William Jr Research Articles

Gender, Racial, and Socioeconomic Determinants of Choosing a Surgical Career

PURPOSE: Across all specialties we see a leaky pipeline for diversity, from applying to residency to matriculating to residency and ascending in the ladder of academia [1]. These disparities in representation often disproportionately affect surgical specialties, for which long training programs, socioeconomic stressors, and cultural influences may dissuade qualified but underrepresented students from pursuing a surgical career. This study examines how demographic and socioeconomic variables affect the choice of specialty. METHOD: A qualtrics survey was disseminated via email to a listserv of all residents at a single institution between September 2021 and February 2022. The survey queried (1) demographic information, (2) childhood socioeconomic information, (3) residency socioeconomic information, and (3) reasons for specialty choice. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and included chi squared analysis, Fisher’s exact test, and multiple logistic regression with subgroup analysis comparing medical and surgical specialties, and the Top 10 earning specialties (of which 7 are surgical). RESULTS: A total of 294 responses (86 in surgical fields, 204 in medical fields) were collected, with a response rate of 46%. Seventy-six individuals (25.9%) identified as belonging to a disadvantaged group. The average amount of student debt was $183,000. Residents pursuing a Top 10 earning residency were more likely to cite loan repayment (45%, 23%, p<0.001) and potential salary after residency (72%, 55%, p=0.013) as concerns factoring into their specialty decision. Medical residents were significantly more likely to cite concern with length of training as a deciding factor in choosing a specialty than surgical residents were (S:35%, M:59%, p<0.001). Surgical residents were significantly more likely to be pursuing a fellowship than medical residents (S:69%, M:49%, p=0.013). In a multiple logistic regression, race (p=0.041), ethnicity (p=0.046), and being part of a disadvantaged group (p = 0.072) were seen to be the most significant unique predictors of choosing a medical residency over a surgical residency. Specifically, 17% of medical residents were Black, Native Hawaiian, or Mixed Race as compared to 10% of surgical residents. Female gender (46% v 61%), 0.014) and being the sole source of income (17% v 26%, p=0.018) were predictive of not pursuing a top 10 earning specialty. On the other hand, higher parent/guardian level of education was predictive of choosing a top 10 paying residency (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Understanding the socioeconomic influences on specialty choice provides insight into how we can work to alleviate barriers that dissuade qualified and diverse applicants from pursuing surgical careers. Loan repayment concerns, the length of training, and the need to support one’s family financially are all reasons that dissuade students from pursuing surgery, alongside persistent gender and racial barriers. It is imperative that we actively help alleviate these financial burdens and create a culture supportive of diversity in order to attract the most diverse and highly qualified candidates. REFERENCES: 1. Nieblas-Bedolla E, Williams JR, Christophers B, Kweon CY, Williams EJ, Jimenez N. Trends in Race/Ethnicity Among Applicants and Matriculants to US Surgical Specialties, 2010-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(11):e2023509. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23509

I'll Take You There: Exploring Nashville's Social Justice Sites ed. by Amie Thurber and Learotha Williams Jr.

I'll Take You There: Exploring Nashville's Social Justice Sites ed. by Amie Thurber and Learotha Williams Jr.

Remsen Award presented to Tom Muir

Tom W. Muir, the Van Zandt Williams Jr. Class of 1965 Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University, is the recipient of the 2020 Ira Remsen Award, presented annually by the American Chemical Soci...

Abstract 2824: Modulation of oral cancer cells survival and invasiveness by fusobacteria

Abstract Oral cancer represents a significant health burden worldwide while periodontitis is a common chronic infection of the periodontium. Many studies have suggested the association between periodontal disease and oral cancer. Studies have shown that biofilms on oral cancer lesions are rich in anaerobic bacteria, known to be associated with periodontal disease. This establishes that periodontal bacteria are present in the oral cancer microenvironment and likely directly interact with cancer cells. Therefore, it is vital to understand the interactions between the oral bacteria and cancer cells in order to improve treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periodontal bacteria on oral cancer cells. Three oral cancer cell lines (OQ01, BHY and HN) were polyinfected with 4 bacteria associated with chronic periodontitis (Tanneralla forsynthia, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum). Likely because BHY and HN already have a high baseline level of IL-8, OQ01 alone showed significantly enhanced IL-8 secretion (P&amp;lt; 0.05) but enhanced TFG-β secretion was detected in all cell lines tested. Polybacterial infection of oral cancer cells also upregulated mRNA for MMP1 (40 fold) and MMP9 (more than 60 fold), which are known to enhance cancer cell invasiveness. In addition, the expression of ZEB1 (4 fold higher), an oncogene known to induce epithelial mesenchymal transition in cancer cells, and MYC, JAK1 and STAT3, oncogenes involved in cell survival, were all significantly enhanced in polybacterial infected cancer cells. Further analysis using OQ01 cells in a single bacterial infection showed that F. nucleatum alone had the same or greater effect (4 fold higher IL-8 secretion) as the polybacterial infection with all 4 bacteria. All three strains of F. nucleatum tested enhanced the invasiveness of the oral cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, Fusobacterial supernatant alone was enough to induce the same invasive phenotype as live bacteria in OQ01. These results suggest that F. nucleatum is the main periodontal pathogen responsible for inducing an invasive phenotype in these oral cancer cells. For in vivo studies, we used a mouse model of infection-associated oral tumorigenesis, which included the induction of chronic periodontitis by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum and the administration of an oral carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The results demonstrated that infection with Fusobacteria and P. gingivalis promoted oral cancer progression and enhanced invasion compared to controls. Our data also showed that Fusobacteria enhanced both survival and invasiveness of oral cancer cells. Collectively, this is the first study revealing the interaction between oral cancer cells and multiple periodontal bacteria. The modulation of the tumor microenvironment by oral bacteria has the potential to identify target genes for cancer treatment and improve patients’ prognosis. Citation Format: Amani Harrandah, Sasanka S. Chukkapalli, William JR Dunn, Ann Progulske-Fox, Edward K. Chan. Modulation of oral cancer cells survival and invasiveness by fusobacteria [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2824.

Prudence Crandall’s Legacy: The Fight for Equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education

Book Review| October 01 2014 Prudence Crandall’s Legacy: The Fight for Equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education Prudence Crandall’s Legacy: The Fight for Equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education, Donald E. Williams Jr. ELIZABETH HOHL ELIZABETH HOHL Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Connecticut History Review (2014) 53 (2): 229–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/44370248 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation ELIZABETH HOHL; Prudence Crandall’s Legacy: The Fight for Equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education. Connecticut History Review 1 January 2014; 53 (2): 229–231. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/44370248 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressConnecticut History Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © 2014 The Association for the Study of Connecticut History2014 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Jackson County War: Reconstruction and Resistance in Post–Civil War Florida by Daniel R. Weinfeld (review)

Reviewed by: The Jackson County War: Reconstruction and Resistance in Post–Civil War Florida by Daniel R. Weinfeld Learotha Williams Jr. The Jackson County War: Reconstruction and Resistance in Post–Civil War Florida. Daniel R. Weinfeld. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8173-1745-4, 224 pp., cloth, $29.95. Daniel R. Weinfeld’s The Jackson County War: Reconstruction and Resistance in Post–Civil War Florida, examines a topic with which many scholars and students of Florida history will be familiar: the bloodshed and wanton loss of life in Jackson County during the early days of the state’s reconstruction. Historians seeking to better understand Reconstruction and the use of terror to subjugate freed persons in the Sunshine State have discussed at length the tragic events of the period. William Watson Davis’s Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida and John Wallace’s Carpetbag Rule in Florida were two of the earliest efforts to chronicle and interpret the violence in the [End Page 549] Middle Florida county, and during the twentieth century, historians Joe M. Richardson, Jerrell Shofner, Richard Peek, Canter Brown, and others actively engaged the county’s violent past. Indeed, the assassination plots, murders, victims, as well as the names of those responsible for the violence have been a well-documented part of the state’s history for more than a century. Through his meticulous research, Weinfeld successfully presents the reader with the most detailed biographical sketches of many of the major participants in the violent era to date. In addition to an excellent discussion of the events of the period, the author provides new insight into the strengths and flaws of the many politicians who dominated Florida politics during Reconstruction. Weinfeld begins The Jackson County War with a discussion of the peaceful character of the county prior to the Civil War and how Union victory ushered in dramatic economic and social change for the area’s black and white population. The book emphasizes that neither segment of the population fully comprehended the changes the war wrought, the most important being African American emancipation. Against this backdrop, Weinfeld introduces the two men whom many in Jackson County blamed for their problems with the African American population, Freedmen’s Bureau agents Charles Hamilton and William J. Purman. Weinfeld then proceeds to discuss the period from the defeat of the Confederacy to the end of violence in the county in 1871. The author presents the reader with a history of how the violence evolved from isolated random individual acts of racial violence to a more organized group violence fueled by political as well as racial impulses. By the book’s end, Weinfield demonstrates that many of the chief perpetrators of the violence not only escaped punishment for the lawless acts, but benefited economically, socially, and politically for them. Historians with interests in the history of African Americans in Florida will find Weinfeld wrestles with many of the same obstacles they have faced in studying free persons during this period, chief among them a scarcity of first-person accounts from African Americans who survived the era. The author uses testimony from congressional investigation of the Ku Klux Klan activity in the South, court cases, and newspaper articles to recount what life was like for African Americans living in Jackson County and how they responded to the murders and violence that became a common feature of their lives during Reconstruction. Although the author weaves a very powerful narrative of what the group faced in Jackson County—with the exception of prominent African American politician Emanuel Fortune and the County’s African American justice of the peace, Calvin Rogers—outside of being targets of violence, African Americans as a group appear to occupy only secondary roles in the drama, despite comprising half of Jackson County’s postwar population. The murder of Maggie McClellan described in the book’s introduction was likely in retaliation for a failed assassination attempt that resulted in the death of a small African American child, but it does not become clear that the suspected perpetrator was the actual target until later in the work. Readers will very likely leave this book understanding that further scrutiny of...

Deletion of the epidermal growth factor receptor in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells delays recovery from acute kidney injury

To determine the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation in renal functional and structural recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI), we generated mice with a specific EGFR deletion in the renal proximal tubule (EGFRptKO). Ischemia–reperfusion injury markedly activated EGFR in control littermate mice; however, this was inhibited in either the knockout or wild-type mice given erlotinib, a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine increased to a comparable level in EGFRptKO and control mice 24 h after reperfusion, but the subsequent rate of renal function recovery was markedly slowed in the knockout mice. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, both the knockout and the inhibitor-treated mice had a similar degree of histologic renal injury as control mice, but at day 6 there was minimal evidence of injury in the control mice while both EGFRptKO and erlotinib-treated mice still had persistent proximal tubule dilation, epithelial simplification, and cast formation. Additionally, renal cell proliferation was delayed due to decreased ERK and Akt signaling. Thus, our studies provide both genetic and pharmacologic evidence that proximal tubule EGFR activation plays an important role in the recovery phase after acute kidney injury.

Overlapping pathways to transplant glomerulopathy: chronic humoral rejection, hepatitis C infection, and thrombotic microangiopathy

Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) has received much attention in recent years as a symptom of chronic humoral rejection; however, many cases lack C4d deposition and/or circulating donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). To determine the contribution of other causes, we studied 209 consecutive renal allograft indication biopsies for chronic allograft dysfunction, of which 25 met the pathological criteria of TG. Three partially overlapping etiologies accounted for 21 (84%) cases: C4d-positive (48%), hepatitis C-positive (36%), and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)-positive (32%) TG. The majority of patients with confirmed TMA were also hepatitis C positive, and the majority of hepatitis C-positive patients had TMA. DSAs were significantly associated with C4d-positive but not with hepatitis C-positive TG. The prevalence of hepatitis C was significantly higher in the TG group than in 29 control patients. Within the TG cohort, those who were hepatitis C-positive developed allograft failure significantly earlier than hepatitis C-negative patients. Thus, TG is not a specific diagnosis but a pattern of pathological injury involving three major overlapping pathways. It is important to distinguish these mechanisms, as they may have different prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Familial Aggregation of Panic Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease

Familial Aggregation of Panic Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease

Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture (review)

Reviewed by: Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture Vernon J. Williams Jr. Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture. By Lee D. Baker. Durham: Duke University Press. 2010. Professor Lee D. Baker's frequently and widely cited first book, From Savage to Negro (California, 1998), deftly depicted the connections between the history of anthropology and the broad political and intellectual watersheds in the United States' history of race and race relations during the years between 1896 and 1954. This long-awaited second book, consisting of a panoramic introduction and four mega-essays, that constitute the work under review here, is another example of Baker's erudition and exemplary scholarship. Chocked by his arduous investigation into virtually every major, relevant archive, diaries, collected representative publications, and other important sources, Baker's work adds immeasurably to our historical and present understandings of the diverse political implications of the concepts of race and culture. In addition, this work depicts the distorted perceptions of, and often callous and brutal treatment of African Americans and Native Americans from the late nineteenth century through most of the twentieth century. At the outset, Baker states that his intention is—to use his words—"demonstrate how and why anthropological concepts, particularly race and culture, have been lovingly adopted by some and disgracefully rejected by others; in each case it is often in the service of a specific political agenda" (20). As a consequence, the major subjects of his essays—though primarily middle-class reformers—are a motley group. They include such persons as Alice M. Bacon, James Mooney, Jr., Frederic W. Putnam, Daniel G. Brinton, and Franz Boas. These persons ranged from accommodationist racist to liberals. None were radical racists like the Southern politicians Benjamin R. Tillman and James K. Vardaman. Some of them (Bacon and Mooney) used culture "to promote racial uplift among African Americans and to contest it among American Indians" (30). Other persons (such as Brinton) used anthropology as a booster [End Page 163] of white supremacy. While some (Boas) used anthropology as a "detractor" of the white supremacy ideology. In essence, Baker has successful "highlighted not only the limits and contradiction but also the possibilities and potential that anthropology as a practice, discourse, theory, and discipline can represent in the complex world where culture, race, and justice matter in people's everyday lives" (31). Written with an ironic sense of humor, Baker succeeds in ferreting out little known material and enhances and broadens our understanding of the history of anthropology as well as the discipline's relationship to past and present political currents. Vernon J. Williams Jr. Indiana University Bloomington Copyright © 2011 Mid-America American Studies Association

An unusual case of hemoperitoneum: Ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm in a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia is one of the most important mimics of vasculitis. It is a developmental disorder that affects primarily renal arteries. Hepatic artery involvement with FMD is infrequent. We present a rare case of a patient with FMD, who presented with intraabdominal bleeding due to hepatic artery involvement. CT evaluation was the clue to diagnose the cause of the acute abdominal pain, revealing peritoneal bleeding and a hepatic artery aneurysm that was subsequently confirmed by arteriography. Angiographic study showed changes in hepatic artery branches that pointed to FMD, and also allowed embolization of the bleeding aneurysm. The renal arteries were not affected. The characteristic angiographic appearance of the vascular changes in FMD with sole involvement of the hepatic arteries has been previously reported in only one case, to our knowledge [Jones HJ, Staud R, Williams Jr RC. Rupture of a hepatic artery aneurysm and renal infarction: 2 complications of fibromuscular dysplasia that mimic vasculitis. J Rheumatol 1998;25(October (10)):2015–8], but is one of the main arguments for the diagnosis, along with the lack of any supporting evidence for a generalized vasculitis process.

Traumatic dissection and rupture of the abdominal aorta as a complication of the Heimlich maneuver

Although the Heimlich maneuver is considered the best intervention for relieving acute upper airway obstruction, several complications have been reported in the literature. These complications can occur as a result of an increase in abdominal pressure leading to a variety of well-documented visceral injuries, including the great vessels. Acute abdominal aortic thrombosis after the Heimlich maneuver is a rare but recognized event; however, to date no case of traumatic dissection and rupture of the abdominal aorta has been described. We report the first known case, to our knowledge, of a traumatic dissection and rupture of the abdominal aorta after a forcefully applied Heimlich maneuver.

Treatment for Late-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Parkinsonism

Treatment for Late-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Parkinsonism

The social sciences and theories of race by Williams Jr, Vernon J.

The social sciences and theories of race by Williams Jr, Vernon J.

Paradoxes of American Individualism1

I point to contradictions in American individualism not unlike those suggested by Robin M. Williams Jr. I go on to suggest how twenty‐first‐century sociologists might better understand this aspect of American exceptionalism: not as an egoistic, asocial individualism, but as a covenantal, social voluntarism.

Shoulder and elbow arthroplasty

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volumeVol. 88-B, No. 2 Book ReviewsFree AccessShoulder and elbow arthroplasty Edited by G. R. Williams Jr, K. Y. Yamaguchi, M. L. Ramsey and L. M. Galatz Pp. 544. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005. ISBN: 0-78173-853-9. $179.G. KontakisG. KontakisSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Feb 2006https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.88B2.0880278bAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsAdd to Favourites ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail The editors of this book are known for their special interest in the field of shoulder and elbow surgery. They have ‘recruited’ a cohort of experts to assemble this text, aiming to spread the principles of shoulder and elbow arthroplasty as widely as possible. The contents can be categorised according to each joint. The structure and the organisation of each division is similar; there are three sub-sections: prosthetic implants, surgical technique and disease-specific considerations.The history and development of shoulder arthroplasty is covered in an excellent review of the anatomical, biomechanical and prosthetic considerations essential for an understanding of the subject. The chapter on humeral replacement, written by the two European surgeons who have influenced the philosophy of shoulder prosthetic design, emphasises humeral head osteotomy and introduces the reader to the concept of ‘bony balancing’ as complementary to ‘soft-tissue balancing’ in order to achieve a greater range of post-operative movement. In the 12 chapters on disease specifics, the reader is presented with the special conditions for which a shoulder replacement is indicated. There follows an overview of the major causes of glenohumeral arthritis, highlighting the clinical and radiological findings in each aetiology. The subsequent chapters refer separately to replacement arthroplasty for specific conditions.In the chapter addressing the surgical management of the arthritic shoulder with a deficient rotator cuff, the reader is presented with the information necessary to evaluate the different treatment options, to define the indications for surgical management and to establish a decision -making algorithm. The treatment of patients who develop arthritis of the shoulder after surgery for instability or chronic dislocation, is adequately presented in sequentially separate chapters. Their study offers solutions for the surgeons who manage these difficult cases by digesting the experience from famous clinics and worldwide authorities. Revision arthroplasty of the shoulder is covered thoroughly and some future directions are suggested. The shoulder section is completed with chapters that discuss replacement in tumour cases, touch on their complications and specify post-operative rehabilitation.The modern era of elbow arthroplasty was initiated in the early 1970s, later than that for the shoulder and continues to evolve. The first three chapters of the section on implant selection globally cover the history and the development of total elbow arthroplasty and the anatomy and biomechanics of the arm. Surgical technique is discussed separately, contrasting the linked with the unlinked prostheses. The indications for the use of an implant are described with regard to various pathological conditions, with much detail on both the surgery and the rehabilitation.In the nine chapters in the section on disease-specific considerations, the reader is presented with an overview of the major causes of arthritis of the elbow and a systematic approach to examination of the elbow. The subsequent chapters refer separately to an elbow replacement in differing conditions. In the chapter on replacement arthroplasty for acute fractures, replacement of the isolated radial head, in trauma cases, is curiously omitted.In summary, this volume emphasises the value of experience with regard to shoulder and elbow arthroplasty. The contributions are comprehensive, well illustrated, up-to-date and to the point. It is highly recommended for all orthopaedic surgeons who manage arthritic shoulders and elbows and it will be helpful to all practising orthopaedic surgeons and their residents in training.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 88-B, No. 2 Metrics Downloaded 46 times History Published online 1 February 2006 Published in print 1 February 2006 InformationCopyright © 2006, The British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery: All rights reservedPDF download

The Image of the Black in Jewish Culture: A History of the Other (review)

Reviewed by: The Image of the Black in Jewish Culture: A History of the Other Vernon J. Williams Jr. The Image of the Black in Jewish Culture: A History of the Other, by Abraham Melamed. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003. 295 pp. $75.00. Since the Second World War many distinguished scholars have examined the history of ethnic and race relations between persons of the Jewish faith and majoritarian populations—especially the latter's antisemitism. Ivan Hannaford's monumental Race: The History of an Idea in the West (1996) and George M. Fredrickson's Racism: A Short [End Page 138] History (2002) are but two splendid examples of recent scholarly books by intellectual historians who have adopted the aforementioned mode of analysis. Abraham Melamed, a senior lecturer in the Department of Jewish History and Thought at the University of Haifa, Israel, however, has departed from the older approach in his new work, The Image of the Black in Jewish Culture: A History of the Other. Cognizant of the acerbic, ideological disputes between African-American Muslims—especially those in the upper echelons of the hierarchy of the Nation of Islam—and Jewish scholars and religious leaders, Melamed has attempted to explicate the racial attitudes of Jewish thinkers toward blacks from biblical times to the early modern era. Melamed takes on hard issues that divide not only Afro-Americans and Jews but also the varied and diverse segments of the Jewish population. It is thus a tribute to him to have taken on these volatile issues with the degree of courage and fairness that is usually all too lacking in such discourses. The ostensible purpose of Melamed's well-written and lucid work (translated by Betty Sigler Rosen) is to demonstrate that "the image of the black as inferior . . . does not belong exclusively to Jewish culture" (p. 3). By examining and analyzing both the Bible and the literature of rabbinical scholars and other literary genres of pagans, Christians, and Muslims, Melamed delves into both the "racist" and the "sexist" ideas that pervaded pagan, Christian, and Islamic, as well as Jewish cultures. Thus, it is not surprising that Melamed's comparative study of one of the nastiest types of human propensities leads him to comment that "there is no reason . . . that twentieth or twenty-first-century Jews need feel responsible for, or guilty about, what was said or written by Jews" (p. 5)—the accusations of Black Muslims notwithstanding. Melamed, however, does not condone anti-black racism. He insists that racist Jews who continue to voice anti-black views should not be excused for their bigotry. Those persons, he argues unequivocally, should be condemned and rejected "in a boldly negative, judgmental fashion" (p. 6). Indeed, Melamed has clearly set out the parameters of his thesis and their relevance for present-day issues. He has demonstrated convincingly that the "Midraschic treatment of Bible texts" in reference to blacks and women was racist and sexist. For example, Melamed writes that in "the rabbinic and later texts there is a clear tendency towards negative value judgments about the black and about anyone whose skin is significantly darker than the norm" (pp. 61-62). In other words, for Melamed, during most of the historical periods under scrutiny, blacks were the "negative of the observer group's self-image" (p. 6). In accounting for, or perhaps providing an excuse for, some of the Jews' racism, Melamed argues that Jewish denigration of persons of dark skin fulfilled certain psychological needs and justified their social and economic gains. To use Melamed's own words, "this identification of the Jew as inferior other by the majority culture—be it pagan, Muslim or Christian—increased the psychological need to define and confine the other's other, which . . . was so frequently people with darker skin" (p. 224). Such [End Page 139] psychological needs, he stresses, "influence the complex, ambivalent relationship of the American Jew to the Afro-American to this day, just as they do the relationships within Isreali society between 'Ashkenazi' and 'Sephardic' or 'Eastern' Jews, and between all of them and the Arabs: in Israel the other's other" (p. 224). Despite the obvious strengths of this work, I have two reservations...

Factors for calculating the attenuation of barium plaster

CorrespondenceFactors for calculating the attenuation of barium plasterJ Williams and D SuttonJ Williams1Department of Medical Physics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA 2Department of Medical Physics, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UKSearch for more papers by this author and D Sutton1Department of Medical Physics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA 2Department of Medical Physics, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:28 Jan 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/18028854SectionsPDF/EPUBFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail About"Factors for calculating the attenuation of barium plaster." The British Journal of Radiology, 78(935), p. 1061 References 1 Archer BR, Thornby JI, Bushong SC. Diagnostic x-ray shielding design based on an empirical model of photon attenuation. Health Physics 1983;44:507–17. Crossref Medline ISI, Google Scholar2 Sutton DG, Williams JR, (editors). Radiation shielding for diagnostic X-rays. London: British Institute of Radiology, 2000. Google Scholar3 British Gypsum. Addition to the 1996 White Book (Section P). Loughborough: British Gypsum, 1997. Google Scholar4 British Gypsum. The White Book Technical Data Series TI-028/3. Loughborough: British Gypsum, 2003. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byComparative analysis of the transmission factors of lead and concrete manufactured with electric arc furnace slag aggregatesConstruction and Building Materials, Vol. 112 Volume 78, Issue 935November 2005Pages: 973-1064 © The British Institute of Radiology History RevisedJune 23,2005ReceivedApril 26,2005AcceptedJune 30,2005Published onlineJanuary 28,2014 Metrics Download PDF

Errata

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 564, Issue 3 p. 953-953 Free Access Errata This article corrects the following: Two developmental switches in GABAergic signalling: the K+–Cl− cotransporter KCC2 and carbonic anhydrase CAVII Claudio Rivera, Juha Voipio, Kai Kaila, Volume 562Issue 1The Journal of Physiology pages: 27-36 First Published online: December 22, 2004 Calcium transients in developing mouse skeletal muscle fibres Joana Capote, Pura Bolaños, Ralph Peter Schuhmeier, Werner Melzer, Carlo Caputo, Volume 564Issue 2The Journal of Physiology pages: 451-464 First Published online: April 6, 2005 Excitatory purinergic neurotransmission in smooth muscle of guniea-pig taenia caeci Yong Zhang, William G. Paterson, Volume 563Issue 3The Journal of Physiology pages: 855-865 First Published online: March 8, 2005 First published: 21 April 2005 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.564001Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat The authors of Rivera et al. (2005) would like to publish the following clarification: in our review, we emphasized the fact that using Cs+ as an internal cation in whole-cell recordings results in a profound dysfunction of the neuronal K+–Cl− cotransporter, KCC2. This is because Cs+ is a very poor substrate of this ion transporter, with a maximum transport rate (Vmax) for Cs+ that is < 20% of the value for K+ (Williams & Payne, 2004). On page 29, we stated that ‘Unfortunately, the kinetic data in the only published model of neuronal K+–Cl− cotransport in neurones (Staley & Proctor, 1999) were obtained using Cs+ in whole-cell experiments – and hence, in the absence of functional KCC2!’ Since the publication of our review, it has been brought to our attention that both K+ and Cs+ were used by the authors, with essentially similar results. This is true and, if anything, it strengthens our concerns about the validity of the above modelling study which yielded a value of Vmax for Cs+ that is higher than for K+ (about 7 mmol l−1 s−1 for Cs+ and about 5–6 mmol l−1 s−1 for K+). The authors of Zhang & Paterson, (2005) would like to correct an error on page 858. In line 7 of the first paragraph, a value of 361 ± 83 ms is given for the control. This value should have read 661 ± 83 ms. In addition, in the title ‘guniea-pig’ should be ‘guinea-pig’. The authors of Capote et al. (2005) would like to correct the affiliation of Carlo Caputo; the affiliation should be the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas IVIC. References Capote J, Bolanos P, Schuhmeier RP, Melzer W & Caputo C (2005). Calcium transients in developing mouse skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol 564, 451– 464. Rivera C, Voipio J & Kaila K (2005). Two developmental switches in GABAergic signalling: the K+–Cl− cotransporter KCC2 and carbonic anhydrase CAVII. J Physiol 562, 27– 36.DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.077495 Staley KJ & Proctor WR (1999). Modulation of mammalian dendritic GABAA receptor function by the kinetics of Cl− and HCO3− transport. J Physiol 519, 693– 712.DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0693n.x Williams JR & Payne JA (2004). Cation transport by the neuronal K+–Cl− cotransporter KCC2: thermodynamics and kinetics of alternate transport modes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287, C919– C931. Zhang Y & Paterson W (2005). Excitatory purinergic neurotransmission in smooth muscle of guniea-pig taenia caeci. J Physiol 563, 855– 865.DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.077636 Citing Literature Volume564, Issue3May 2005Pages 953-953 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Modulation of inhibitory transmission in the rat globus pallidus by activation of mGluR4.

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