Wild Bean Research Articles

GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF TWO ACCESSIONS OF SOME LEGUMES ON EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METAL IN LAFIA NASARAWA STATE

The aim of the research was to determine the growth and yield performance of some legumes upon exposure to heavy metals. seeds were collected from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Wild beans included TVNU2 and TVUN16, Cowpea: TVU2 and TVU8 while Bambara: TVSU3 and TVSU7. Dried soil collected was filled into 24 plastic buckets. Four (4) grams of lead chloride was measured with the aid of weighing balance and was dissolved into 1 litter of distilled water. Another portion of distilled water without any additive was measured and used as control. The lead solution was used to pollute the soil and allowed to stay for 24hrs before planting in a screen house. 4g of heavy metal was introduced into 8kg of soil in a bucket with each of the legumes having three replicates and was laid in a Randomized Complete Bock Design. The data collected was analyzed using two way (ANOVA) and treatment means were separated by means of LSD where differences exist. At 14 weeks after planting, results revealed that among the Cowpea accessions, TVU8 performed better than the other accession in all the parameters measured. Among the Wild bean, TVNU2 did better in most of the parameters except number leaf and number of pod/plant while in Bambara groundnut, TVSU7 performed best generally.

High rates of structural rearrangements have shaped the chromosome evolution in dysploid Phaseolus beans.

Karyotypes evolve through numerical and structural chromosome rearrangements. We show that Phaseolus leptostachyus, a wild bean, underwent a rapid genome reshuffling associated with the reduction from 11 to 10 chromosome pairs, but without whole genome duplication, the highest chromosome evolution rate known for plants. Plant karyotypes evolve through structural rearrangements often associated with polyploidy or dysploidy. The genus Phaseolus comprises ~ 90 species, five of them domesticated due to their nutritional relevance. Most of the species have 2n = 22 karyotypes and are highly syntenic, except for three dysploid karyotypes of species from the Leptostachyus group (2n = 20) that have accumulated several rearrangements. Here, we investigated the degrees of structural rearrangements among Leptostachyus and other Phaseolus groups by estimating their chromosomal evolution rates (CER). For this, we combined our oligo-FISH barcode system for beans and chromosome-specific painting probes for chromosomes 2 and 3, with rDNA and a centromeric probe to establish chromosome orthologies and identify structural rearrangements across nine Phaseolus species. We also integrated the detected rearrangements with a phylogenomic approach to estimate the CERs for each Phaseolus lineage. Our data allowed us to identify translocations, inversions, duplications and deletions, mostly in species belonging to the Leptostachyus group. Phaseolus leptostachyus showed the highest CER (12.31 rearrangements/My), a tenfold increase in contrast to the 2n = 22 species analysed. This is the highest rate known yet for plants, making it a model species for investigating the mechanisms behind rapid genome reshuffling in early species diversification.

Assessment of the Physical, Chemical, Yield and Nutritional Quality Traits of Tropical, Temperate and Wild Dry Bean Species in Vietnam

Background: Assessing agronomic and nutritional characteristics is one of the primary goals for assisting plant scientists in selecting promising grain legume crops for future food and nutritional security and increasing the income of smallholder farmers. Methods: The experiment was conducted from September 2021 to February 2022 at the greenhouse of GRIS, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam. Yield components, agronomic characteristics and biochemical and nutritional parameters of two varieties of tropical beans (Velvet White Bean and Red Cowpea), two varieties of temperate beans (Dwarf Stick Bean and Soybean) and two varieties of wild beans when grown in Vietnam were evaluated in the present study. Result: The results revealed the presence of a wide range of phenotypic variations in dry bean germplasm. The biochemical and nutritional properties of the bean types investigated revealed that the Velvet White Bean had a higher phenol content (0.42 mg GAE g-1) and a lower phytic acid concentration (2.87 µg mL-1) than the other species. The Dwarf stick vean had the highest flavonoid concentration among the types (0.017 mg RE g-1) while the crude protein content of soybean (38.2 mg g-1) was the highest. These findings serve as a foundation for breeders in selecting promising legumes to breed for Vietnam.

Identification and characterization of gut-associated lactic acid bacteria isolated from the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae).

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial bacteria for humans and animals. However, the characteristics and functions of LAB in insects remain unclear. Here, we isolated LAB from the gut of Riptortus pedestris, a pest that is a significant problem in soybean cultivation in Korea, and identified two Lactococcus lactis and one Enterococcus faecalis using matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and 16S rRNA analyses. All three LAB strains survived at pH 8, and L. lactis B103 and E. faecalis B105 survived at pH 9 for 24 h. In addition, these strains survived well in simulated gastric juice of humans containing pepsin and exhibited high resistance to bile salts. Two strains of L. lactis and one of E. faecalis maintained constant density (> 104 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) at pH 2.5, but viability at pH 2.2 was strain-dependent. The three LAB were reinoculated into second-instar nymphs of R. pedestris and colonized well, reaching a constant density (> 105 CFU/gut) in the adult insect gut. Interestingly, feeding of these LAB increased the survival rate of insects compared to the negative control, with the largest increase seen for L. lactis B103. However, the LAB did not increase the weight or length of adult insects. These results indicate that insect-derived LAB possess the traits required for survival under gastrointestinal conditions and have beneficial effects on insect hosts. The LAB infection frequency of the wild bean bug populations was 89% (n = 18) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. These LAB can be utilized as a novel probiotic in the cultivation of beneficial insects. This study provides fundamental information about the symbiosis between insects and LAB, and a novel concept for pest control.

KEBERAGAMAN SIFAT FISIK, KANDUNGAN GIZI DAN KADAR ASAM SIANIDA BEBERAPA KACANG ARBILA (Phaseolus lunatus L) TIMOR

Arbila beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) are one of the wild beans found on Timor Island . Local people utilize the beans even though they contain cyanide acid toxic . To underpin the nutritive as well as the toxic content of the bean, a study has been conducted using four types of the bean found in Timor i.e. red bean, black bean, white bean, and brown bean. The red bean has a middle size and looks a bit swollen; the black bean is a lengthy middle size; the white bean is also lengthy but looks flat; while the brown bean is a bit broad and enlarged. All bean types contain protein of about 17%, calcium 39-42.5 mg per 100 g; while the highest lipid content (10.86%) was found in the brown beans. Cyanide acid content was found very high in the black bean (244.71 ppm), on the contrary, its lowest content was found in the white bean (34.30 ppm). Keywords : Arbila bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) , nutritive value, cyanide acid.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil using cover crops with and without nitrogen addition.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin content in soil under different cover crops with and without the application of nitrogen in the cover. The following cover plants were used: Crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), wild beans from Ceará (Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth.), Guandú 'BRS mandarin' [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], millet 'BR05' [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] and sorghum 'BR 304' [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The absolute control of the experiment was the treatment without the use of cover crops, that is, the vegetation of spontaneous occurrence in the area. The experimental design was randomized blocks in subplots with three replications. Spore density, mycorrhizal colonization rate, easily extractable glomalin, and species present in the rhizosphere of the cover crops were determined. No differences were found in the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with the different cover crops studied or in the values of spore density, root colonization, or glomalin content. Nitrogen application did not influence the mycorrhizal activity in the investigated cover crops. The most frequent species associated with cover crops were Scutellospora pellucida and Scutellospora persica in C. juncea; Gigaspora sp. on Sorghum; Glomus macrocarpum in Guandu; G. macrocarpum and Glomus clavisporum in millet; and Glomus microaggregatum and Glomus tortuosum in Spontaneous Vegetation.

EFFECT OF INOCULATING Bradyrhizobium liaoningense ON GROWTH, CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION, NODULATION AND YIELD OF SOYA BEANS

Soya bean is important staple food crops in Western Kenya. Legumes play a significant role in agriculture by fixing nitrogen. Currently Kenya is experiencing low yield of soya beans. Approximately 0.8 t/ha is under production and this is due to low soil fertility. This has posed a threat to agricultural productivity. Symbiotic rhizobia inoculation increases crop yields through biological nitrogen fixation. However, the potential of Bradyrhizobium liaoningense in improving yield and productivity of soya beans has not been documented. Rhizobia bacteria are known to improve growth and yield of several other crops but the effect of inoculating soya beans with B. liaoningense on growth, chlorophyll concentration, nodulation and yields has not been determined. This study was conducted at Maseno University under greenhouse conditions. Previously purified local isolates of B. liaoningense (S3) from wild soya beans plants were used to inoculate the soya bean seeds. 4.5 litre plastic pots were filled with 7kg of top soil. Ten seeds of Soya beans coated with Bradyrhizobium liaoningense inoculants were sown in each pot except the control. The seeds were treated with the isolates inoculants as: un-inoculated (control), 1.07x107 cfu/ml, 1.19x107 cfu/ml, 1.31x107 cfu/ml and 2.67x107 cfu/ml inoculation of B. liaoningense. The experiment was laid out as Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The treatments were replicated three times. After two weeks of germination, the seedlings were thinned to three plants per pot. Watering was done daily with 200 ml of water per pot up to the end of the experiment. Data on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot and root fresh weight and dry weight, chlorophyll concentration, number of nodules and number of pods were determined. Data was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Treatments means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference at (P = 0.05). Soya bean growth, chlorophyll concentration, number of nodules and number of pods after inoculation treatments were significantly different among the treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Plant height, number of leaves and leaf area were highest in 2.67 x 107 cfu/ml of B. liaoningense inoculation followed by 1.31x 107 cfu/ml inoculation, 1.19x107 cfu/ml, 1.07x107 cfu/ml and lowest in un-inoculated. Inoculation at 2.67 x 107 cfu/ml significantly increased soya bean root and shoot fresh weight and dry weights. Chlorophyll concentration was found to be highest in 2.67 x 107 cfu/ml treatment and lowest in un-inoculated control treatment. Inoculation at 2.67 x 107 cfu/ml increased the number of nodules of soya beans. Number of pod per plant were highest at 2.67 x 107 cfu/ml treatment and lowest in un-inoculated (control treatment). These findings showed that B. liaoningense inoculation was effective in enhancing growth, chlorophyll synthesis, formation of root nodules and pods in soya beans. From the study it can be recommended that B. liaoningense from wild soya bean may be used as a biofertiliser to improve productivity of soya beans by smallholder farmers in Kenya.

Germination and Agronomic Traits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Beans Sprayed with Trichoderma Strains and Attacked by Acanthoscelides obtectus

Acanthoscelides obtectus, one of the world’s most important post-harvest pests, attacks wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Four Trichoderma strains, Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40,837 (=Ta37), a wild-type strain producer of trichothecene harzianum A (HA); two transformed strains of Ta37, Ta37-17.139 (Δtri17) and Ta37-23.74 (Δtri23); and T. brevicompactum IBT 40,841 (=Tb41), a wild-type strain producer of the trichothecene trichodermin, were evaluated to determine the effect of these compounds on the virulence of A. obtectus and the effect of these strains on the seed’s capacity of germination and on the agronomic traits of the plants grown from these seeds. Treatments of bean seeds with different Trichoderma strains provided varying survival rates in A. obtectus adults, so life survival of insects after Tb41 strain application was reduced to 15 days. Δtri17 and Tb41 strains sprayed on P. vulgaris beans resulted in low weight losses (1.21 and 1.55%, respectively). In spite of the low germination percentage of beans treated with Δtri23 strain (lower than the germination percentages of the rest of the fungal strains applied), this treatment encouraged a greater Wet Weight of Aerial Part of the plants grown from both damaged and undamaged beans. High germination rates of Ta37 and Δtri17 strains (higher than with the rest of treatments), did not turn into a greater Wet Weight Aerial Part and Wet Weight of Root System in the future plants developed. Linear regression between the number of exit holes and the wet weight aerial part on the one hand, and between the number of exit holes and the wet weight root system on the other, showed interaction, so Δtri23 and Tb41 strains behaved differently in comparison to their respective control treatments. The number of exit holes of beans treated with Δtri23 or Tb41 was negatively correlated with both the wet weight aerial part and the wet weight root system in P. vulgaris plants. Δtri23 sprayed on undamaged beans caused the greatest Wet Weight Aerial Part and wet weight root system in plants. Due to the good results obtained by Δtri23 and Tb41 strains in this work, more studies for A. obtectus control, P. vulgaris plant growth and trichothecenes production by these strains should be explored, in order to advance in the knowledge of how these fungi could be used in the field crop, together with the application of management strategies to mitigate risks for farmers and to minimize environmental contamination.

Proteomic Analysis of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry

The modern cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has evolved from wild common beans distributed in Central America, Mexico and the Andean region of South America. It has been reported that wild common bean accessions have higher levels of protein content than the domesticated dry bean cultivars. However, there is limited proteomic analysis of wild or domesticated common beans. In this investigation, we reported a proteomic analysis of a wild bean from Mexico. We utilized the TCA/Acetone method for protein extraction, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) for protein separation, and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS) for protein identification. Proteins were separated in the first dimension using pH range from 4-7. A total of 237 protein spots from the second dimension were isolated, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by MALDI/TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. We identified 141 protein spots by searching NCBI non redundant databases using the Mascot search engine and found a total of 43 unique proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was employed to understand the molecular processes in which the identified common bean proteins are involved. The majority of proteins are involved in binding (41.5%) and catalytic activity (35.8%), followed by nutrient reservoir activity (7.5%), antioxidant activity (1.9%), transporter activity (3.8%), enzyme regulator activity (3.8%), structural molecule activity (1.9%), and electron carrier activity (3.8%). The results indicate that TCA/Acetone extraction and 2D-PAGE is efficient in separating common bean proteins. Further identification of these proteins by MS demonstrates the quality of this protein extraction method. These results will be useful for the development of value added common beans by alteration of protein components.

Preliminary evaluation of wild bean (Phaseolus spp.) germplasm for resistance to Fusarium cuneirostrum and Fusarium oxysporum

AbstractFusarium root rot (Fusarium cuneirostrum; FRR) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum; FW) are major constraints on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide because limited genetic resistance is available in current cultivars. Wild accessions have greater genetic diversity than cultivated germplasm and could provide novel sources of resistance for these diseases. We screened 248 wild bean accessions in a greenhouse setting for responses to both FRR and FW and recorded disease severity; resistance was observed in 21 and 16 accessions, respectively. Accession PI417775 was the most resistant to FRR, exhibiting very few symptoms, whereas accessions PI661845 and PI535441 were the most resistant to FW. Only accessions MX‐GT‐1 and PI535445 were resistant to both FRR and FW. Overall, accessions collected from Andean regions had greater disease symptoms (5.4 ± 1.28 for FRR; 5.8 ± 1.12 for FW) than accessions collected from Middle America (4.7 ± 1.33 for FRR; 4.42 ± 1.04 for FW), though the highest and lowest disease scores for FRR were both found in the Middle American accessions. Introgression of Fusarium resistance from wild bean accessions into cultivated lines provides an avenue to improve disease resistance in elite cultivars.

Diversity and Distribution of Viruses Infecting Wild and Domesticated Phaseolus spp. in the Mesoamerican Center of Domestication.

Viruses are an important disease source for beans. In order to evaluate the impact of virus disease on Phaseolus biodiversity, we determined the identity and distribution of viruses infecting wild and domesticated Phaseolus spp. in the Mesoamerican Center of Domestication (MCD) and the western state of Nayarit, Mexico. We used small RNA sequencing and assembly to identify complete or near-complete sequences of forty-seven genomes belonging to nine viral species of five genera, as well as partial sequences of two putative new endornaviruses and five badnavirus- and pararetrovirus-like sequences. The prevalence of viruses in domesticated beans was significantly higher than in wild beans (97% vs. 19%; p < 0.001), and all samples from domesticated beans were positive for at least one virus species. In contrast, no viruses were detected in 80–83% of the samples from wild beans. The Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus were the most prevalent viruses in wild and domesticated beans. Nevertheless, Cowpea mild mottle virus, transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, has the potential to emerge as an important pathogen because it is both seed-borne and a non-persistently transmitted virus. Our results provide insights into the distribution of viruses in cultivated and wild Phaseolus spp. and will be useful for the identification of emerging viruses and the development of strategies for bean viral disease management in a center of diversity.

The genetics and physiology of seed dormancy, a crucial trait in common bean domestication

BackgroundPhysical seed dormancy is an important trait in legume domestication. Although seed dormancy is beneficial in wild ecosystems, it is generally considered to be an undesirable trait in crops due to reduction in yield and / or quality. The physiological mechanism and underlying genetic factor(s) of seed dormancy is largely unknown in several legume species. Here we employed an integrative approach to understand the mechanisms controlling physical seed dormancy in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).ResultsUsing an innovative CT scan imaging system, we were able to track water movements inside the seed coat. We found that water uptake initiates from the bean seed lens. Using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we further identified several micro-cracks on the lens surface of non-dormant bean genotypes. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was conducted on a bi-parental RIL (recombinant inbred line) population, segregating for seed dormancy. This analysis revealed that the seed water uptake is associated with a single major QTL on Pv03. The QTL region was fine-mapped to a 118 Kb interval possessing 11 genes. Coding sequence analysis of candidate genes revealed a 5-bp insertion in an ortholog of pectin acetylesterase 8 that causes a frame shift, loss-of-function mutation in non-dormant genotype. Gene expression analysis of the candidate genes in the seed coat of contrasting genotypes indicated 21-fold lower expression of pectin acetylesterase 8 in non-dormant genotype. An analysis of mutational polymorphism was conducted among wild and domesticated beans. Although all the wild beans possessed the functional allele of pectin acetylesterase 8, the majority (77%) of domesticated beans had the non-functional allele suggesting that this variant was under strong selection pressure through domestication.ConclusionsIn this study, we identified the physiological mechanism of physical seed dormancy and have identified a candidate allele causing variation in this trait. Our findings suggest that a 5-bp insertion in an ortholog of pectin acetylesterase 8 is likely a major causative mutation underlying the loss of seed dormancy during domestication. Although the results of current study provide strong evidences for the role of pectin acetylesterase 8 in seed dormancy, further confirmations seem necessary by employing transgenic approaches.

Influence of nitrogen and mineral fertilizer application rates for legumes on the number of stems and the amount of NPK in the soil

Inoculation of seeds of legumes (soybean - Glycine max L., mung bean - Phaseolus aureus L., wild beans - Phaseolus) grown as a secondary crop after winter wheat before sowing with nitragin and application of mineral fertilizers in different doses affected the amount of endogenous bacteria formed in the plant root as well as the agrochemical properties of the soil. Inoculation of legume seeds with nitragin before sowing and application of mineral fertilizers at different rates increased the amount of humus in the topsoil (0-30 cm) layer by 0.025-0.029% compared to the initial values, and the total nitrogen content by 0.009-0.012%. The formation of endogenous bacteria in the root of the plant was inoculated with nitrogen before sowing the seeds of soybean, moss, bean crops. The amount of legumes was 22.7-36.7 pieces in the variant, in which the mineral fertilizers N30 R90 K60 kg/ha was applied, whereas it was 12.0-15.6 pieces in the variant without any mineral fertilizers.

Fecal Metabolomes in Response to Feed Supplemented with Fermented &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Parkia biglobosa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Sphenostylis stenocarpa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in Obese Rats

The ubiquitous consumption of junk foods has drastically contributed to the exponential rise in the incidence of obesity. Hence, the present study explores the therapeutic effect of selected indigenous wild bean Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Otili) and condiment fermented Parkia biglobosa (Iru) on obese rats. The rats were fed with a high fat diet for four weeks and the gut microbiota was monitored every other day throughout the period of the experiment. Then, the fecal metabolome was analysed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Although there was a decrease in the mean weight of rats treated with fermented iru compared with those given Otili, it was not statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The organisms identified from the fecal samples of the fermented Iru groups are Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus and Esherichia coli while those identified from the Otili group include Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter Freundii. However, further study revealed that Otili and Iru had a similar faecal metabolome. Medium chain fatty acids, such as Decanoic acid, Octanoic acid, ethyl tetradecanoate, Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl tetradecanoate, 9-Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecnoic acid, cis-10-Hepadecanoic acid, are the most common compounds found in this study. This suggests the fact that the associated gut microbiota from breakdown of respective food samples must have actively mediated in their roles of ameliorating the effect of obesity.

Eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno de cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol cultivado y silvestre

Se evaluó la eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) de 27 cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol silvestre y cultivado del occidente de México, al utilizar como hospedero la variedad de frijol Cuarenteño. El trabajo se realizó bajo malla sombra, se usó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones y se evaluaron longitud de vástago (LV) y de raíz (LR), peso seco de vástago (PSV) y de raíz (PSR), número de nódulos (NN) y peso seco de nódulos (PSN), nitrógeno total del vástago (NT) y contenido de clorofila (CL). Se realizaron análisis de varianza y de componentes principales; se obtuvieron índices de eficiencia por variable y por grupos de variables. Se detectaron diferencias altamente significativas (P ≤ 0.01) en seis de las ocho variables registradas. Por el valor per se de las variables, se seleccionaron Rhizojal VC3 colectada en frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal ZCB1, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3 obtenidas en frijol cultivado. Por índices de eficiencia simples y por grupos de variables, se escogieron Rhizojal VC3, Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2. El análisis de componentes principales separó a la mayoría de las cepas en dos grupos: cepas procedentes de la forma silvestre de frijol y cepas colectadas en frijol cultivado. Las cepas Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3, mostraron los mayores valores en la escala del CP1; la cepa Rhizojal VC3, se ubicó del lado de los aislados de origen cultivado. Considerando los análisis realizados, las cepas identificadas como mejores en FBN fueron Rhizojal VC3 de frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2 de origen cultivado. Los resultados indican que los índices de eficiencia contribuyen a la evaluación y selección de cepas por FBN y que existe potencial para identificar cepas de Rhizobium eficientes en FBN en la región occidente de México.

Selection probability of multivariate regularization to identify pleiotropic variants in genetic association studies

In genetic association studies, pleiotropy is a phenomenon where a variant or a genetic region affects multiple traits or diseases. There have been many studies identifying cross-phenotype genetic associations. But, most of statistical approaches for detection of pleiotropy are based on individual tests where a single variant association with multiple traits is tested one at a time. These approaches fail to account for relations among correlated variants. Recently, multivariate regularization methods have been proposed to detect pleiotropy in analysis of high-dimensional genomic data. However, they suffer a problem of tuning parameter selection, which often results in either too many false positives or too small true positives. In this article, we applied selection probability to multivariate regularization methods in order to identify pleiotropic variants associated with multiple phenotypes. Selection probability was applied to individual elastic-net, unified elastic-net and multi-response elastic-net regularization methods. In simulation studies, selection performance of three multivariate regularization methods was evaluated when the total number of phenotypes, the number of phenotypes associated with a variant, and correlations among phenotypes are different. We also applied the regularization methods to a wild bean dataset consisting of 169,028 variants and 17 phenotypes.

KEMASAN SEKUNDER THREE IN ONE TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN PADA MADU SUMBAWA

One of the resources found in the Sumbawa forest is honey. For the communitywho live around forest areas, honey is a source of incomefrom the forest as well as wild horse milk, coffee and candlenut beans which are a local mainstay.Communities around forest areas have the potential to accelerate developmentregions, however, are constrained by limited infrastructure, information and facilitieshuman resources, in addition to limited access to utilize forest resources.The majority of forest honey farmers in Sumbawa are still developing businesses andsell their products independently and use used bottles as packaginghoney. At first, packaging only functions as a container or wrapperserves to protect or cover, and to facilitate a product to be carried.Along with the times, packaging is required to be able to generate interestconsumers to buy. Based on these problems the authors doresearch on "Secondary Packaging Three In One Against Consumer Purchase IntentionOn Sumbawa Honey ". The method used in this research is a methodinterviews and distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale at 100respondents. The population in this study were customers of the second branch of PT Pos Indonesiawhich is located on Jl. Yos Sudarso No. 6A Sumbawa Besar. The author chooses the placebecause not only certain people who visit to send products and thingsthis can have an influence or good results on the research results forknow an overview of the research results from various characters and circlesPublic. The sampling technique used in this research is AccidentalSampling. Based on the research results, it was found that the visual packaging design(X1), packaging size (X2) and packaging quality (X4) have a significant effecton consumer purchase interest (Y), while product price (X3) has no effectsignificant on consumer purchase interest (Y).

Uso de fitoterápicos na cura de enfermidades em animais no Semiárido Paraibano

O uso de plantas medicinais mostra-se como uma alternativa, para o tratamento e prevenção de doenças que acometem os animais, visto que, é um método de baixo custo e de fácil aquisição ao produtor. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento populacional no semiárido paraibano, a respeito do emprego de plantas com propriedades curativas para animais. A pesquisa foi realizada na 14ª Região Administrativa da Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural da Paraíba, sediada em Pombal-PB, promovendo-se uma pesquisa de campo, de caráter descritivo com uma abordagem qualitativa. Como instrumento para coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário previamente estruturado, contendo questões objetivas e subjetivas. Sendo observado entre os entrevistados que a planta medicinal mais utilizada para a cura de enfermidades em animais foi o limoeiro (Citrus limonum ) com 12,14%, seguido pelo Fedegoso ( Senna ocidental ) com 10,57%, feijão bravo ( Capparis flexuosa ) equivalente a 9,57% e por baba ( Aloe vera ) com 8,14%. Entre as famílias que mais se destacaram, estão Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae e Euphorbiaceae, com espécies endêmicas da Caatinga.

Is the USDA core collection of common bean representative of genetic diversity of the species, as assessed by SNP diversity?

AbstractCore collections are envisioned to be a representative subset of larger germplasm collections. They were introduced to facilitate the characterization and use of these germplasm collections. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) core collection of the USDA Western Regional Plant Introduction Station was one of the first collections to be established in the early 1990s. Here, we evaluate the representativity of this common bean collection in light of the availability of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) platform and new information about genetic diversity of the species, including phaseolin and seed type data. The SNP diversity was studied with a combination of STRUCTURE, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and neighbor‐joining analysis (NJA). STRUCTURE analyses were conducted for K (number of subpopulations) = 3 and K = 7, based on the ad hoc statistic ΔK. The K = 3 analysis recognized the split between Andean and Mesoamerican domesticates and the subdivision of the Mesoamerican domesticates into high‐ (Durango/Jalisco) and low‐altitude (Mesoamerica) ecogeographic races. The K = 7 analysis further subdivided the Andean group identified for K = 3, as well as the high‐altitude group from the Mesoamerican gene pool. It also identified smaller groups consisting of Mesoamerican wild beans. The PCoA and NJA confirmed the STRUCTURE results and highlighted the existence of presumed hybridization among groups. Our results suggest that this core collection should be updated by adding domesticated categories, developing a separate wild common bean core collection, and developing cores for specific purposes.

Exploration of the Yield Potential of Mesoamerican Wild Common Beans From Contrasting Eco-Geographic Regions by Nested Recombinant Inbred Populations.

Genetic analyses and utilization of wild genetic variation for crop improvement in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been hampered by yield evaluation difficulties, identification of advantageous variation, and linkage drag. The lack of adaptation to cultivation conditions and the existence of highly structured populations make association mapping of diversity panels not optimal. Joint linkage mapping of nested populations avoids the later constraint, while populations crossed with a common domesticated parent allow the evaluation of wild variation within a more adapted background. Three domesticated by wild backcrossed-inbred-line populations (BC1S4) were developed using three wild accessions representing the full range of rainfall of the Mesoamerican wild bean distribution crossed to the elite drought tolerant domesticated parent SEA 5. These populations were evaluated under field conditions in three environments, two fully irrigated trials in two seasons and a simulated terminal drought in the second season. The goal was to test if these populations responded differently to drought stress and contained progenies with higher yield than SEA 5, not only under drought but also under water-watered conditions. Results revealed that the two populations derived from wild parents of the lower rainfall regions produced lines with higher yield compared to the domesticated parent in the three environments, i.e., both in the drought-stressed environment and in the well-watered treatments. Several progeny lines produced yields, which on average over the three environments were 20% higher than the SEA 5 yield. Twenty QTLs for yield were identified in 13 unique regions on eight of the 11 chromosomes of common bean. Five of these regions showed at least one wild allele that increased yield over the domesticated parent. The variation explained by these QTLs ranged from 0.6 to 5.4% of the total variation and the additive effects ranged from −164 to 277 kg ha–1, with evidence suggesting allelic series for some QTLs. Our results underscore the potential of wild variation, especially from drought-stressed regions, for bean crop improvement as well the identification of regions for efficient marker-assisted introgression.