WiGig Applications Research Articles

A Linear High Frequency gm Boosting Wideband LNA in 130 nm SiGe HBT with Minimum NF of 4.3 dB for WiGig Application

This paper presents an inductor less wideband low noise amplifier (LNA) with an area of 0.3[Formula: see text]mm2, using 130[Formula: see text]nm SiGe BiCMOS technology targeted for 5G WiGig wireless application. A [Formula: see text] boosting amplifier used at the intermediate node of the cascode topology to reduce the noise contribution of the common base (CB) transistor for the first time in SiGe HBT technology. Mathematical analysis shows that the proposed high frequency [Formula: see text] boosting technique on the CB transistor can be optimally tuned for either low NF or high linearity. Furthermore, the circuit incorporates variable capacitors for multimode capability, ensuring optimal performance in all four WiGig channels. Post layout EM simulation of the circuit shows that the resultant LNA has a maximum gain of 21.08[Formula: see text]dB with the [Formula: see text]3 dB frequency over 56[Formula: see text]GHz to 67.3[Formula: see text]GHz. The proposed LNA exhibits a minimum noise figure of 4.3[Formula: see text]dB and shows high linearity with an input referred [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]2.7[Formula: see text]dB. The designed when operated using supply voltage of 1.2[Formula: see text]V consumes a total dc power of 8.9[Formula: see text]mW.

High Gain and Wideband Metasurfaced Magnetoelectric Antenna for WiGig Applications

This communication presents a high gain wideband metasurfaced magnetoelectric dipole for wireless gigabit (WiGig) applications. The proposed antenna achieves wide bandwidth and low cross-polarization. In addition, peak gain is increased by employing a metasurface (MS) which is working as a partially reflective surface. The proposed idea is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. Full-wave analysis shows 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 53.47-80.26 GHz, corresponding to 40.5%, while the measured data achieve 39.3% with the frequency from 47.2 to 70.3 GHz. Meanwhile, the simulated and measured 3 dB gain bandwidth of the proposed antenna are 52.86-66.86 (23.3%) and 51.86-67 GHz (25.5%), respectively. Peak gain increased by 3.37-5.57 dB when including the MS; providing 11.9-13.65 dBi for 57-66 GHz, corresponding to the WiGig bandwidth.

Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave Antenna for 5G-WiGig Applications

In this paper, a dual band dual circularly polarized microstrip antenna for 28/60 GHz applications is presented. This antenna is designed to be used in hand-held devices for both 5G and WiGig applications simultaneously. The circular polarization in this case represents an important advantage to avoid polarization mismatch at different orientations. The proposed antenna consists of two parts: an annular ring around a circular patch with slot perturbations in both of them. The two parts of the proposed antenna are resonant at different frequencies. The inner circular patch is designed to be resonant around the 60 GHz band while the annular ring is designed to be resonant around the 28 GHz band. These two parts are simultaneously excited by an arc-shaped strip. Each part of this antenna structure operates as a single band circularly polarized radiator. The circular polarization is obtained by exciting orthogonal modes in each part of this antenna configuration with equal amplitudes and 90° phase shift. These orthogonal modes are obtained by introducing perturbations in both the inner circular disk and the outer annular ring. These perturbations are shifted by 45° from the location of the feeding arc. However, these perturbations affect the matching properties of designed antenna. Thus, a meander line stub is connected to the annular ring to adjust the matching of the designed antenna. The characteristics of the proposed antenna are designed and simulated by using full-wave EM simulator CST Microwave Studio and High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS).

An Integrated Tri-Band Antenna System With Large Frequency Ratio for WLAN and WiGig Applications

Integrated antenna systems that support multiple wireless standards (microwave and millimeter-wave bands) have become a pivotal issue in future wireless networks. The joint implementation of these frequency bands that can provide long-range and short-range radio accesses within a wireless system is desired. However, due to the large frequency difference between different bands, it is hard to realize with limited space. To solve this problem, a novel topology of combining a stacked patch antenna at 2.4/5 GHz bands and a magnetic-electric (ME) dipole antenna at 60-GHz with shared-aperture is developed in this article. Based on the methodology of aperture reuse, a highly-integrated tri-band antenna system with a large frequency ratio and good isolation is reasonably designed, featuring the same linear polarization and broadside radiation patterns. For experimental demonstration, an elaborate prototype is fabricated and tested. The measured -10-dB impedance bandwidths among the three bands can satisfy the criterions of the IEEE 802.11 b/a/ad for wireless local area networks (WLANs, 2.4-2.485 GHz and 5.15-5.85 GHz) and wireless gigabit (WiGig, 57-64 GHz) operations.

A Tri-Band Shared-Aperture Antenna for (2.4, 5.2) GHz Wi-Fi Application With MIMO Function and 60 GHz Wi-Gig Application With Beam-Scanning Function

This article presents the design and the realization of a tri-band shared-aperture antenna operating at 2.4, 5.2, and 60 GHz. It puts these three bands of antennas within the same radiating aperture and then realizes the Wi-Fi application with MIMO function and the Wi-Gig application with beam-scanning function simultaneously. It consists of two dual-band printed inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) and two SIW leaky wave antennas. By using the structure-reused technology, PIFA for the Wi-Fi application and the SIW antenna for the Wi-Gig application can share the same radiator without adding an extra aperture area. Thus, the ratio of the radiating aperture utilization can be improved greatly. In addition, MIMO technology is also applied to the Wi-Fi antenna design. The envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) calculated from the simulated and measured data are all lower than 0.04. The measured radiation efficiencies are 74% to 95% and 76% to 95% within these two bands, respectively. Moreover, due to the optimal layout of the whole design, the Wi-Gig antenna can obtain high gain and wide range of beam coverage at the same time. The measured peak gain is 12.29 dBi, and the beam coverage is ±36° from 57 to 64 GHz.

New Design of 60 GHz MIMO 2x4 Patch Rectangular Antenna Array for Wireless Gigabit (Wi-Gig) Application

Nowadays, most antenna researchers over the world are focusing on the design of the antenna for the fifth generation (5G) application (indoor and outdoor). High intensive research on 60 GHz antenna for high data rate indoor communication is becoming a trending topic. The high propagation loss at this band is the most challenging. The antenna needs to have higher gain to overcome the loss. Such antenna designs have been proposed recently. This paper, a new MIMO 2x4 patch rectangular antenna operating at 60 GHz is designed for Wi-Gig application. The rectangular patch antenna has 1.75 mm x 1.54 mm of size, printed on Rogers Duroid RT 5880 substrate, the dielectric constant of 2.20 and loss tangent of 0,0009. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST simulation software. The simulated return loss showed a very consistent characteristic. The return loss reached −30 dB at 60 GHz. The broad bandwidth obtained is 4.3 GHz concerning -10 dB. The omnidirectional radiation pattern with 13.4 dBi of gain is obtained. This antenna meets the Wi-Gig requirement.

57–67-GHz Highly Compact Bidirectional 3-Bit Phase Shifter in 28-nm CMOS

This letter describes a highly compact, low-loss, high-bandwidth, bidirectional, passive 3-bit phase shifter (PS) implementation for 5G and WiGig applications at 57–67 GHz, fabricated in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 28-nm CMOS technology. First, a highly compact, differential quadrature hybrid coupler is used for the I/Q generation. Consuming only 0.006 mm2, it achieves 4.5-dB insertion loss (IL) with less than 1-dB amplitude imbalance, and 6° I/Q phase imbalance, for the entire frequency band. The hybrid coupler is followed by a novel compact transistors switching matrix to create the 3-bit, bidirectional, 360° PS, which provides impedance matching for all states. It consumes the smallest ever reported PS chip area of only 0.007 mm2 with state-of-the-art results of the maximum rms phase and gain errors of 6.3° and 0.94 dB, respectively. The measured IL was 10.8 dB between 57 and 67 GHz.

A Novel Supercell-Based Dielectric Grating Dual-Beam Leaky-Wave Antenna for 60-GHz Applications

This communication proposes a novel dual-beam dielectric grating antenna based on the supercell (SC) concept. Through the theoretical analysis of the effective phase constants of the SC, it is found that two space harmonic modes ( $m=-1$ and $m=-2$ ) can be simultaneously excited (above the air line) within a certain frequency range. This phenomenon leads to the generation of two radiation beams in the far-field region. At the frequency where the phase constants satisfy $\beta _{-1}=-\beta _{-2}$ , the two beams are in symmetric directions with respect to the axis that is perpendicular to the azimuth plane. Different from the conventional periodic structures that the $m=-2$ mode lacks well control, the proposed antenna can manipulate both modes and obtain equal performance for the two radiation beams. In this communication, the symmetric beam case is investigated. The detailed design principle is presented. In addition, the frequency-based beam steering characteristic that the two beams scan in the same clockwise or anticlockwise direction is discussed as well. The proposed antenna operates in 60-GHz band and it can be a good candidate for the WiGig application.

Improved IIP3 double‐pole double‐throw switch with body and gate floated multi‐stack resonator in 65 nm CMOS for WiGig applications

A 60 GHz improved IIP3 double-pole double-throw (DPDT) switch using body and gate floated multi-stack resonator implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology is presented. To improve the IIP3, multi-stack and resistive body-floating techniques are used. To decrease the insertion loss, the resistive body-floating, gate-floating and resonant inductor techniques are used. This DPDT switch is designed to have effective size using body and gate floated multi-stack resonator. IIP3 is better than 27.5 dBm in 58.8–65.3 GHz. Insertion loss is <3.3 dB in 57–66 GHz. Return loss is better than 10 dB in 49–68 GHz.

Ball Grid Array-Module With Integrated Shaped Lens for WiGig Applications in Eyewear Devices

A ball grid array-module (BGA-module) incorporating a low-cost shaped dielectric lens is proposed for wireless communications in the 60-GHz WiGig band between a smart eyewear, where it is integrated and facing a laptop or TV. The module, which is codesigned with a 60-GHz transceiver, consists of two separate identical antennas for transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx). The in-plane separation of these elements is 6.9 mm both being offset from the lens focus. This poses a challenge to the lens design to ensure coincident beam pointing directions for Rx and Tx. The shaped lens is further required to narrow the angular coverage in the elevation plane and broaden it in the horizontal plane. A 3-D-printed eyewear frame with an integrated lens and a recess for proper BGA-module integration is fabricated in ABS-plastic material. Measurements show a reflection coefficient below $-12\; \text{dB}$ in the 57–66 GHz band. A maximum gain of 11 dBi is obtained at 60 GHz, with 24° and 96° beamwidth at 5-dBi gain, respectively, in the vertical and horizontal planes. The radiation exposure is evaluated for a homogeneous SAM head phantom and a heterogeneous visible human head. The simulated power density values for both models are found to be lower than the existing standards.

A low loss double‐pole double‐throw switch in 65 nm CMOS for wigig applications

ABSTRACTThis article presents a 60 GHz low insertion loss double‐pole double‐throw (DPDT) switch implemented in 65 nm standard CMOS process. To achieve the low insertion loss, various techniques are used such as the double‐well body‐floating, gate‐floating, high‐performance thin‐film microstrip line, resonating the capacitance of the off‐state transistor, and the transmission line based matching network. To achieve both high performance and small area, EM simulations are intensely performed to model passive components. The DPDT switch achieves insertion loss of less than 2.7 dB, and return loss of better than 10 dB over the 52–66 GHz band. The measured IIP3 is 18 dBm (simulated IP1dB is 11.4 dBm). The fabricated DPDT switch has an effective area of 0.073 mm2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2864–2867, 2014

60 GHz 28 nm CMOS transformer‐coupled power amplifier for WiGig applications

A 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) based on a 28 nm CMOS technology is presented for WiGig applications. It consists of a two-stage pseudo-differential common-source structure using low-power and low-Vt transistors, capacitive neutralisation for isolation enhancement and integrated transformers for impedance matching, power splitting, power combining and balanced-to-unbalanced transformation purposes. The output-stage transistors have a measured 1 dB output compression point (OCP1 dB) of 10.2 dBm, a 10.2 dB gain and a peak power added efficiency (PAE) as high as 35%. The fabricated PA achieves a 12 dBm OCP1 dB, a 15.3 dB gain and a peak PAE better than 20% while occupying a silicon active area of only 0.037 mm2.

PCB Integration of a Vivaldi Antenna on IPD Technology for 60-GHz Communications

The integration of a Vivaldi antenna on a printed circuit board (PCB) targeting 60-GHz WiGig applications is presented in this letter. The integrated passive device (IPD)technology from STMicroelectronics based on a glass substrate is used for the antenna manufacturing. In free space, the radiation pattern measurements show a realized gain higher than 4 dBi in the endfire direction from 56 to 65 GHz. The impact of the integration of the antenna on the PCB is investigated in details showing reasonable disturbance of the reflection coefficient, but strong modifications of the radiation pattern, especially the pointing direction of the main beam. From the analysis of the surface waves propagating along the PCB when the Vivaldi is integrated, a novel topology is proposed to preserve the main radiation in the endfire direction with enhanced realized gain.