William County Research Articles

Block Party: Election Canvassing in Suburbia

House-to-house canvassing is the epitome of routinized labor: you knock on the doors the campaign’s algorithms determine you should knock on; campaign officials ask you to follow a “script” they have tested in polls and focus groups. Efficiency is paramount. You avoid having long conversations; the more contacts you make, the more votes you have a chance to win. Still, it can be a surprisingly enlightening experience. At least during the 2012 campaign, it was for me. Last fall, I spent several days, armed with a clipboard and a stack of glossy leaflets, walking around suburban neighborhoods located 2,700 miles apart. In Prince William County, Virginia, half-an-hour’s drive from Washington, DC (except during rush hour), I volunteered on weekends to get the vote out for Barack Obama. Then I traveled to Sacramento Country, California, where I canvassed for Ami Bera, a progressive Indian American Democrat running for Congress against the conservative GOP incumbent, Dan Lungren, a powerful committee chairman. Paternal pride and affection inspired the trip out west; my son had a job as Bera’s field director.

Evaluation of Drilled Shafts with Self-Consolidating Concrete

Drilled shafts with self-consolidating concrete were prepared and tested with cross-hole sonic logging (CSL). Self-consolidating concrete, which has high workability, was placed in the drilled shafts of bridges on Route 28 over Broad Run in Bristow in Prince William County, Virginia. During placement, properties of the fresh concrete were tested, and specimens were prepared to determine the hardened properties. The integrity of the bridge shafts within the reinforcing cage was determined with the use of CSL. Another sonic method, sonic echo–impulse response, was used to evaluate several test shafts. The use of acoustoultrasonic measurements to determine the cover depth outside the reinforcing cage was evaluated during laboratory testing. The results indicated that self-consolidating concrete was highly desirable for drilled shafts; it flowed easily and filled the hole; the removal of the temporary casing was facilitated by this highly workable material. CSL is a satisfactory nondestructive method to determine the integrity of shafts. Sonic echo–impulse response also showed promise as a method to complement CSL for determining the integrity of a shaft. Acoustoultrasonic testing was promising in the laboratory but needs further development for implementation in the field.

“It's We the People…, Not We the Illegals”: Extreme Speech in Prince William County, Virginia's Immigration Debate

Prince William County, Virginia received national attention when county lawmakers voted in July 2007 to enact one of the nation's most sweeping anti-immigrant resolutions. Help Save Manassas, a local anti-immigration group, assumed a prominent role in the county's immigration debate and in leading the charge for local government action. An analysis of Help Save Manassas’ newsletters reveals the role of extreme speech in social change. By linking patriotism to an anti-immigration stance, many of the perspectives expressed in the newsletters achieved legitimacy in the public sphere, ultimately influencing public policy. This case study reveals one strategy by which extremist groups make their views mainstream and in so doing underscores the importance of attending to the vernacular of conservative counterpublics.

“They Treat us Like Pests:” Undocumented Immigrant Experiences Obtaining Health Care in the Wake of a “Crackdown” Ordinance

This article presents findings from a qualitative study of Latino immigrant experiences seeking health care services in the wake of an anti-immigrant “crackdown” ordinance similar to Arizona's SB 1070. Prince William County, Virginia's 2007 “Rule of Law” ordinance escalated law enforcement efforts that targeted this population for deportation and ordered staff to ensure that no one receive social services other than those required by federal law. This article sought to answer the questions: (1) Were undocumented immigrants able to obtain health care? (2) How do immigrants characterize their experiences with health providers? Data were gathered via semi-structured interviews (n = 57) with Latinos in a low-income neighborhood. Analysis of Spanish-language narratives found that many were dissuaded from seeking care because of high costs as well as lack of familiarity with the health care system. Others perceived that they were treated with insensitivity or outright hostility—and believed this treatment was a deliberate effort to discourage them from seeking help.

Northwest McGregor field CO2 Huff ‘n’ Puff: A case study of the application of field monitoring and modeling techniques for CO2 prediction and accounting

Northwest McGregor field CO2 Huff ‘n’ Puff: A case study of the application of field monitoring and modeling techniques for CO2 prediction and accounting

Virginia: An Account of Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla in Virginia with Comments on Species Introductions in Wetland Mitigation Sites

Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla (CYPERACEAE)—King William County: Virginia Aquatic Resources Trust Fund (TNC) wetland restoration site, approximately 8 km west of Aylett on West River Road (Route 600). Approximately 50 plants were found growing in a seasonally ponded area along the southeast perimeter of the site among the following mixture of species: Persicaria maculosa Gray, Andropogon virginicus L., Rumex crispus L., Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult., Portulaca oleracea L., Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl., and Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton, 14 July 2009, N. McGoff and N. Zinn. Voucher specimen deposited at the Massey Herbarium at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (VPI 105248). Significance. This is the first account of bog bulrush [Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla] in Virginia and, to the best of our knowledge, the first record of this species within the South Atlantic states (Smith 2002, Virginia Botanical Associates 2009, United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service [USDA-NRCS] 2009). Bog bulrush is native to Africa and Eurasia and is listed as a problematic weed in 43 countries, presumably owing to its prolific colonization of rice fields and resistance to herbicide treatment (Smith 2002, Washington Noxious Weed Control Board 2010). The distribution of this species in the United States is localized in a few Pacific, Midwest, and Mid-Atlantic/ Northeast states (USDA-NRCS 2009, Biota of North America Program 2010), likely following points of introduction from importation of biogenic goods. Populations represented by early records of this species from New Brunswick and New Jersey (prior to 1900) have presumably been extirpated; records from other Atlantic states (e.g., Pennsylvania, New York) are of doubtful persistence (Smith 2002). This finding represents one more in a series of species introductions observed in association with wetland mitigation in Virginia (Perry et al. 1998, DeBerry 2006, DeBerry and Perry 2007). In the case of created or restored wetlands, ‘‘introduction’’ may be viewed in an additional context beyond the ostensible native or non-native status of a species. What has come of interest to researchers and wetland managers is the mode of introduction, i.e., whether such species are ‘‘getting in’’ via natural dispersal vectors, or by anthropogenic means related to the construction and/or planting of the site. This question was first raised by Perry et al. (1998) for similar records in Virginia mitigation sites, but the topic has been covered extensively in other areas of the country (see review in Spieles 2005). From research on seed dispersal and seedbank dynamics in wetlands, it is clear that species such as bog bulrush are capable of colonizing wetland mitigation sites via natural dispersal vectors such as migra*email address: ddeberry@vhb.com Received March 8, 2010; Accepted April 26, 2010. CASTANEA 75(4): 503–505. DECEMBER 2010

HEPATIC MINERAL VALUES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) FROM VIRGINIA

There is a lack of information on mineral requirements of free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). In addition, mineral deficiencies or excesses may play a role in the development of parasitism/malnutrition syndrome. We measured hepatic mineral values in apparently healthy white-tailed deer from two sites in Virginia, USA, as well as in deer with presumptive parasitism/malnutrition syndrome during 2005-2007. Deer with presumptive parasitism/malnutrition syndrome that were displaying signs of emaciation and chronic diarrhea had significantly higher mean hepatic levels of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) compared with healthy deer. Healthy deer in our study from northern Virginia, USA (i.e., Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, and Prince William counties) had significantly lower mean hepatic selenium (Se) levels compared with deer from Nottoway County, Virginia, USA, which is 200 km distant. Healthy deer from northern Virginia, USA, also had significantly lower mean hepatic cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo) levels. Adult deer had significantly higher mean levels of hepatic iron (Fe) compared with fawns. In addition, male deer had significantly higher mean hepatic Co levels compared with female deer. The significantly higher mean (+/-SD) level of Zn in sick deer from northern Virginia, USA (78.7+/-54.9 microg/g versus 35.8+/-7.4 microg/g in healthy deer) is potentially clinically significant, although no signs consistent with Zn poisoning were observed. All deer in our study from northern Virginia, USA, had marginal or deficient levels of Cu (mean+/-SD=27.4+/-18.3 microg/g) and Se (mean=0.08+/-0.03 microg/g), which may be predisposing this population to the development of parasitism/malnutrition syndrome.

A modified DRASTIC model for Siting Confined Animal Feeding Operations in Williams County, Ohio, USA

Three of DRASTIC’s parameters (Depth to Water, Soil Media, and Topography) were modified and another parameter was added (land use/land cover) to the model to determine the potential impact on groundwater from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) manure lagoon settings and manure application as fertilizer. Williams County is a mostly agricultural county located in northwest Ohio, USA. It currently has three CAFOs, all dairy, with the possibility of the construction of a multi-million chicken egg CAFO in the near future. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to modify the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) DRASTIC map for the county to fully assess the county-wide pollution potential of CAFOs. The CAFO DRASTIC map indicates that almost half of Williams County has elevated groundwater pollution potential. The rest of the county, primarily the southeast corner, has lower CAFO groundwater pollution potential. Future CAFO development within the county should focus on the southeastern portion of the county where the groundwater table is deeper, and the aquifer is composed of shale substrate with low hydraulic conductivity. The CAFO DRASTIC results are intended to be used as a screening tool and are not to replace site-specific hydrogeologic investigations.

Jefferson’s Legacy to the Supreme Court: Freedom of Religion

Jefferson’s Legacy to the Supreme Court: Freedom of Religion BARBARA A. PERRY Religion in Colonial Virginia Except for Rhode Island, each ofthethirteenAmerican colonies created some form ofestablished religion. The English venturists who undertook settlements in New England and Virginia simply assumed that religion would be inextricably tied to their colonial enterprises.1 The 1606 charter creating the Virginia colony required that all ministers preach Christianity that followed the “doctrine, rights, and religion now professed and established within the realme ofEngland”—in other words, the Church of England.2 To bolster the struggling Jamestown settlement, in 1610— 11, Sir Thomas Dale promulgated “Articles, Lawes, and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martiall for the Colony in Virginia.” Clergymen were to read “Dale’s Laws,” as they were labeled, to assemblies every Sabbath. The thirty-seven rules included eight that specifically referred to God and prohibited impiety, blasphemy, sacrilege, and irreverence towardpreachers or ministers. The sixth law was particularly notable for its strict religious requirements and harsh penalties for violations: “Every man and woman duly twice a day... shall... repair unto the Church to divine service upon pain of losing his or her days allowance for the first omission, for the second to be whipped, and for the third to be condemned to the Gallies for six months. Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate or break the Sabbath by any gaming... but duly sanctify and observe the same, both himself and his family, by preparing themselves at home with private prayer, that they may be better fitted for the public according to the commandments of God and the orders of our Church... .”3 Colonists faced the death penalty after the third offense of missing morning and afternoon Sunday devotional services. Over the next century, English mission­ aries, assisted by the Church of England’s Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and Society for the Promoting of Christian Knowledge, spread Anglicanism throughout the Chesapeake region and founded more than 75 parishes in Virginia and Maryland, which constituted over half of the 150 parishes in America, by Jefferson’s birth in 1743. Yet Vir­ ginia parishes hardly resembled those found 182 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY English missionaries had founded more than seventy-five parishes in Virginia and Maryland by the time of Jefferson's birth in 1743, including this church in King William County, Virginia. Clerics complained about the small salaries and the long distances they had to travel to visit their small congregations. in the mother country. The population was so dispersed that Anglican clerics complained about the long distances they had to cover in visiting their small congregations, in addi­ tion to legislative indifference to their salaries. Moreover, the England-based church hierar­ chy failed to assign a bishop to Virginia, which resulted in a lack of discipline, ordi­ nation, and clerical authority. Into this ec­ clesiastical power vacuum stepped Anglican parish vestries, which the clergy thought were too powerful. In turn, parishioners saw too many priests as escapees from England, leav­ ing financial and family burdens behind for “retirement” in Virginia. Life in early colonial Virginia was hardly one of leisure, however. English criminals who were offered the op­ tions ofhanging for their crimes or deportation to Virginia reportedly chose the gallows!4 The Anglicans’ monopoly had profound ramifications for those colonists who were not members of the Church of England. In the chapteron religion from his Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson addressed the sad his­ tory of intolerance by the Anglican church in his native colony, especially against “the poor Quakers.” Jefferson noted that Quakers had fled from English persecution in hopes of finding “asylums of civil and religious free­ dom; but they found them only for the reigning sect.”5 In 1659, 1662, and 1693 the Virginia legislature criminalized Quakers’ refusal to baptize their children, “prohibited the unlaw­ ful assembly ofQuakers,” forbid ship captains from bringing Quakers to Virginia, required those already in the Old Dominion or those who arrived later “to be imprisoned till they should abjure the country,” established the JEFFERSON AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION 183 death penalty for Quakers who had accumu­ lated three offenses ofcoming to the state, and...

352 Using Winter Cover Crops For Seedless Watermelon Production

Cover crops offer an excellent source of nutritional requirements for production of vegetables in sustainable agricultural system. By using this concept, field experiments were conducted in l998 at three locations in Virginia; Petersburg, James City, and King and William County, and five cover crop treatments; Hairy Vetch (HV), Crimson Clover (CC), HV+Rye, CC+Rye, and a conventional bare-ground control were used for their potential support of nutritional requirements for production of a seedless watermelon crop. The results indicated that the yield levels of seedless watermelon following cover crop treatments had significantly higher number of fruits per acre and the crimson clover treatment had higher fruit size in one of the sites (King William County) as compared to the other four treatments and two sites suggesting that cover crop/crops alone have the potential to support nutritional requirements for seedless watermelon to sustain production, thus becoming a viable and profitable alternative to using inorganic nitrogen source. The effects of cover crops on chemical composition of seedless watermelon were generally not significant. The results also indicated that watermelons produced using sustainable crop production methods are comparable to those produced using conventional methods. Our studies support using seedless watermelon as a viable alternative and high-value cash crop for Virginia farmers' especially tobacco growers, other small-scale producers, and limited resource farmers.

Public Culture and Economic Liberalism in Post-Revolutionary Northern Virginia, - 1820

July 4, 1802 found the residents of northern Virginia and Alexandria in a celebratory mood. In an oration given on that day, A.W. Grayson, scion of the Grayson family of Prince William County and a member of the Alexan- dria Debating Society, articulated in effusive rhetoric the confidence and enthusiasm of the region's inhabitants. Grayson began by reviewing the cause of the American Revolution, the battles of the war, and the political consequences of independence—the creation of a "republican government" situated happily between the extremes of "overbearing aristocracy" and "li- centious jacobinism." More revealing, however, was his focus on the social and economic consequences of the Revolution. Grayson argued that inde- pendence had enabled the United States to establish a "commercial inti- macy" with "the different nations of Europe." The result was "a rapid progress" of American trade; American merchants now "unfurled . . . their canvas" sails on "the shores of distant nations." Manufacturing, too, had "been rap- idly increasing" since the Revolution. And agriculture no longer "languished" as it had before independence, but now the "honest husbandman" enjoyed a well-deserved "domestic felicity." Underlying all these successes was the "enterprizing [sic] spirit of our citizens." "The people of this country," Grayson noted, "are daily opening" the nation's "latent sources of wealth." As a re- sult, Americans could "look forward to the day when America will hold a primary not secondary rank among the nations of the earth." In short, the Revolution had spurred economic development in America (and Virginia), because it enabled all (white male) citizens to pursue their economic self- interest. Here was the message of economic liberalism expressed in its most fundamental terms, and in a way which all politically active residents of the region could understand.1

Disney's America: Whose Patrimony, Whose Profits, Whose Past?

ON SEPTEMBER 29, 1994, the American flag before Haymarket, Virginia's town hall was flown at half staff, following the previous day's announcement by The Walt Disney Company of Burbank, California, that it was relocating its proposed theme park from this small community, located four miles west of the Bull Run/Manassas battlefields and thirty-five miles west of Washington, D.C. Twice Mayor Jack R. Kapp had to re-raise the flag, all the while feeling that the $650 million project's cancellation was like funeral. The hopes of Haymarket's 483 people had soared in November 1993, when The Walt Disney Company had chosen it for the project, after two years of careful and secretive consideration of thirty sites. They had welcomed Disney's America for the estimated 3,000 direct and 16,000 indirect jobs that it would bring to Haymarket and Prince William County. Learning from two top Disney officials of the relocation decision and possible loss of an estimated $47 million a year for the state's economy, Virginia's Republican Governor George F. Allen was reportedly ashen; he subsequently promised to assist Disney's America in finding another Virginia location. However, Maryland and West Virginia are now also interested suitors.'

Water-quality Education Program Affects Consumer Behavior and Attitudes

A multi-faceted extension education program to reduce consumer contributions to nonpoint source pollution by encouraging proper landscape management was initiated in Prince William County, Va., and funded through the USDA-extension service. The program now is being replicated in several counties in Virginia, primarily in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The program recruits participants through educational field days, advertisement and other means. Educational techniques include one-on-one assistance from Master Gardener volunteers and the use of Extension publications developed for this program. Publications developed include The Virginia Gardener Easy Reference to Sustainable Landscape Management and Water Quality Protection—a concise reference of Virginia Cooperative Extension landscaping recommendations that includes a calendar for recording fertilizer and pesticide applications, IPM, and other maintenance activities. The Virginia Gardener Guide to Water-wise Landscaping, was recently added to supplement the program in the area of water conservation. In Prince William County, over 700 people have participated. Most of those who complete the program report being more satisfied with their lawn appearance and spending less money. Participation also resulted in consumers being more likely to seek soil test information before applying fertilizer. Other effects include greater participation in leaf composting and grass clipping recycling and greater awareness of nonpoint source pollution.

New Perspectives on the Settlement-Subsistence System of the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition, ca. 500–1300 A.D.

Based on joint efforts by the Williams County Historical Society and the Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology at the University of Toledo, thirty-six new sites, including six Western Basin Tradition ceramic sites, have been documented in the tri-state region of northeastern Indiana, northwestern Ohio, and south-central Michigan. Also, data collected from throughout the Western Lake Erie region since 1984 has necessitated several revisions in the 1984 settlement-subsistence model proposed for the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition populations, ca. 1000–1300 A.D. (Stothers, Graves, and Redmond, 1984). Key changes involve the relative sizes of functionally different site types that form component parts of a larger settlement system, a lack of formal village life, and a new perspective on seasonal patterns of population coalescence and dispersal.

The Relevance of Choice in Distinguishing Seriously Emotionally Disturbed from Socially Maladjusted Students

There is an ongoing, sometimes emotionally charged, debate in the field of special educa tion over which students are socially maladjusted and which are truly seriously emotionally (SED). debate stems from the requirement under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), Public Law 94-142 (1975), to identify and provide appro priate special education and related services to all handicapped children including those who are handicapped by virtue of a serious emotional disturbance. However, the EHA Regulations state: The term [SED] does not include children who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they are seriously emotionally disturbed (1977). Even though the EHA requires that a differentiation be made between the socially malad justed and the SED student, there is no guidance in the law as to what constitutes social maladjustment and how it differs from being seriously emotionally disturbed. Furthermore, there are no court cases to date which dictate or provide clarity on how to construe the meaning of the term social maladjustment. EHA Regulations (1977) do provide criteria for determining if a student is SED; however, these criteria do not differentiate social malad justment from being SED. Since there is no clear direction in the law as to how to distinguish SED from social mal adjustment, there are those who have put forth their views on the topic attempting to clarify the issue (DeYoung, 1984; Kelly, 1989; Kester, 1983; Slenkovich, 1983; Tibbetts, Pike, & Welch, 1986). These views — when adopted by school district personnel who make deci sions regarding eligibility for special education — can be quite influential in determining which particular students are identified as SED and which students are considered simply socially maladjusted and therefore not eligible for special education. If a student is eligible for special education services, a program of individually designed instruction and services to meet the student's needs must be made available (EHA Regulations, 1977). These services can include a classroom program with a small student-teacher ratio; a private school place ment if there is no appropriate public school program; psychological counseling or therapy including individual, group, or family therapy; or a variety of other services such as place ment in a residential program if these sen/ices are required to assist a handicapped child to benefit from special education (Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 1983-1984). In addition, students who are identified as handicapped under the EHA cannot be expelled from school for behavior associated with their handicap (Doe v. Maher, 1985-1986; School Board Prince William County v. Malone, 1986-1987; S-1 v. Turlington, 1980-1981), and a change of their current educational placement requires the due process procedures speci fied in the EHA Regulations (1977) or injunctive relief by a court order (Honig v. Doe, 1988). Since services and protections are conferred or denied based on whether a student is designated as SED or socially maladjusted, fairness dictates that those making these deci sions base them on logically and empirically defensible conceptions of each category. Unfortunately, such is not the case. most prevalent view among those who write on this topic (Kelly, 1988; Kester, 1983; Los Angeles Unified School District, 1984) is that socially maladjusted students choose their maladjusted behaviors or feelings while students who are SED have no control over their behaviors or feelings. This view typically embraces the notion that certain types of

Mississippian Ratcliffe and Nesson Reservoirs, Rosebud Field, Williams County, North Dakota

Rosebud is a Ratcliffe and Nesson held, located ln the central part of the Willrston basin. The field has five producing wells, but 1s not completely defined Rosebud field may have 5 to 15 additional locations and the potentla1 for recoverable reserves ln excess of one million barrels of oil Production IS controlled by a combination of structure and stratigraphic pinchout of porosity Ratclifte production IS from an algal buildup and is the primary reservoir in the field Nesson production is from a carbonate shoal facies. Rosebud fields located on an east plunging structural nose with 13 ft (4 m) of closure at the Nesson level. Both Ratcliffe and Nesson porosity are best developed along the crest of the structure A fairway of Ratcliffe algal buildups and Nesson shoals offer additional exploration opportunities in a relatively undefined area of the Williston basin

Interlake Production Established Using Quantitative Hydrocarbon Well-Log Analysis: ABSTRACT

Production was established in a new pay zone of the basal Interlake Formation adjacent to production in Midway field in Williams County, North Dakota. Hydrocarbon saturation, which was computed using hydrocarbon well-log (mud-log) data, and computed permeability encouraged the operator to run casing and test this zone. By use of drilling rig parameters, drilling mud properties, hydrocarbon-show data from the mud log, drilled rock and porosity descriptions, and wireline log porosity, this new technique computes oil saturation (percent of porosity) and permeability to the invading filtrate, using the Darcy equation. The Leonardo Fee well was drilled to test the Devonian Duperow, the Silurian upper Interlake, and the Ordovician Red River. The upper two objectives were penetrated downdip from Midway production and there were no hydrocarbon shows. It was determined that the Red River was tight, based on sample examination by well site personnel. The basal Interlake, however, liberated hydrocarbon shows that were analyzed by this new technology. The results of this evaluation accurately predicted this well would be a commercial success when placed in production. Where geophysical log analysis might be questionable, this new evaluation technique may provide answers to anticipated oil saturation and producibility. The encouraging results of hydrocarbonmore » saturation and permeability, produced by this technique, may be largely responsible for the well being in production today.« less

Occurrence of Pore-Filling Halite in Carbonate Rocks, Nesson Anticline, Williston Basin, North Dakota: ABSTRACT

Clear, colorless pore-filling halite of late diagenetic origin occurs locally in the Devonian Dawson Bay, Winnipegosis, and Ashern Formations, the Silurian Interlake Formation, and the Ordovician Red River Formation. The halite occludes a variety of pore types and individual pores are filled with single crystals or aggregates of only a few crystals. This halite is present in quantities ranging from a trace to approximately 12%. Cores from McGregor field, Williams County, show the Winnipegosis Formation consists of mixed-skeletal lime wackestones and mudstones. These contain vugs up to 4 in. (10 cm) in size, intraparticle pores, and shelter porosity within pelecypod shells, up to 4 in. (10 cm) in size, which are occluded with halite. Halite also fills common small discontinuous vertical fractures. The upper 200 ft (61 m) of the Interlake Formation locally exhibits the most striking occurrences of pore-filling halite. These dolostones consist predominantly of intraclast-peloid mudstones, wackestones, packstones, occasional grainstones, algal boundstones, and solution-collapse breccias containing vug, fenestral, interparticle, shelter, intercrystalline, moldic, channel, breccia, and fracture porosity types. All porosity types, except intercrystalline, can be halite filled. A rare occurrence of pore-filling halite exists in Red River cores from Blue Buttes field, McKenzie County, where a dolomitic, mixed-skeletal, more » lime mudstone and wackestone lithofacies contains vugs, discontinuous vertical fractures, and intraparticle porosity types occluded with halite. In most occurrences, the pore systems were noneffective prior to halite infilling and had no potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, it has been demonstrated that halite plugging in the Interlake Formation has locally formed updip seals to hydrocarbon migration. « less

"An Elegant and Commodious Building": William Buckland and the Design of the Prince William County Courthouse

The subtle interplay between academic sources and vernacular tradition in American colonial architecture has often been overlooked or misinterpreted. The discovery of a set of sketches at Gunston Hall has provided an opportunity to analyze this relationship in the design of a courthouse for Prince William County, Virginia. The sketches display an interesting mixture of contemporary English fashion with local public building forms. The use of polygonal shapes and the sophisticated circulation pattern suggest that the drawings are in part the work of William Buckland, the English architect employed by George Mason at Gunston Hall. Excavation of the 1762 courthouse in the town of Dumfries has revealed a plan which incorporated some of the novel ideas proposed in the sketches.

The Common Denominator: Equivalent Residential Units

The Prince William County (Va.) Service Authority is basing both variable and fixed revenues for water and sewer services on a factor derived from the historical average daily water usage of single‐family residences. A schedule of equivalent water units relates types of commercial and public facilities to the average usage of a single‐family residence. The schedule is applied to initial fees for a proportionate share of capacity as well as ongoing monthly service charges. The concept appears to result in more equitable charges than those based on equivalent meters.