medical college in Telangana, India

Background: There is a gradual decrease in health status and daily functioning in patients with end stage organ failure and timing of death remains uncertain. Organ transplantation is the only cure to such patients. Organ donation rate in India is only 0.26 per million. This is due to lack of awareness about the need of organ donation and the ignorance of common men and medical fraternity about the importance, procedures, benefits and legal issues of organ donation. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding organ donation among medical interns.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 interns with a pre-tested, semi structured questionnaire in order to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding organ donation. Data collected was analysed using SPSS software.Results: The mean age of the interns was 23.03±0.73 and majority were females (70%). 79.4% of interns were having adequate knowledge and majority (77.5%) were willing for organ donation. Only 5.6% had donor card. Willingness for organ donation was significantly associated with knowledge about organ donation. The major barrier for organ donation was fear of organs misuse. Most common source of information was found to be internet.Conclusions: Though most of the interns had adequate knowledge, still gaps exist in their knowledge, attitude and practices. By giving right knowledge and orientation medicos can be become future organ donors who can then easily motivate their patients to follow the path.

护理本科生器官捐献意愿及其影响因素的调查

护理本科生器官捐献意愿及其影响因素的调查

The Impact of Financial Equity Perception of Non-profit Organization Donors on Donation Willingness

The nonprofit organizations are playing a more and more important role in the economic and social development in recent years. However, they are faced with kinds of financial problems such as fraud, corruption, misappropriation of funds and a lack of transparency, seriously bruising the donating enthusiasm of donators and damaging the rights and interests of investors. As a financial part of perceived organization justice, the financial fairness perception of donors is a subject feeling, has a certain effect on the amount and frequency of donation, and is the key factor for many nonprofit organizations to raise enough funds. Through a survey of NPO donors, this paper uses structural equation analysis to show that financial results fairness directly affects the personal donation willingness to NPOs, financial procedural justice does not have significantly direct effect and has indirect influence on the donation willingness through financial results fairness, and financial information fairness has direct influence and indirect influence through financial procedural fairness and financial results fairness on donation willingness. Therefore the nonprofit organizations should arrange funds use reasonably according to the investors’ willingness, improve the efficiency of funds use, disclose financial information in time, thereby improving financial fairness perception, to raise more funds by the rise in individual donating willingness.

Impact Factors and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among Transplantation Patients and Their Caregivers in China

PurposeThis study's purpose was to investigate the attitudes toward organ donation among renal transplantation patients and their caregivers. In addition, we sought to explore the impact factors that affect their attitudes toward deceased organ donation. Design and MethodsA self-administrated questionnaire was used, which consisted of two parts: 1) demographic data, and 2) transplantation and donation-related data. This study was conducted in three transplantation follow-up centers in three hospitals using a cross-sectional approach. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analysis descriptive and inferential statistics for data. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. ResultsWe received 426 effective questionnaires. The renal transplantation patients' mean age was 40.84 years. Among these patients, 67.8% were willing to accept the organ transplantation surgery for their relatives, 67.4% were willing to donate a living kidney to a close relative, 62.7% were willing to donate organs after death, 53.5% were willing to register in the national organ donation system, and 51.4% were willing to sign the organ donation consent when facing their relatives becoming a potential organ donor. Age, marriage status, education level, understanding of transplantation procedures and understanding of donation procedures had statistical significance in the difference of the attitudes toward donate their organs after death (P < .05). ConclusionsRenal transplantation patients in our study are more willing to donate organs after death than their caregivers, but both their attitudes toward deceased donation were not very optimistic. There is a significant relationship between participants' willingness and knowledge of organ donation; patients with more understanding of the transplantation and donation procedure were more willing to donate organs after death. Affected by traditional values such as Confucianism, many people still cannot accept registering in the national organ donation system or sign the organ donation consent when facing their relatives becoming potential organ donors. Clinical RelevanceThere is a need to give adequate training regarding donation to increase donation rates. The government must provide education from the perspective of scientific knowledge to change the traditional views of the public, which may then increase the donation rate in China.

Medical Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Willingness of Organ Donation

IntroductionOrgan donation after citizens’ death was initiated in the 2010s and great progress had been made since then. But the willingness of organ donation still very low. Our research aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and willingness of organ donation in medical students and identifi