William Black Research Articles

Subject Review On The Use Of The Symbolisms And Iamges In The Literary Works Of William Blake : Romantic Considerations

The main aim of this subject review is to present the symbolism and images in William Black's poetry.The subject review refers to inform the readers about the importance of symbols and images. Both images and symbols are expressions in presenting the idea of hidden meanings .These expressions are reflected the romantic issues of human life. The theoratical framework of this subject review is used symbolism theory. The type of analysis is documentary analysis to find out the quotations which contain the symbols and images in the poetry of Black. This paper is also referred to the romantic poetry, Black, and the features of his poetry. The recommendation of this review subject is to be future study to another scholars in terms such as images and symbols in other genera such as short story, drama and novel.

Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History by Kyle Harper

Reviewed by: Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History by Kyle Harper Brandon T. McDonald Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History Kyle Harper Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021. Pp. x + 686. ISBN: 9780691192123 Presses are encouraged to submit books dealing with Late Antiquity for consideration for review to any of JLA's three Book Review Editors: Maria Doerfler (maria.doerfler@yale.edu); John Weisweiler (j.weisweiler@lmu.de); and Damián Fernández (dfernandez@niu.edu). We are inseparable from pathogens (at least, for much of our history). With good reason, this theme reverberates through the chapters of Kyle Harper's recent book, Plagues upon the Earth, a global history of disease stretching back to before our emergence as a species. We will call it a work of historical epidemiology. An ancient economic historian, Harper follows up his previous monograph, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton, 2017)—a considerable portion of which dealt with infectious disease—by expanding from Roman epidemiological events to a full history of humans' experience with pathogens. He delivers this history—a massive undertaking at nearly 700 pages—with a strong grasp of the science (particularly microbiology and phylogenetics) and an adeptness at making it accessible that is rarely reached in historical scholarship. A struggle to contend with the challenges in writing a global history of disease is somewhat apparent, given that our evidence (whether it be demographic or genomic) is unsurprisingly biased towards Europe. Harper, keenly aware of the difficulties, accepts them and provides as close to an aerial perspective of the human world's exposure to pathogens as possible, with caveats and without firmly extrapolating "Western" evidence. Plagues upon the Earth has four parts, each taking on a crucial aspect of our evolving relationship with germs, and these parts are divided into three chapters. Part One, "Fire," gives the reader an overview of the microbes that have afflicted Homo sapiens and our predecessors for hundreds to thousands of millennia. Harper familiarizes us with humans' most deadly and notorious disease culprits, such as species of bacteria and viruses, as well as less villainized microbes like protozoa and helminths, elucidating that those infecting early chimpanzees (our closest living ape relative) and Homo erectus (an ancestor of modern humans) in some cases evolved to adapt to us. He explains how our understanding of the emergence and evolution of pathogens has improved immensely with the advance of paleogenomics (ancient DNA analysis) and phylogenetics (the study of evolutionary development and the diversification of species), which he labels and continually refers to as "time travel" and "tree thinking," respectively—terms that are a bit playful but nonetheless descriptively effective for reaching a wider audience. These scientific methods, Harper rightly argues, afford us better comprehension of the germs that affected our ancestors and today allow us to write a better-informed history of disease. Early [End Page 238] on, the reader realizes that the improvements in science are a partial basis behind Plagues upon the Earth; perhaps a successor, or an enlightened reply, to works like William McNeil's Plagues and Peoples (Harmondsworth, 1976) or Jared Diamond's Gun, Germs, and Steel (New York, 1997), both of which are cited and referenced in the text multiple times. Ultimately, Part One serves to illustrate not only the ubiquity of microbes, both harmful and not, but also that they were already an age-old fixture on this planet long before Homo sapiens arose. Part Two, "Farms," delves into the diverse ecological settings our ancestors explored and settled into, as well as the significance of these migrations to pathogenic adaptation. Harper begins Part Two with an intriguing story about William Black, an eighteenth-century London doctor who embarked on the huge research task of attempting to understand the main reasons humans die (A Comparative View of the Mortality of the Human Species at All Ages; and the Diseases and Casualties by which They Are Destroyed or Annoyed, London, 1788). These anecdotes are sprinkled throughout the book, usually at the beginning of sections. In the Fate of Rome, Harper strayed from his place as a strictly...

Royal Medical Entourages: Analysis of the Roles of Doctors during the Episodes of Madness of King George III

King George III (1738–1820) had episodes of major mental illness in 1788–9 and 1810–20. Detailed records clearly indicate conflict within and between the medical entourages, based on their experience and clinical knowledge as well as their differing political allegiances. The apparent ignorance of the physicians concerning important contemporary knowledge of mental illness, particularly that published by Dr William Black (1750–1829), was highlighted during their questioning by the Parliamentary Committees. In 1788, initial treatment by the royal physicians was unsuccessful and potentially fatal. The King’s recovery in early 1789 was largely attributed instead to the ‘mad doctors’ (psychiatrists) Dr Francis Willis and his sons, who minimised toxic medications and employed essentially broad spectrum psychotherapy. Had their treatment failed the Prince of Wales would most probably have replaced William Pitt’s Tory government with a Whig administration. In 1810, there was a further relapse which did result in the imposition of a regency. Although the initial prognosis was favourable, by 1812 it was clear that the King was unlikely to achieve an adequate remission. Advice given to the Prince of Wales as Regent by the then leading royal physician Sir Henry Halford (1766–1844), again prevented a change of government. These scenarios demonstrate that royal physicians varied in their knowledge of up-to-date medical practice, and that their words and actions impacted the political course of government.

“The Scottish novelist William Black”: Close Appositions and the Modification of Proper Names

Within the category of nouns, proper nouns have regularly been regarded as alienated from the typical, common nouns and this results in them being given an often-unjustified linguistic special treatment. One example of this isolating process is the analysis of the syntactic form [DET + (common) nominal + Proper Noun] as a case of close apposition (CA), an unnecessary label for a form that otherwise illustrates a kind of nominal modification. This paper presents three main CA types – namely titles, pseudo-titles and prototypical appositions – and then questions this classification as well as the relevance of ordering these forms along a gradient from modification to “pure” apposition (as presented by Meyer (1992)). Studying the pragmatic values of these CA types – old vs. new information, thematic vs. rhematic elements, contrastive and metalinguistic uses, descriptive identification – then paves the way for a comparison between these forms and their analysis as a single modified NP.

The Contribution of the Microfinance Model to Bosnia's Post-War Reconstruction and Development: How to Destroy an Economy and Society Without Really Trying

Academic analyses and impact evaluation studies produced by the international development community almost all conclude that the microfinance model has made an important net contribution to the economic and social recovery of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereafter Bosnia). However, as we now are finding is also the case in many other countries, these far-reaching claims are almost entirely based upon often deliberately flawed impact evaluation methodologies and inappropriate success criteria. This article provides an alternative assessment of the available evidence accumulated to date which, in our opinion, actually shows that the microfinance model has made a distinctly negative contribution to Bosnia’s reconstruction and development effort. We argue, centrally, that the microfinance model has assisted the Bosnian economy to move to an unsustainable institutional development trajectory marked by the deindustrialisation, informalisation and infantilisation of the enterprise sector. More widely, we argue that the microfinance model in Bosnia has led to a sub-prime-style episode in Bosnia’s post-war history, one that has materially benefitted a tiny elite working within and around the microfinance sector whilst simultaneously destroying many of the most important pillars of the Bosnian economy and society. We find that the best possible explanatory framework for what has transpired in postwar Bosnia is contained in the ‘control fraud’ concept developed by William Black.

Table of Contents, Masthead, and Editor's Note

subscribe now at worldliteraturetoday.com departments Crime & Mystery 09 Susan Moody on Thirty Years of Writing (and Almost as Many Books) by J. Madison Davis Poetry 12 Chikome Xochitl: A Poem in Seven Parts by Juan Hernández Ramírez 32 Two Poems by Fabio Morábito Essays 15 Should Books Be Sold? by ilan stavans 28 Fire in the House by Michel- Rolph Trouillot 33 A Network of Holes by Cristina Rivera Garza Fiction 19 Nechama’s Gun by Joshua Bernstein 26 Two Fictions by Eduard Màrquez WLT Interview 21 David Edgecombe on Theater, Film, and New Media in the Caribbean by erika j. waters Contents In Every Issue | 03 Editor’s Note | 05 Notebook | 25 Editor’s Pick | 54 World Literature in Review | 80 Outpost January / february 2014 features Classics Rekindled 36 Ancient Words, Modern Words: A Conversation with Anne Carson by peter constantine 38 “The most burning part of you remaining: your torment” by Jean - Paul Michel 40 Rotator Cuff Vortex by Lucia Perillo 41 Innocents Aloud by Francesca Segal 43 A Poet Was Here by Sylva Fischerová 44 In Lands Imagination Favors by Don Schofield 2013 NSK Neustadt Laureate Naomi Shihab Nye 46 A Tribute to Naomi Shihab Nye by Ibtisam Barakat 48 Table of Continents by Ibtisam Barakat 50 “Landscapes We Learn to Love” The 2013 NSK Neustadt Prize Lecture by naomi shihab nye 51 Business by naomi shihab nye 52 Arabs in Finland by naomi shihab nye On the Cover Naomi Shihab Nye photographed by Shevaun Williams. A special section about the author begins on page 45. They say that the scorpion stung its own head, but to know that the scorpion is dead, you have to put the sole of your foot on him. They say weeds wither on their own, but whoever does not rip out weeds can’t plant beautiful fields. – Michel-Rolph Trouillot for more turn to page 28. 43 41 33 WorldLiteratureToday.org Web Exclusive Join the WLT community Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, GoodReads, and Flickr to share ideas, view photos, and read book reviews. Facebook facebook.com/ worldlittoday Twitter @worldlittoday Pinterest @worldlit GoodReads goodreads.com/ worldlittoday Visit worldliteraturetoday.org for exclusive content you won’t want to miss, including web exclusives, photo galleries, blog posts, and much more. Eduard Màrquez’s Zugzwang: Cosmopolitanism, Minority, Translation by Lawrence Venuti Written in the wake of the Barcelona Olympics, Eduard Màrquez’s Zugzwang reflects the tensions of a culture straining against its minor status with aspirations toward a cosmopolitan outlook. It mines the rich vein of experimental narrative in the United States to make something wholly—and weirdly—Catalan. Online Extras Look for these icons throughout the issue for information about exclusive content found only online at worldliteraturetoday.org. The Persistence of Romanticism in World Literature by William Black The historical conditions that gave rise to Romanticism are still with us. So why would it be surprising that contemporary world writers look toward the techniques of Wordsworth, Keats, and other leading Romantics?" @asymptotejrnl A must read on queer lit in the 21st century. very excited to see the feature in their upcoming issue @worldlittoday @martinejoelle Just sharing my favorite things after I asked followers for recommendations. You're always on my list. Love the mag!! @atJenny the current issue of @worldlittoday is great! all photography. and liked to see @shahidul featured! @angelabsurdist Receiving your emails every Monday is a delight. I relish the games, the photos, interviews. An eclectic pleasure. @PageTurnersSIP Favourite twitter feed of last weekend! @worldlittoday - great way to stay on top of literary events @chriswolak If you want to broaden your literary horizons and read outside of your comfort zone check out @worldlittoday @shaunrandol The new issue of @worldlittoday is the best of theirs I've seen. It's stunning, beautiful. I want to cry. @unpoetaloco If you're not following @worldlittoday, you should be. #worldliteratureintranslation @TheMantle Check in w/ @worldlittoday's blog for nourishing travels through ... you guessed it ... world #literature! @duncanfelton I work in a library, always wanna keep each mag for myself, rather than put it on display Share your comments with us by tweeting @worldlittoday Tweets web exclusive photo...

Sustainable Transportation: Problems and Solutions by William R. Black and An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning, and Implementation By Preston L. Schiller, Eric C. Bruun, and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy

Sustainable transportation is an emerging field that lacks consensus in terms of its definition and scope. Two new textbooks, representing two schools of thought, illustrate this tension. William Black is squarely on the side of traditional, rational, data-driven problem solving, and Schiller, Bruun, and Kenworthy argue on the side of visionary and participatory planning. While each book frames issues differently, emphasizing different topics (for instance, Black devotes two chapters to safety, while Schiller et al. spend two on car culture), they propose a similar range of policy solutions and technical interventions. However, while Black sticks to a list of solutions that will seem familiar to many transportation planners, Schiller et al. propose more innovative and far- reaching measures.

Double Honor: The Story of John and William Black and the Medal of Honor

When John and William Black marched away from the Chicago Board of Trade building on September 19, 1861, with the patriotic speeches still ringing in their ears, they most likely did not understand they were stepping off into history. Their regiment mustered into the service with great fanfare and patriotism along South Water Street. The newly minted 37th Illinois Infantry, or the Fremont Rifles, as some called the unit, deployed first to St. Louis and eventually into central Missouri to begin the process of becoming a fighting unit.1 The Blacks served as officers in the 37th Illinois infantry. John, the eldest brother, was the regiment's major, and Wlliam was elected to a captain's position in Company K, known as the Vermillion County Zouaves. On the battle line William Black's company anchored the left flank. While the regiment, nearly one-thousand strong, marched through central Missouri, they received their first disappointment when they met General John C. Fremont, whose name was boldly emblazoned on their flag. The men became crestfallen when they learned the Pathfinder had been relieved of duty and was leaving the theater of operations. The 37th Illinois cased their colors and never flew the Fremont Rifles flag again.2 The Black brothers shared a special bond as they penetrated the in late 1861 marching toward the Wire Road to rendezvous with General Samuel R. Curtis's Army of the Frontier who led a winter campaign across the desolate Ozark plateau. The brothers, born in Mississippi and Kentucky respectively, moved to Danville, Illinois, when their mother married a second time. The young men attended Wabash College in the Hoosier State when the guns of Fort Sumter interrupted their education. Both brothers initially enlisted in the 11th Indiana infantry, led by Colonel Lew Wallace, the future author oi Ben Hur. John demonstrated charisma and solid management skills by rising from private to sergeant major of the unit. The Blacks gained a bit of combat experience in the Romney, West Virginia, Campaign during January 1862.3 John, or Charlie as his friends called him, wore his raven colored hair at shoulder length while a full mustache covered his upper lip. He stood six feet tall, while younger brother William stood just an inch shorter. William, or Willie as he was popularly known, had boyish good looks including a full head of black hair worn at what folks referred to as normal length. The regiment dreamed of the war on the East Coast, but now as winter blanketed the Ozark Plateau, the brothers discovered themselves marching toward the enemy in Springfield, Missouri. A few days later, on February 10, 1862, General Sterling Price, the commander of the pro-Southern Missouri State Guard, failed to contest the town of eight-hundred and the Blacks regiment filed into Springfield's main square. Perhaps as they pitched their tents they tasted the captured gingerbread and beer before bivouacking at the edge of town.4 Captain Black wrote home he was, awed and inspired by the rugged terrain of the Ozarks as their regiment pressed Price's State Guardsmen across the Arkansas-Missouri state line toward Fayetteville, Arkansas. According to Major Charlie Black the Missourian's retreated in disorder leaving behind, broken wagons, (and) camp furniture as well as horses, mules and other equipage.5 In Richmond, Virginia, the southern command system reacted to the collapsing military situation in Arkansas by appointing General Earl Van Dorn, a West Pointer with solid cavalry skills but a rookie at handling infantry, to lead a counter attack against the Federals. His newly formed Army of the West consisted of sixteen-thousand soldiers, including Indians, Missouri State Guardsmen, and Confederate infantry and cavalry.6 Van Dorn ordered an immediate advance on the Federals who occupied a set of low hills along Little Sugar Creek and the Wire Road. The Federals, led by General Samuel R. …

Del Crimen Financiero

<p>Reseña al libro <em>“The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&L Industry”</em>. William Black. University of Texas Press, 2005.</p>

Global nephrology guidelines: a first small step in the right direction

Guidelines for the care and cure of illnesses have been an integral component of medicine from its origins. Extant records of ancient medicine document precise recommendations of then available therapeutic options, which lend themselves to analysis as algorithms of diagnosis and treatment [1]. The 5000-year-old Babylonian Code of Hammurabi clearly states the compensation for a cure and the punishment for a poor outcome. As the priestly medicine of Mesopotamia and Egypt led to the emergence of Greek rational medicine, therein began the foundations of a scientific basis to guidelines, albeit based on individual case observations and accrued clinical experience. The beginnings of epidemiologic studies and probability mathematics during the Enlightenment added a new dimension and terminology to guidelines. The consequent complexity that resulted is perhaps best exemplified in the publication of an explanatory test titled ‘Medical Arithmetic, As a Guide and Compass Through the Labyrinth of Therapeutics’ by William Black (1749–1829). This time-honoured thread began in ancient medicine, entered an entirely novel phase in the period after the Second World War, when the expanding number of new therapeutic agents being discovered coupled with that of quantification and statistical analysis came to provide increasing measurable precision to certainty in therapeutics, and changed what started as the conjectural art of medicine into a disciplined science of clinical investigation [2]. The stage was now set for what has come to be known as evidence-based medicine, a term whose use has increased exponentially since the mid-1990s [3]. The subsequent iconic image vested in evidence-based medicine led to a parallel increase in the development of new clinical practice guidelines [4]. Thus, whereas evidence had long guided the practice of medicine, the philosophical beginnings of quantifiable evidence-based medicine in the 18th century now fuelled the generation of an overwhelming number of clinical practice guidelines in medicine [2–4].

J. William Black: Reformation Pastors: Richard Baxter and the Ideal of the Reformed Pastor

J. William Black: <i>Reformation Pastors: Richard Baxter and the Ideal of the Reformed Pastor</i>

Reformation pastors. Richard Baxter and the ideal of the reformed pastor. By J. William Black. (Studies in Evangelical History and Thought.) Pp. xxi+315. Carlisle: Paternoster, 2004. £24.99 (paper). 1 84227 190 3 Peace, toleration and decay. The ecclesiology of later Stuart dissent. By Martin Sutherland. (Studies in Evangelical History and Thought.) Pp. xxii+223. Carlisle: Paternoster, 2003. £19.99 (paper). 1 84227

Reformation pastors. Richard Baxter and the ideal of the reformed pastor. By J. William Black. (Studies in Evangelical History and Thought.) Pp. xxi+315. Carlisle: Paternoster, 2004. £24.99 (paper). 1 84227 190 3 Peace, toleration and decay. The ecclesiology of later Stuart dissent. By Martin Sutherland. (Studies in Evangelical History and Thought.) Pp. xxii+223. Carlisle: Paternoster, 2003. £19.99 (paper). 1 84227 152 0 - Volume 57 Issue 1

Midnight Thoughts on the Law of Probability

Midnight Thoughts on the Law of Probability William Black (bio) So this began just exactly as you'd expect: the pitch dark of three A.M., an unexpected noise, a knock like that of wood against wood. The noise woke us both, but it was C who said, "Did you hear that?" And then another noise, a kind of rustling though metallic, tinny, and C recognized it: the blinds. She sat up in bed, said in a panicky stage whisper, "I think I left the window unlocked." This, an old habit made new: she'd been smoking on the roof again, crawling through our second floor window, late at night, to sit and smoke and look at the darkened fields and the far off mountain ridges and smoke, thinking whatever one thinks when one has decided to leave, is waiting through the long last two weeks before leaving. It's a habit I'd once put an end to. For a while I hadn't minded it, but soon I found it awful, the smell of smoke on her clothes, in her hair, the way it came through the window and into the carriage house, which I loved, which made me feel lucky, and it was bad for her – it would kill her one day, I told her that, of course I told her that. And sooner or later – I knew her after all, I knew these things about her – she would leave the window unlocked and then it was just a matter of chance. She had left it unlocked already, I was sure of it, since she'd started again, this crawling onto the roof at night to smoke. She'd want to go out there first thing in the morning sometimes, and I'd see her reach to undo the lock and then a look would cross her face, like she was surprised to find the window unlocked already, but she didn't say anything, and if I said something, she'd say back, "Things like that don't happen in the country. Nothing like that happens out here. Who's going to shimmy up a chestnut tree and crawl in through a second story window?" Shimmy – she actually said shimmy. So [End Page 57] once I told her how my father had been awakened in the middle of the night by a flashlight shining in his eyes and a voice saying, "Don't worry, Dr. Reynolds, it's just me, Chief of Police Joe English" – he was the only cop in these parts, so of course he was the chief. And standing there, holding the flashlight's beam on my father's face, and my father covering his eyes with his arm, Chief of Police Joe English explained, "Your burglar alarm is going off, so I came up and let myself in through the back door and had a look around, but I didn't see anyone," and my father said, "You idiot. I don't have a burglar alarm." And okay, so that's a funny story, and it was a cop who'd come in through the open door and not a robber, but that was just a matter of chance, and there was a time when I could convince her of the danger of things with a gentle, funny story. But not then, not in those long last weeks after she had signed a lease of her own and was waiting for the first of the month, and it was during those last weeks that we experienced the correction, the inevitable turn of chance – Probability demands that sooner or later you come up snake eyes – and it was a burglar breaking in and not the chief of police. And when it happened, when we both knew for certain that it was happening, she said in that stage whisper, "I think I left the window unlocked." But I didn't say anything about it. I lay there thinking of what to do. I thought about the things the burglar might take and I hoped he'd just take what he wanted and leave and then I could get out of bed and feel safe about...

The House of Blackwood: Author-Publisher Relations in the Victorian Era by David Finkelstein (review)

768 Reviews in principle, these are hardly even defended (cf. Grimes, Lacoss, Natov): myths are reassuringly self-explanatory, to the point of turning Harry into Jesus: 'Harry began his life as myth, as magic infant, the force that alone kept evil at bay. Throughout the first four books, he has struggled to become a human boy' (Cockrell, p. 26). This Jesus-Pinocchio also fulfilseight out ofthe ten archetypes suggested by Grimes, for whom it is not yet clear at this stage if Harry Potter's mother is a virgin, thus preventing Harry from fulfillingthis particular Messianic requirement (p. 107). Farah Mendlesohn's contribution is the only essay which attempts to critique some of the volume's tenets. Her cultural analysis of the internal contradictions of concepts of genealogy in Harry Potter goes against the idea that 'biologically, genetically, an embryonic hero is likely to come from appropriately strong roots, good DNA (Pharr, p. 54). Her discussion of 'fairness' also sits uneasily next to the well-meant claims about 'Rowling's abhorrence ofthe class system' (Natov, p. 133). Similarly, her view on gender clashes not only with the enthusiastic 'Harry is no wimp' (Pharr, p. 62) but also with Dresang's critical efforts. Even though at times simply reversing the logic it criticizes and failing to question the role of the author (whom Mendlesohn occasionally chastises, thus failing back into the position of the critic-as-moralizer shared by other contributors), Mendlesohn's essay is a critical argument. This volume is full of good intentions, which exert their commonsensical power; The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter fails, however, to work as a critical analysis of a cultural phenomenon. University of Salford Daniela Caselli The House ofBlackwood: Author?Publisher Relations in the Victorian Era. By David Finkelstein. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2002. viii + 199 pp. $55- ISBN 0-271-02179-9. Founded in 1804, the Edinburgh publishing firm of William Blackwood & Sons is best known for its role in nurturing major literary talents such as George Eliot and Joseph Conrad. Blackwood is already the subject of two histories commissioned by the house, Margaret Oliphant and Mary Porter's study of 1897-98 and Frank Tredrey 's house history of 1954. David Finkelstein's The House of Blackwood is one of a number of recently published texts that consciously set out to reinvestigate and revise the 'official' history of print culture. As Chapter 1 makes clear, officialhouse histories tend to concentrate upon famous authors and literary texts while ignoring the collaborative process between author, editor, and printing house that allowed these texts to be produced in the firstplace, and the role of the publisher in distributing and marketing them once they had left the press. Chapter 6 helps to redress this imbalance by documenting William Black? wood' s struggle to get Oliphant and Porter to produce a coherent author-centred 'representation ofthe firm's self-image' (p. 128) in the 1890s, and two general chap? ters (2 and 5) covering the economic history of the business draw attention to the way in which Blackwood's involvement in the production of a wide range of non-literary texts, including atlases and dictionaries, helped the firm to survive in the volatile world of Victorian publishing. These general chapters cover the periods 1860-79 and 1880-1912 respectively and draw upon a wealth of new archival material deposited in the National Library of Scotland that even the previous 'ofncial' historians of the firm were unable to call upon, and Finkelstein must be praised for extending his interest to the later period, when the firm 'began aiming more directly at its steadiest customer base: the colo? nial audience' (p. 101). However, it is unfortunate that the attention given in the MLR, 99.3, 2004 769 earlier chapter to 'production and the shop floor' (pp. 38-42) and 'distributing and marketing texts' (pp. 42-46) is not repeated in the chapter on the later period. Chap? ter 2 concludes with the statement that 'the labor strikes of 1872-73 resulted in a de-unionizing policy that was to remain in place until the turn ofthe century', but at least something should have been said about labour and...

The value of medical publications: 'to read them would...burden the memory to no useful purpose'.

In 1782 William Black published his Historical Sketch of Medicine and Surgery, in which he addressed the subject of medical publications and their value. He doubted whether even one physician in a thousand managed to add 'one iota of information to the medical fund' and whether more than a tiny fraction of medical publications over the centuries had contained 'any material discovery for useful improvement' in medical knowledge. The debate on the value of published material and the explosion of medical publication continues: the National Library of Medicine search service now has access to 9 million articles on MEDLINE, from 3900 current medical journals. Easy identification and retrieval of relevant and worthwhile information remain major obstacles for the clinician despite advances in electronic information systems. Black's concerns about medical publications, concerns that echoed the more general doubts of philosopher Voltaire quoted in the title, appear to be timeless.

Towards Community: Black Methodists in Nineteenth-Century Nova Scotia

Works on African Canadian and Canadian Methodist history are virtually silent on black Methodism. This is surprising for black Methodists have been a continuing part of the provinces’ institutional religious life. In the Maritime provinces they participated in the post-revolutionary Loyalist migration to Nova Scotia and maintained a provincial presence throughout the nineteenth century. This paper examines black Nova Scotian Methodism to the mid-nineteenth century as an aspect of black associational activity in nineteenth-century British North America. 2 Methodists were among the 3,500 black Loyalists who came to Nova Scotia at the close of the Revolutionary War. They were most numerous on the province’s south shore around Shelburne where blacks settled in considerable numbers. Their principal leader was Moses Wilkinson, a blind and lame former slave from Virginia, who arrived in Shelburne on board the L’Abondance in August 1783 with 409 other blacks. Already evidently an avid Methodist, Wilkinson immediately began preaching in Birchtown, an adjacent black settlement. He was an effective exhorter for a religious awakening occurred among black immigrants there in the winter of 1783-1784. When William Black, the province’s future Methodist leader, visited Shelburne in the spring of 1784, he reported preaching to 200 blacks at Birchtown, sixty of whom were Wilkinson converts. 3 Wilkinson’s first convert was Violet King, the wife of Boston King, a former slave from a plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. Violet, a North Carolina fugitive, and Boston met and were married in New York

Actresses at Home and on Stage: Spectacular Domesticity and the Victorian Theatrical Novel

Justin McCarthy's 1869 novel My Enemy's Daughter, opera star Emanuel Temple must choose between two women, the foreign-born Christina, talented and ambitious actress, and Lilla, the sheltered daughter of respectable London politician. Making his choice, Emanuel says of Lilla: In her I found woman who is all truth and simplicity; who has but no (344). That Lilla must belong to different class of women than the actress Christina is commonplace of Victorian novels set in and around the London theater. Yet Emanuel's description of Lilla as a woman ... who has but no self, indicates an elision of the two categories of females that is also intriguingly conventional. Domestic and theatrical women are not always so distinct as Emanuel claims-and as we might expect them to be-in novels about the theater. Emanuel means to describe Lilla as morally upright and selfless. Read with the novel's theatrical milieu in mind, however, character, but no might also describe Christina's negative capability. Like the most talented actresses in theater novels, her acting consists of an evacuation of self and an embodiment of character. Moreover, Lilla's character is also role-like so many other heroines, she performs the part of domestic ideal. Christina, who is morally upstanding in an inferior, non-English way, fails to link her acting ability with desire for the domestic. She accomplishes selflessness at will and on stage, rather than unselfconsciously at home. This flaw prevents her from becoming the happily married heroine of My Enemy's Daughter. fact, many essentially domestic novels of the Victorian period, quite enough to form respectable sub-genre, feature actress heroines who do make successful transition from stage to home, carrying with them the selfless quality that marks their characters. These include Silk Attire (1869) by William Black; Florence Sackville, or Self-Dependence (1851) by Mrs. E.J. Burbury; Pomfret; or, Public Opinion and Private Judgment (1845) by Henry Chorley; The Morals of Mayfair by Annie Edwards; Christopher Kenrick (1869) by Joseph Hatton; and A Mummer's Wife (1882) by George Moore--to name few.' While secondary actresses in these novels are almost always corrupt, selfish, and vulgar exhibitionists, the best actresses (talent and goodness go hand in hand) transcend the stage stereotype. The actress heroine is always the woman who winds up on stage by accident rather than design, who acts unselfconsciously with no view toward the audience, and whose deepest wish is not for fame or fortune but home in which she can more properly exercise and display her virtue. her perfect domesticity, the theater novel heroine resembles the heroine of stage

Law, Policy and International Justice: Essays in Honour of Maxwell Cohen

Written by distinguished scholars from Canada and abroad, the essays cover topics in four different fields that reflect some of Cohen's principal academic interests and concerns: international law, public law, legal history, and legal education. From discussion of the development of United Nations law in the recent Gulf Conflict, the International Court of Justice, and the Cohen Committee on Hate Propaganda, to habeas corpus and legal education, the essays break new ground and demonstrably add, as Maxwell Cohen has done, to knowledge in their respective fields. The collection contains a preface by former Chief Justice Brian Dickson and essays by Anne Bayefsky, William Black, Irwin Cotler, Dale Gibson, Annemieke Holthuis, Julius Grey, William Kaplan, Louis Knafla, David McDonald, Roderick Macdonald, J.P.S. McLaren, Donald McRae, Edward McWhinney, Donat Pharand, Shabtai Rosenne, Oscar Schachter, Robert Sharpe, and William Stevenson. Maxwell Cohen was a former Dean of Law at McGill University. He is currently Scholar-in-Residence at the University of Ottawa.

Book Review: Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Clinical Approach, by Richard L. Strub, and F. William Black. Published in 1988 by F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, 507 pages, $48.00

Book Review: Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Clinical Approach, by Richard L. Strub, and F. William Black. Published in 1988 by F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, 507 pages, $48.00

Neurobehavioural disoders: A clinical approach. Richard Strub and F. William Black. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, 1988. No. of pages: 507. Price: £26.70

Neurobehavioural disoders: A clinical approach. Richard Strub and F. William Black. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, 1988. No. of pages: 507. Price: £26.70