Slope Width Research Articles

Optimasi Desain Geometri Lereng Material Old Dump Pada Usaha Penggalian Ulang Pit X PT. Bukit Asam Tbk

In doing slope design, it is necessary to pay attention to slope geometry and soil shear strength. Determination of slope geometry design also considers the balance between height and slope and production benefits. Research was conducted to analyze slope stability through physical and mechanical properties testing, limit equilibrium, and probabilistic Monte Carlo methods. The surface area of the Overburden stripping area in the 2024 RKP design is 8,172.79 m2. The production target is 2,000,000 tons of coal with a volume of overburden material that must be stripped of 29,000,000 BCM and obtained a Stripping Ratio value of 14.5. The results of the evaluation of the overall slope of the Old Dump material with an overall slope height of 66.582 m, a slope width of 447.69 m, an overall slope of 8.32˚ and a bench width of 25 m, a bench height of 6 m with a comparison ratio of 1:3 and a single slope angle of 18.43˚. Then the redesign was carried out and obtained recommendation results of 64.799 m overall slope height, 303.33 m slope width, 13.02˚ overall slope, and 25 m bench width, bench height at elevation 131-110 of 8 m with a comparison ratio of 1:2, single slope 26.57˚ and at elevation 110-50 of 8 m with a comparison ratio of 1:1.5, single slope 33.69˚.

Internal Tides at the Coast: Energy Flux of Baroclinic Tides Propagating into the Deep Ocean in the Presence of Supercritical Shelf Topography

Abstract The generation of internal tides at coastal margins is an important mechanism for the loss of energy from the barotropic tide. Although some previous studies attempted to quantify energy loss from the barotropic tides into the deep ocean, global estimates are complicated by the coastal geometry and spatially and temporally variable stratification. Here, we explore the effects of supercritical, finite amplitude bottom topography, which is difficult to solve analytically. We conduct a suite of 2D linear numerical simulations of the barotropic tide interacting with a uniform alongshore coastal shelf, representing the tidal forcing by a body force derived from the vertical displacement of the isopycnals by the gravest coastal trapped wave (of which a Kelvin wave is a close approximation). We explore the effects of latitude, topographic parameters, and nonuniform stratification on the baroclinic tidal energy flux propagating into the deep ocean away from the shelf. By varying the pycnocline depth and thickness, we extend previous studies of shallow and infinitesimally thin pycnoclines to include deep permanent pycnoclines. We find that scaling laws previously derived in terms of continental shelf width and depth for shallow and thin pycnoclines generally hold for the deeper and thicker pycnoclines considered in this study. We also find that baroclinic tidal energy flux is more sensitive to topographic than stratification parameters. Interestingly, we find that the slope of the shelf itself is an important parameter but not the width of the continental slope in the case of these steep topographies. Significance Statement The objective of this study is to better understand how vertical density stratification, which can vary seasonally in the ocean, affects the interaction of tides with steep coastal topography and the generation of waves that travel away from the coast in the ocean interior. These waves in the interior can travel over long distances, carrying energy offshore into the deep ocean. Our results suggest that the amount of energy in these internal waves is more sensitive to changes in topography and latitude than to the vertical density profile. The scaling laws found in this study suggest which parameters are important for calculating global estimates of the energy lost from the tide to the ocean interior at the coastal margins.

Extraction of Elemental Information of Slope Steps in Open Pit Mine Based on UAV

The information of step width, height and angle of open-pit slope is of great value for open-pit mining. However, the existing methods of obtaining step element information are inefficient, and are greatly affected by staff and environmental factors, this reduces the production efficiency and acceptance accuracy of the mine. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to extract step element information based on UAV tilt photogrammetry technology. The method firstly acquires the dense point cloud data of the slope steps of the open pit based on the UAV inclined photogrammetry, preprocesses the point cloud data by using the bilateral filtering algorithm, then extracts the edge feature points of the point cloud based on the normal and curvature estimation method, and fits the step lines using the moving least squares method, and builds a step model based on the step lines, so that the profile lines at any position of the steps can be extracted on the model and obtains the step element information. The experiments show that the feature extraction method can extract the step element information efficiently and accurately, which has important application value for the production and safety of open pit mine.

Yardang-controlled dune morphology and dynamics in the Qaidam Basin: Insight from remote sensing and numerical simulations

The yardang-dune coexistence and the control of yardangs on dune formation reveal the joint action of wind erosion and deposition. Yardangs exhibit distinctive characteristics of streamlining and clustering, which apply unique and complicated impacts on the wind field and sand transport. However, previous studies lack systematic investigation on how yardangs exert control over dune morphology, and the intricate wind dynamics and mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, the “yardang-controlled dune” is systematically illustrated, supported by thorough studies of the yardang-controlled dune morphology and dynamics. Through the monitoring of the 6722 km2 dunes in the Qaidam Basin (QB), three typical yardang-dune coexistence patterns are identified and summarized: Pattern I-windward dune, crescentic dunes form on the upwind sides of the sparsely arranged yardangs; Pattern II-corridor dune, crescentic dunes form beside the narrowly arranged yardangs in the corridors and migrate; Pattern III-leeward dune, linear dune forms on the downwind side from isolated yardang tail. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to analyze the dynamics and mechanisms of the three patterns and the corresponding real yardang topographies. CFD simulations show that with the control of yardangs, the winds in the locations corresponding to the dunes have significantly low velocities, leading to the wind entrainment decrease, sand accumulation and subsequent dune formation. CFD also reveals that the aspect ratios of yardangs control the formations of wind shadows and linear dunes on the yardang tails. The simulation results agree well with the actual landforms observed in the QB of the three patterns. Additionally, the dune leeward slope width and migration velocity statistics based on remote sensing provide further support for the observations and simulations. This study sheds light on the intricate influences of yardangs on wind deposition, underscoring their role in shaping the landform of dunes.

Transformation of a fully nonlinear breather-like package of internal waves over a bottom step in a layered fluid

In this paper, we study the process of transformation of a localized wave packet over a bottom step in a three-layer fluid, in which the height of the step is equal to or exceeds the thickness of the lower layer; therefore, density stratification becomes two-layer in the shallow water zone. In numerical experiments, both the height of the step and the width of the step were varied. The problem is solved in the framework of a fully nonlinear model of hydrodynamics of an inviscid incompressible stratified fluid. The primary analysis consisted in estimating the values of dimensionless parameters used, as a rule, in runup problems: the Froude and Iribarren numbers, the ratio of the characteristic wavelength to the characteristic slope width, the ratio of the topographic slope to the characteristic wave beam angle. Since the “cutoff” line for the lower pycnocline is partially or completely located on a step, one could expect the effects of run-up, breaking or reflection of waves propagating along the lower pycnocline, but this doesn’t happen. It is shown that the reflection of the wave packet from the step is minimal in all cases considered, a strong steepening of the wave is observed, but no breaking occurs in this case — the wave then just quickly decays on the lower pycnocline. An analysis of the spectral amplitudes and energy fields allows us to conclude that there is a transfer of energy from the lower pycnocline to the upper one. The breather in a two-layer fluid cannot exist, but the wave packet formed in the upper pycnocline after its destruction has much higher energy than it has before the step.

Reliability analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced slopes under rainfall infiltration

The rainfall-induced instability of geosynthetic-reinforced is a time-dependent phenomenon owing to the infiltration process, and is influenced by rainfall patterns. Catering to the inherent uncertainty in soil properties, this study conducted a reliability analysis of three-dimensional (3D) vertical geosynthetic-reinforced slopes, in order to explore how the probabilistic stability of slope evolves over time under different rainfall patterns. A 3D horn-like mechanism incorporating the Conte-Troncone (CT) model is adopted as a framework for deterministic analysis. Through a Fourier transform-based theoretical reasoning, the CT model assesses the time-variable pore-water pressure of soils in response to any continuously varying rainfall intensity over time. Subsequently, the pore water pressure-driven changes in soil unsaturated strength and the corresponding extend power are integrated into the three-dimensional mechanism, enabling a rapid determination of the instantaneous safety factor at discrete time instants. To avoid the tedious computation generated by Monte Carlo simulation, a simplified Hasofer-Lind-Rackwitz-Fiessler (HLRF) algorithm is used to calculate the time-varying reliability indices. Using the implantation of the proposed method, the effects of rainfall pattern, slope width, and reinforcement tensile strength are investigated by parametric analysis.

Shaking table test on underwater slope failure induced by liquefaction

Sand liquefaction is a process in which the excess pore water pressure of saturated sand soils increases and the effective stress of saturated sand decreases under the action of vibration, resulting in the transition of sand soils from the solid state to the liquid state. In this paper, an underwater sand slope model containing the upper sand slope and the bottom non-liquefied clay layer was designed. The whole process of large deformation of flow liquefaction from the solid state to the liquid state was reproduced by the shaking table test and recorded by the high-definition particle image velocimetry (PIV) equipment. Four main influencing factors: the acceleration amplitude of the shaking table, the frequency of the shaking table, the relative density of the sand slope, and the slope ratio of height and width of the sand slope, were considered. During the test, the dynamic response characteristics of acceleration and excess pore water pressure (EPWP) within the underwater sand slope model were monitored and analyzed in the whole deformation process to reveal the mechanism of the sand liquefaction process and the law of development and provide data support for subsequent research.

Morphological Characterization of Doe Kacang Goat in the Dry Land Area

This study was conducted to select a breed based on the morphological characteristics of Kacang goats in the dry land area, by assessing 31 doe Kacang goats. Semi-intensive raising system is carried out (without giving concentrate), yet water; forage (such as Gliricidia sepium leaves, Sesbania grandiflora leaves, Leucaena leucocephala leaves) and local grass are given by applying ad libitum method. Description of morphological characteristics, Pearson's correlation between body weight and body size, and body index, were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 program. The result of descriptive analysis for  BW, BL, WH, CG, CW, CD, RW, RH, RL, HL, HW, and HH are 20.72±3.26 kg, 44.34±8.17 cm, 55.42±7.84 cm, 62.68±7.12 cm, 10.98±2.07 cm, 22.74±2.12 cm, 8.44±1.38 cm, 54.96±6.44 cm, 12.55±0.85 cm, 14.07±0.55 cm, 10.19±0.36 cm, dan 11.69±0.45 cm respectively. The value of the morphological index for WS, BI, DI, LI, PI, B, HS, FL, and CI are 0.78+0.12, 71.06±12.38, 0.42±0.06, 0.81±0.18, 67.55±11.93, 0.43±0.08, 11.18±5.78, 32.68±7.40, dan 72.48±2.82, respectively. The conclusion is that the body weight and body measurements in the dry land area are still below the quality National standards of Indonesia. The correlation coefficient of body weight with body size is in the positive range of moderate to high except, the correlation of body weight with head height which shows a negative correlation. The correlation coefficient of body weight with the morphological index is in the low positive range except for the correlation coefficient of body weight with width slope, balance, and height slope which has a negative correlation coefficient.

Stability analysis of nonhomogeneous and anisotropic stepped slopes under the influence of earthquakes

There have been many studies related to the stability of single-step slopes, but there have been few studies on the stability of stepped slopes. Based on the limit analysis method and the strength reduction method, the stability factor FS of a stepped slope in nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils is calculated. Then, the calculation method in this paper is compared with previous studies to verify the correctness of the calculation method. Finally, the parametric analysis of the stepped slope is also carried out. The results show that the maximum error obtained by the calculation method of this paper does not exceed 5%, which verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the method in this paper. The ratio B/H of slope width to slope height significantly affects the stability of the slope. When B/H < 3, FS decreases sharply with increasing B/H; when B/H > 3, FS decreases slowly with increasing B/H. When the inclined angle, anisotropy parameter and seismic parameter of the slope increase, the stability of the stepped slope decreases; when the platform width parameter and soil nonhomogeneity parameter of the slope increase, the slope stability is also improved.

3D limit analysis of rock slopes based on equivalent linear failure criterion with tension cut-off

Hoek-Brown (HB) failure criterion is widely used to predict the strength of intact or heavily jointed rock mass. For stability analysis of rock slopes governed by the HB failure criterion, the equivalent linearity to Mohr-Coulomb (MC) criterion is often adopted, leading to the well-known equivalent Mohr-Coulomb method (EMCM). Existing studies on EMCM analysis mainly consider the shear strength of rock material, while consideration of the tensile strength is rare. This contradicts the fact that the underlying tensile strength of rock mass has considerable impact on the rock slope stability in real world. In this regard, this paper proposes a limit analysis-based approach that can account for tension in the three-dimensional (3D) stability analysis of HB rock slope. This approach is established on the equivalent linearity of the HB criterion with consideration of tensile strength, known as the equivalent tension cut-off MC method (ETMCM), and using a horn-like 3D mechanism of limit analysis. The safety factor solutions given by the proposed approach are validated by previous studies and numerical results. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of rock tensile strength on slope stability. Results show that the consideration of tension leads to a more conservative safety factor and a sharper curvature of the failure surface, and these impacts tend to be more obvious with the increases in slope inclination and slope width. Finally, the stability of the HB rock slope under seepage conditions is studied using the proposed approach. The results indicate that the effect of tensile strength is highly remarkable in seepage circumstances.

Convergence of the Malvinas Current branches near 44°S

Field measurements of the Malvinas Current (MC) velocity distribution were performed at the western slope of the Argentine Basin in the South Atlantic Ocean between 47° and 43°S including several sections across the current. The data were collected in January and March 2020 using a Shipborne Acoustic Current Doppler Profiler (SADCP) and allowed us to study circulation patterns in the upper 700 m of the ocean. The observations reveal substantial differences in the current structures at each location; the SADCP data suggest that two distinct current branches at 46°S converge downstream near 44°S making it difficult to distinguish the high-velocity cores farther north. A detailed comparison between the velocity structures indicates that the branches converge due to the change in the orientation and width of the continental slope, and is consistent with potential vorticity conservation. At the same time, satellite altimetry shows that the branches merge to a single high-velocity jet, suggesting that satellite altimetry does not reproduce all features of the MC internal structure and indicates the importance of further direct velocity observations in this region. Despite the above-mentioned limitations of altimetry, the satellite-derived geostrophic velocities suggest that the pathways of the MC high-velocity jets are quite stable. In addition, both satellite altimetry and direct measurements indicate that the branches tend to converge downstream near 44°S.

Study on the Disturbance of Existing Subway Tunnels by Foundation Sloping Excavation

Urban subway tunnels are located in a very complex operating environment, and the surrounding construction disturbances can lead to the deformation of existing tunnels or even produce tunnel disease issues. The disturbance of adjacent tunnels by pit excavation is an important geotechnical issue among scholars. In our study, the two-stage method is used to derive the deformation of the existing tunnel caused by the use of sloping excavation in the foundation pit. Subsequently, the correctness of the theoretical calculation formulae and the results are verified by constructing numerical calculation models. The effects of different slope footings θ, different slope widths b and different excavation depths H on the deformation of the existing tunnel are analyzed. The results show that: the excavation of the foundation pit can effectively reduce the tunnel deformation by using the sloping excavation method. The soil directly above the tunnel is the main factor causing the deformation of that tunnel. When the foundation pit spans a single-lane existing tunnel, the sloping excavation method of excavating soil on both sides and reserving the middle core soil can be used. When the foundation pit spans a double-lane existing tunnel, the sloping excavation method of excavating the middle soil and reserving core soil on both sides can be adopted. The error between the theoretical calculation results and the numerical simulation results is small, which verifies the correctness of the theoretical calculation results. The load distribution width of the soil after sloping excavation can be taken as the median line width. The deformation of the existing tunnel is influenced, to a greater extent, by changes in the one-time excavation depth H and slope width b, and to a lesser extent, by changes in the slope angle θ.

Dynamics of wave generation and dissipation processes during cold wave events in the Bohai Sea

Wave dynamics were investigated by applying the wind-wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore to the semi-enclosed Bohai Sea during cold wave events. Wind quality was examined by comparing three wind data sources with buoy observations, and then numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of model physics settings on simulated waves. After model calibration, the wave dynamics were examined from the aspects of response to various wind conditions (speed, fetch, duration), wave dominant component (wind wave or swell), as well as the dissipation processes during a pair of cold wave events (e.g., northwesterly in 2014 and northeasterly in 2015) with the consideration of spatial differences. The maximum significant wave heights during two cold wave events are similar (e.g., 3.5 m in the central Bohai Basin), which attributes to the impacts of limited fetch difference and insufficient high wind duration. Wind wave is the dominant component, which is reflected in the wave spectra (e.g., wave age less than 1.2). Spatial regions of wave dissipations controlled by whitecapping, bottom friction, and depth-induced breaking during cold wave events are quantified. Whitecapping dominates the wave energy dissipation in deep-water areas, while the bottom friction dissipation controls the major dissipation process as waves propagate towards the coast (e.g., at 5–10 m water depths). Depth-induced dissipation only occurs over a narrow strip along the southern coastal area but is significantly beyond the others. Depth-induced dissipation decreases suddenly when reaches a flat bottom, and it decreases with the increase of the width of the bottom slope.

Reliability analysis of large-diameter high-grade-steel natural gas pipelines under fault action

There are a lot of researches on qualitative aseismatic measures for buried gas pipeline crossing movable faults. But a few of them are quantitative, especially in the size and shape of the trench. The paper first established the finite element model of the strain of buried pipeline crossing a fault which effected by the size and shape of the trench. And it obtained new soil spring stiffness which considered different buried depth, bottom width of trench, trench slope and elastic modulus of soil. The mechanical analysis model of pipeline is established, and the limit state equation of pipeline is fitted. The reliability and sensitivity of the natural gas pipeline under fault action are analysed by a Monte Carlo method, and the error and accuracy are verified. When the pipeline is under tension, the sensitivity from large to small is buried depth, sand friction angle, pipe diameter, pipeline displacement, trench bottom width, trench depth, clay cohesion, trench slope and clay friction angle; when the pipeline is under pressure, the trench depth and clay cohesion have great influence. The findings of this study provide a reference for pipeline design and safety evaluation under fault action.

Disentangling effects of upslope runoff and sediment on soil nutrients on the hilly slopes of the Loess Plateau, China

Upslope runoff and sediment critically influence soil erosion, while their impact on the subsequent downslope nutrient distribution has not been examined, consequently hindering the exact assessment of the effects of erosion on soil biogeochemical cycles. Herein we selected two groups of wide and narrow slopes on the middle Loess Plateau, with each slope group including slopes with and without upslope runoff and sediment. For each slope, we collected soil samples from topsoil along the slope at different distances from the upper slope to the lower slope, and collected samples from depths of 0–60 cm at the upper, middle and lower positions of the slope. The contents of soil organic matter and nutrients were analysed. The purpose of this study was to disentangle the effects of upslope runoff and sediment on spatial distribution of soil nutrients on slopes of different widths. We showed that compared with slopes without upslope runoff and sediment, upslope runoff and sediment increased the content of most nutrients in topsoil on the wide slope, but had a contrasting effect on the narrow slope. Upslope runoff and sediment reduced the random spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients on both the wide and narrow slopes, with greater effects observed on the narrow slope. The influence of upslope runoff and sediment on the profile distribution of soil nutrients varied with slope position and slope width, and was nutrient type-dependent. These results indicated that slope topographical conditions interact with upslope runoff and sediment in influencing vertical and horizontal patterns of soil nutrients on slopes.

Controls on mixed carbonate-siliciclastic slope morphology, early Permian, northern Delaware Basin, U.S.A.

Lower to Middle Permian strata in the Delaware Basin in southeast New Mexico and West Texas present a unique system to assess spatial and temporal variations in carbonate slopes as well as controls on variation. Detailed subsurface gamma-ray well-log mapping and visualization using approximately 8000 densely spaced well logs in the northern portion of the Delaware Basin aided in correlating and characterizing Wolfcampian and Leonardian (L1-L6 composite sequences) slope profiles. The Wolfcampian strata form irregular slope profiles ranging from 2 to 10°. L1-L2 composite sequences develop comparatively steeper aggradational to retrogradational slopes with maximum mapped gradients between 15 and 25°, platform to basin relief of 920–1100 m, and slope widths of 10–20 km. The L3-L6 composite sequences denote a shift to platform and margin progradation. However these intervals exhibit variable progradational profiles in the along the western slopes with maximum slope gradients between 2 and 10°, progradation aggradation ratios ranging approximately from 10 to 100, wider slope widths reaching over 30 km, and platform to basin relief ranging from 500 to 900 m while northern slopes exhibited more continuous steep gradients between 10 and 20°, progradation-aggradation ratios of 0–13, slope widths of 10–15 km, and average approximate platform to basin relief of 900 m.The broad shift from aggradation-retrogradation to progradation during the Leonardian correlates with low-order sea-level change previously noted from outcrop studies. The eustatic shift likely influenced platform accommodation, driving a regional transition to progradation during low-order highstand. The variation in Leonardian progradation rates is significantly influenced by underlying Pennsylvanian carbonate buildups generating large-scale inflections in the slope and toe-of-slope environments. The underlying feature generated lower platform to basin relief and wider slopes to the west, promoting progradation, and formed narrower slopes with greater platform to basin relief to the north, likely inhibiting rapid progradation. Bottom currents and subsequent drift deposition along the western slopes also changed slope angle and geometry, promoting progradation over and around the features in subsequent units. Also, bottom currents possibly swept sediments from toe of slope environments in the north where drifts aren't present, inhibiting progradation and driving aggradation.The documented spatial and temporal variations in slope profiles may exert significant influence on transport, routing, and confinement of platform-top and slope-derived sediments to the deeper basin, imparting control on basinal stratigraphic architecture. As such, this type of characterization should provide a predictive tool for assessing reservoir and non-reservoir architecture in the slope and re-sedimented basinal deposits in both the Permian Basin and other analogous basins.

Effect of Slope on Landslide Potential at Kuranji Watershed

The Kuranji watershed is one of the largest watersheds in the city of Padang. Several landslides and floods have been reported in this area. Many factors cause landslides, both natural and non-natural factors. One of the natural factors that cause landslides is the topography/slope condition. The sloping/steep topography in the downstream area of the Kuranji watershed causes a high potential for landslides in this area. Landslides occur due to balance disturbances that cause the movement of soil and rock masses from a higher place to a lower place. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze slope stability to determine the effect of slope conditions on the potential for landslides. In this study, an analysis of the potential for slopes stability was carried out using the Ordinary Method of Slices. The analysis is carried out by making different slopes so that the value of the safety factor will be obtained from each slope. The slope variation used in this study is the ratio of height to slope width of 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5, 1:0.25. The results showed that the smaller the slope and the height of the slope, the more stable the slope will be, on the contrary, the larger the slope, the more unstable the slope. This can be assessed from the value safety factor (SF) of slope stability which is obtained from the calculation, which is getting smaller as the slope and height of the slope decrease.

Stability and failure mechanisms in three-dimensional cracked slope: Static and dynamic analysis

Three-dimensional limit analysis for seismic stability of slopes with cracks is carried out within the framework of kinematic approach. Three types of failure mechanisms, i.e., the face failure, toe failure and base failure coupled with the most critical cracks are discussed. The sequence quadratic program, associated with a random trials algorithm is applied to search for the least upper bound results of the stability factor (critical height). A validation is carried out for the obtained results, using literature data and outputs from FLAC3D. The effects of slope width and seismic loads on the different failure mechanisms are discussed. Conclusion can be drawn that the width limitation mainly controls the slope failure mechanism. With respect to very narrow spaces, face failure is the most common among the considered failure mechanisms. With increasing seismic coefficient, some cracked slopes, which are prone to toe failure under static conditions, finally collapse dynamically in face failure or base failure mode. The increase in relative width or seismic coefficient will lead to the increasing of the volume of the failure soil mass.

Sensitivity analysis for dam breach parameters using different approaches for earth-fill dam

The prediction of dams breach geometry crucial in studies of dam breaking. The hydrographs characteristics of flood that resulting from breaking of dam is mainly depend on the geometry of breach and the time formation of breach. Five approaches (Froehlich, Macdonald and Langridge-Monopolis, Von thun &amp; Gillete, USBR and Singh % Snorrason) was used in order to predict dam breach parameters (breach width, breach side slope, breach formation time). The Sensitivity analysis was performed in order to assess the effect of each parameter on the resulting hydrograph of the flood. HEC-RAS model was used to calculate the effect of each parameter on the hydrograph of the flood that resulted. The width of breach (Bavg), side slope (z) and formation time of breach (tf) increased by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and decreased by 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively. Flood hydrograph was estimated at the dam site for each case. Sensitivity analysis was performed in order to check the effect of each parameter of breach and time of breaching. Sensitivity analysis was performed with Froehlich method with the mode of overtopping failure and maximum operating level at 107.5 meter above sea level. Result of sensitivity analysis show that peak discharge and time to reach it is adequately sensitive to breach side slope, highly sensitive to the breach formation time and less sensitive to breach width.

Characterization of novel LMW-i genes with nine cysteine residues from Chinese wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum L.) and analysis of their functional properties on dough mixing

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03044-8.