Width Of Intestinal Villi Research Articles

Efficacy of hyperimmunized egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against Campylobacter jejuni: In Vitro and In Vivo evaluations.

Campylobacter infections are a prevalent cause of diarrheal disease in humans and are the most significant zoonotic pathogens worldwide. Human campylobacteriosis is generally via ingestion of contaminated poultry products. However, based on recent studies chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) powder has great potential to reduce the cecum load of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) in broilers. To understand the effective and economically feasible dosage, two immunization and challenge studies were conducted using 30 layer hens and 250 broiler chickens and found a scientific approach, starting with in vitro evaluations and progressing with in vivo studies confirmed. In this study it was demonstrated that specific IgY powder (SIgY), produced by immunized hens via bacterin, was highly effective in inhibiting bacterial growth and adhesion, as well as exhibiting bactericidal and agglutination properties (P < 0.05). Notably, doses of 0.5 % and 1 % SIgY significantly enhanced both the height and width of intestinal villi, along with improving the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio when compared to the positive control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, medium and high doses of SIgY were effective in preserving the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, as evidenced by a reduction in crypt depth and the number of goblet cells, which serve as important markers in the immune system (P < 0.01). Additionally, analyses of cecal and liver bacterial counts in response to the 0.5 % SIgY treatment revealed a significant reduction in C. jejuni counts compared to other challenged groups throughout the 28 d experiment (P < 0.01). Based on these results, it may be concluded that specific antibodies play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of intestinal villi, support the health of the intestinal epithelium, and reduce the colonization of C. jejuni. These findings could form the basis for developing an economical and effective strategy to enhance poultry and human health in the context of C. jejuni infection.

The water extract of Rheum palmatum has antioxidative properties and inhibits ROS production in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRheum palmatum (RP) is a widely used traditional herb, which possesses antioxidant properties, inhibits ROS production and reduces fever. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to examine the antioxidative properties of the water extract of RP on oxidative-stressed mice. Materials & methodsForty mice were administered with DL-homocysteine (DL-Hcy) to induce oxidative stress and were divided into four groups: 1) CK: NaCl and water; 2) DL-Hcy: DL-Hcy and water; 3) DL-Hcy+50RP: DL-Hcy with 50 mg kg−1 body weight (BW) d−1 RP; and 4) DL-Hcy+150RP: DL-Hcy with 150 mg kg−1 BW d−1 RP. Rhein (0.3 mg g−1 dry matter) was the main active ingredient in RP. ResultsWhen compared with Dl-Hcy mice, the mice with supplementary RP mitigated oxidative stress by reducing the liver concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 27% and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) by 32%, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney and spleen. These responses were more pronounced in DL-Hcy+150RP than DL-Hcy+50RP mice. RP also exhibited therapeutic effects on liver steatosis, chronic kidney nephritis and intestinal villus width shortening caused by oxidative stress, and concomitantly decreased the serum glucose concentration (RP vs. DL-HCY, 2.3 vs. 4.1 mmol L−1). ConclusionIt was concluded that RP possesses antioxidant and therapeutic properties that can mitigate lesions on organs and prevent diabetes in oxidative-stressed mice. This study highlights the potential of RP as a medicinal supplement for animals in the future.

The impact of Neoporphyra haitanensis dietary supplement on astaxanthin esters and fatty acids accumulation associated with immune promotion in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

To explore and develop effective feed additives for enhancing shrimp cultivation, an 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in Litopenaeus vannamei with dietary supplementation ranging from 0% to 5% Neoporphyra haitanensis. The results indicated that a diet containing 2% N. haitanensis enhanced trypsin activity, as well as the height and width of intestinal villi, leading to improved growth performance of L. vannamei. The specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain rate (WGR) and the ratio of flesh content were increased by 1.1 to 2.0 times, while the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (CF) values were 85.6% and 91.5% of those in the control group, respectively. Additionally, the inclusion of 2% N. haitanensis in the diet led to a 1.1-fold increase in the accumulation of fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. The diet also exhibited elevated levels of β-carotene, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin, which correlated with the increased content of carotenoids in the shrimp. The exoskeleton was identified as the primary site for assimilating α−/β-carotenes, free astaxanthin, and its diesters (mainly EPA and DHA chains), accompanied by heightened redness (a*) value. Meanwhile, the muscle tended to accumulate astaxanthin and its monoesters (mainly C16:0 and C18:0 chains) and hepatopancreas had lowest contents of astaxanthin and its diesters (mainly DHA chain). Furthermore, the Toll and IMD immune signal pathways in L. vannamei were activated with 2% N. haitanensis in the die, up-regulating the expression of immune-related genes dorsal, relish and imd, and antibacterial peptides genes crustin, lysozyme, and penaeidin3a. Concurrently, the activities of immune-related enzymes ACP and AKP, as well as antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and GPH-Px, were enhanced, while AST and ALT activities were decreased. In terms of intestinal health, the addition of 2% N haitanensis contributed to the preservation of the intestinal tissue structure and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria, while reducing the abundance of Vibrio in L. vannamei. The enhanced immune and antioxidant performance of L. vannamei was demonstrated to prevent intestinal structure damage and increase survival rates, as evidenced by WSSV infection experiments. These results offer valuable insights into the dose-dependent effects of dietary seaweeds in promoting shrimp cultivation.

The effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on the repair of adverse effects in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under enrofloxacin stress

Antibiotics have important role in controlling the outbreak of bacterial diseases in fish farming, but long-term use or persistent existence of antibiotics in water can cause adverse effects on aquatic animals. In order to evaluate repairing effect of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on damaged intestine of fish under enrofloxacin (ENR) stress, ENR-pretreated (1.0 mg/L, 7 days) largemouth bass were randomly divided into two groups, and subsequently were fed basal diet and diet supplemented with 1.0 g/kg APS for 14 days. Intestine tissue and content were sampled on day 0 (D0), days 7 (D7), days 21 (D21_APS and D21) to detect the intestinal structure, intestinal microbiota structure, oxidative stress, non-specific immune and inflammatory response.Intestinal tissue section showed that the height, width of intestinal villi, and muscular thickness in D21_APS were significantly greater than those on D0, D7, and D21 (P < 0.05). APS-supplemented diet was significantly increased expression of tight junction protein related genes occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 (P < 0.05). APS addition significantly improved the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.05). The activity of CAT and SOD in D21_APS and D0 were similar. The highest activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LZM) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were found in D21_APS group. The expression of proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in D21_APS and D21 were significantly down-regulated compared to that of D7, while anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Compared with D7 group, quinolone resistance gene (qnrB) in D21 and D21_APS groups were significantly down-regulated, and in contrast to D21 group, qnrB and qnrS genes in D21_APS group were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05).High-throughput 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed proportion of Cyanobacteria in intestinal microbiota increased from 8.23% to 52.66%, while Firmicutes decreased from 28.54% to 2.03% after ENR treatment. In D21 group, Proteobacteria was notable decrease compared to D0, while Firmicutes increased. In D21_APS, the dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes, and Acinetobacter, Cetobacterium and Aeromonas were the predominant genera. Cluster analysis indicated that bacterial community structure in D21_APS has a similar level to D0 at phylum level. Feeding APS increased abundance of genes related to styrene, isoleucine and lysine degradation; propanoate, butanoate phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolism; lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis; bacterial secretion system; cell motility and secretion at KEGG pathway Level 3 compared to the basal diet. Taken together, APS can repair the damage of intestinal structure and intestinal microbiota caused by ENR.

Dietary Threonine Promoted the Growth and Ovarian Development of the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

To explore the effects of dietary threonine on growth and ovarian development of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), crayfish (5.48 ± 0.19 g) were fed six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets with varying levels of threonine (7.16 g/kg (control), 9.19, 12.74, 16.44, 20.83, and 23.78 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency rate, protein deposition rate, and essential amino acid deposition rates obtained the optimal values when the dietary threonine level was 12.74 or 16.44 g/kg. Compared to the control group, the 12.74 g/kg group exhibited enhanced nonspecific immunity and antioxidant properties. The 16.44 g/kg group demonstrated a significant increase in the frequency of B cells and R cells in the hepatopancreas, the length and width of intestinal villi, and the activities of protease and lipase. It also showed elevated ecdysterone hormone, gonadal index (GI), cAMP content, and the relative abundance of beneficial intestinal microflora. Compared to the control group, the mRNA expression of mTOR, S6K1, 4EBP1, EcR, RXR, chitinase, PKA, Vg, cdc2, and cyclin B was significantly upregulated, and the mRNA expression of MIH was significantly downregulated in the 16.44 g/kg group. Overall, optimal dietary threonine could improve intestinal health, regulate immune function, and enhance protein utilization, molting, and growth performance of red swamp crayfish. Additionally, it improved the synthesis of yolk substance and facilitated the development of ovarian cells of female crayfish. The optimal threonine level was 14.87-16.94 g/kg (dry matter), corresponding to 42.51-48.42 g/kg of dietary protein in red swamp crayfish.

Influence of Herba Houttuyniae added to fodder on the morphological structure of the intestinal tract, the digestive enzymes, the intestinal flora, and immune function of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas veronii.

This study investigated whether adding Herba Houttuyniae to feed can improve intestinal function and prevent diseases for koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas veronii. There was a total of 168 koi carp with an average body length of (9.43 ± 0.99) cm and an average body weight of (26.00 ± 11.40) g. The K group was the control group fed with basal feed, while the C group was fed with feed with a H. houttuyniae content of six per thousand. After 14days of feeding, the fish were fasted for a day and then intraperitoneally injected with A. veronii for artificial infection, injection dose is 0.2mL, and the concentration is 1 × 107CFU/mL. Samples were collected from the two groups on days 0, 1, 2, and 4. The fold height, intestinal villus width, and muscle layer thickness in the gut of the koi carp were measured. In addition, on day 4, the activities of trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase in the gut were determined, and the intestinal flora of the carp in both groups was tested. The results showed that on the second and fourth days of sampling, the fold height and muscle layer thickness in the C group were significantly higher than those in the K group (P < 0.05). The villus width in the C group was slightly higher than that in the K group, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Microscopic observation revealed that the intestinal structure of the carp in the C4 (day 4 in C group) group was more intact than that in the K4 (day 4 in K group) group. Moreover, the activities of trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase in the foregut and midgut in the C4 group were higher than those in the K4 group (P < 0.05). The activities of trypsin and α-amylase in the hindgut in the C4 group were higher than those in the K4 group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, beneficial bacteria, especially those in the genus Cetobacterium, were more abundant in the intestinal tract of the carp in the C4 group compared to the K group. In addition, comparisons and tests of IL-4 and IL-10 in the intestines of the fish in both groups demonstrated that the H. houttuyniae added to feed enhanced the immune function of the fish intestines after bacterial attack. In conclusion, for koi carp infected with A.veronii, adding H. houttuyniae to their feed not only improves the activity of digestive enzymes and the morphological structure of the intestine but also optimizes the beneficial intestinal microbiota, thereby protecting the intestinal tract.

Effects of hypoxia stress on oxidative stress, apoptosis and microorganisms in the intestine of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

In order to understand the physiological response of large yellow croaker under hypoxia stress, large yellow croaker with body weight of (31.67 ± 3.69) g was used as the research object. The 96 h hypoxia (2.0 ± 0.1) mg / L stress group and normoxia (7.8 ± 0.5) mg / L control group were set up. The changes of oxidative stress index, apoptosis rate, apoptosis-related gene expression, tissue morphology and microorganisms of large yellow croaker intestine in hypoxia stress group and normoxia control group were analyzed by biochemical detection, paraffin section, qRT-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the oxidative stress indexes such as ROS, SOD, CAT, MDA and GSH in the intestinal tissue of the hypoxic stress group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The expression of bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the expression of bcl2 mRNA was significantly lower than that of the control group. After 96 h of hypoxia stress, the apoptosis index of intestinal cells in in the hypoxia stress group was significantly higher than that in the control group, the number of intestinal goblet cells decreased, and the height, width of intestinal villi and muscle thickness were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were significant differences in intestinal microorganisms between the hypoxia stress group and the control group. The dominant bacteria involved in energy metabolism under hypoxia stress were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and the dominant bacteria involved in intestinal inflammation were Proteobacteria. Oxidative stress enzyme activity and apoptosis gene expression were significantly correlated with the abundance changes of conditional pathogenic bacteria such as Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, and beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Clostridium. The above results showed that hypoxia stress caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in large yellow croaker, and changed the intestinal tissue structure and intestinal microorganisms. Intestinal probiotics help fish to resist oxidative stress and apoptosis under hypoxic stress, while conditional pathogenic bacteria have the opposite effect. This study has accumulated basic biological data for the study of the physiological response mechanism of large yellow croaker to hypoxia stress, and provided new understanding for understanding the mechanism of hypoxia affecting fish intestinal health.

Effects of Fermented Soybean Meal Substituting Plant Protein and Fish Meal on Growth, Flesh Quality, and Intestinal Microbiota of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study investigated the effects of replacing soybean meal (SM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, flesh quality, and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass. In a diet with 400 g/kg FM inclusion (FSM-0), FSM was used to substitute 120 g/kg SM, 120 g/kg SM + 80 g/kg CGM, and 65 g/kg FM at the inclusion of 100 g/kg (FSM-10-SM), 200 g/kg (FSM-20), and 100 g/kg (FSM-10-FM), respectively. Then, largemouth bass weighing 225.7 ± 2.6 g was fed the four diets for 60 days. The WG of FSM-20 group was increased by 11.8% (P&lt;0.05), while FSM-10-SM and FSM-10-FM groups did not differ significantly from FSM-0 group in growth performance. Compared with the FSM-0 group, the flesh hardness, shear force, total collagen, hot soluble collagen, and total free amino acid contents of FSM-20 group were significantly increased, and FSM-10-SM group also presented higher flesh hardness and shear force. The flesh superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) activities in FSM-20 and FSM-10-FM groups and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in FSM-10-FM group were increased (P&lt;0.05), while the lactic acid content in FSM-20 group was decreased, when compared to FSM-0 group (P&lt;0.05). In serum biochemical indexes, the glucose, total protein, cholesterol and malondialdehyde contents in the three FSM groups, and the triglyceride content in FSM-10-SM and FSM-20 groups were significantly lower than those of FSM-0 group (P&lt;0.05). In intestinal histology, the intestinal villus width, muscle thickness in FSM-10-SM group and intestinal villus width in FSM-20 group were significantly higher than those of FSM-0 group. In intestinal microbiota, the three FSM groups showed higher abundance of Firmicutes and lower abundance of Proteobacteria than FSM-0 group. In summary, the replacement of 120 g/kg SM or 65 g/kg FM with 100 g/kg FSM (FSM-10-SM and FSM-10-FM groups) did not exhibit significant effect on growth performance, but partially improved the flesh quality of largemouth bass. The substitution of 120 g/kg SM + 80 g/kg CGM with 200 g/kg FSM (FSM-20 group) significantly improved weight gain and flesh quality of largemouth bass.

Morphometric Analysis of Developmental Alterations in the Small Intestine of Goose.

In this study, a morphometric analysis of morphological changes in the layers of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and liver occurring during the hatching period (week 0) and postnatal development (weeks 1, 3, 6, and 8) was performed in geese. For this purpose, the staining of samples obtained from tissues collected from geese after culling was carried out. Staining was performed using the Goldner method to visualize all layers of the intestine for morphometric measurements. Our analysis focused mainly on traits such as the thickness of the mucosal, submucosal, and muscular layers, as well as traits related to intestinal absorption, such as the height and width of intestinal villi and crypts. Additionally, we also took into account the number of mononuclear and binucleate hepatocytes and other cells present in the liver. After analyzing the results, an increase in most traits was found during the development of the animals, with slight differences between the sections of the duodenum and jejunum. An interesting phenomenon was also noticed-the greatest increase in most traits was observed between the 3rd and 6th week of life, which coincides with the time of feed change. We hope that our work will highlight how important the digestive system is for birds because research on this topic is limited.

Growth Performance and Histomorphology of Intestine, Skin, Gills and Liver of Juvenile Colossoma macropomum Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of the Essential Oil of Nectandra grandiflora

The present study evaluated different levels of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) in the diet of juvenile Colossoma macropomum. The juveniles (0.75 ± 0.05 g) were fed four experimental diets with differing levels of EONG (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.50 mL/kg). After 20 days, the weight, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and daily feed consumption per fish were highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg, while after 30 days, only the weight and daily feed consumption per fish for that diet remained highest. The viscerosomatic index was highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg while the hepatosomatic index was higher for the groups that received dietary EONG for 30 days. The juveniles fed 1.5 mL EONG/kg showed a proliferative response of the mucous cells in the gills, but the proliferation of these lysozyme- and immunoglobulin-secreting mucosal cells was higher for the skin of the fish of all EONG levels, compared to that of the control fish. The fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg had the greatest height and width of intestinal villi. The two highest levels of dietary EONG supplementation (0.75 and 1.50 mL/kg) reduced the hepatocyte dimensions but did not modify the centrolobular vein area. Dietary supplementation with 0.5 mL EONG/kg improved the growth, gut health, and immune response of juvenile C. macropomum.

Effect of Spirulina platensis on growth, hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis in Nile tilapia diets on growth performance, blood hematological and biochemical parameters, immunological status, and intestinal histomorphometry. A total of 228 fish were randomly allocated into four groups with triplicates (19 fish per replicate). The first group was fed the control diet, which contained no Spirulina supplementation. The other three groups were fed diets containing graded levels of powdered Spirulina: 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0% in the second, third, and fourth group, respectively. S. platensis was added to the diets partially substituting the fish meal content. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary Spirulina supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the body weight and length, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and feed conversion efficiency. Moreover, Spirulina increased significantly (P < 0.05) the hemoglobin, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs count. Also, it increased the lymphocytes, eosinophils, IgM level, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity in the blood. Additionally, the Spirulina raised (P < 0.05) the serum albumin level but reduced (P < 0.05) the creatinine and urea levels. The addition of Spirulina increased (P < 0.05) the height and width of intestinal villi and the lymphocytes and goblet cells count in the intestine. The obtained results were increased by increasing the inclusion level of Spirulina, especially for body weight and length, weight gain, FCR, phagocytic activity, and intestinal parameters. In conclusion, supplementing S. platensis can improve the growth performance of fish. Moreover, it can stimulate the immunity of fish through increasing the level of immunological blood indicators (IgM, lysozyme, phagocytic activity, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) as well as the local intestinal immunity (lymphocytes and goblet cells). So, it can be recommended to use S. platensis in fish diets not only to improve the growth performance but also to enhance the immune status.

Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum on the growth performance, digestion, and intestinal health of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).

Clostridium butyricum (CB) is known to promote growth, enhance immunity, promote digestion, and improve intestinal health. In this study, we investigated the effects of CB in the feed on growth performance, digestion, and intestinal health of juvenile spotted sea bass. To provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of CB in the feed of spotted sea bass, a total of 450 spotted sea bass with an initial body weight of (9.58 ± 0.05) g were randomly divided into six groups. Gradient levels with 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% of CB (1×109 cfu/g) were supplemented into diets, designated as CC, CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4, and CB5, respectively. Each group was fed for 54 days. Our results suggest that dietary 0.2% and 0.3% of CB can significantly increase the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of spotted sea bass. The addition of CB significantly increased intestinal amylase activity, intestinal villus length, intestinal villus width, and intestinal muscle thickness. Similarly, CB supplementation increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Sequence analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA region showed that dietary CB altered the intestinal microbiota profile of juvenile spotted sea bass, increasing the dominant bacteria in the intestine and decreasing the harmful bacteria. Overall, dietary addition of CB can improve growth performance, enhance intestinal immunity, improve intestinal flora structure, and comprehensively improve the health of spotted sea bass.

Effects of dietary probiotic supplements on growth, digestive enzymes activity, intestinal histomorphology and innate immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): a field study

In this study, the effects of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and a commercial product containing probiotic (Synbiozyme 500®) were investigated on innate immunity, growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and intestinal histomorphology of common carp. A total of six thousand common carp (60 ± 10.44 g) were randomly allocated into five earthen ponds. The fish in each pond were fed with the following experimental diets for 6 months: basal diet containing L. plantarum (D1), L. rhamnosus (D2), commercial probiotic (Synbiozyme 500®, D3), L. plantarum + L. rhamnosus (D4) and without any probiotic (D5). Growth parameters were measured at the beginning (day 0) and the end (day 180) of study. Tissue and blood samples were taken at days 0, 90 and 180. According to the results, growth performance was not affected by the probiotic supplements (p > 0.05). The activities of intestinal lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, protease, α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in fish fed with Synbiozyme 500® and L. plantarum + L. rhamnosus for 90 days. Likewise, intestinal villi height in the D3 group, and intestinal villi width, thickness of gut epithelium and the number of intestinal goblet cells in the D3 and D4 groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative to the control group after 90 days. The levels of total immunoglobulin were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the D4 group than the other groups at day 90. Serum bactericidal and antiprotease activities were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in all probiotic groups than the control group at the end of study (day 180). The results indicated that fish-derived probiotics (L. plantarum + L. rhamnosus) and Synbiozyme 500® have high potentials for positive modulation of digestive enzymes activity, immune responses and intestinal histomorphology of common carp reared in pond.

The Balancing of Safflower Oil and Inositol to Intestinal Morphometric of Sentul Chicken

This study was aimed to evaluate the use of safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius L) and inositol on the digestive profile of male Sentul chickens. A total of 182 Sentul chickens aged 17 weeks were reared up to 23 weeks in 91 units of battery cage (6 chickens/unit). The research was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replicates (6 chickens/replicate). The research treatments were R0 = control/ basal feed + 0% Safflower and 0% Inositol; R1 = Basal feed + 0.5% Safflower oil; R2 = Basal feed + 1.0% Safflower oil; R3 = Basal feed + 0.5% Inositol; R4 = Basal feed + 1.0% Inositol; R5 = Basal feed + 0.5% Safflower oil and 0.5% Inositol; R6 = Basal feed + 0.5% Safflower oil and 1.0% Inositol; R7 = Basal feed + 1.0% Safflower oil and 0.5% Inositol; R8 = Basal feed + 1.0% Safflower oil and 1.0% Inositol. Basal feed was composed of corn, rice bran, soybean kernel, fishmeal, palm oil, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), topmix, lysine, and methionine, as well as safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius L) and inositol. The measured variable consists of digestive profile (the percentage of intestine weight, digesta, proventriculus, gizzard) and intestine length, crypt depth, the width and length of intestinal villi, Intestinal histology profile. The data were subjected to a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) continued with an Honestly Significant Difference test (HSD). The result showed that incorporating safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius L) and inositol into feed did not significantly affect (P&gt;0.05) the digestive profile of Male Sentul chickens. Conclusively, safflower oil and inositol up to 1% in the feed are safe for male Sentul chickens without interfering with the performance of digestive organs because it produces relatively similar intestinal weight and length, crypt depth, as well as the length and width of intestinal villi.

Effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, water quality, blood parameters and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using protease in diets of Nile tilapia on growth performance, water quality, blood parameters and intestinal morphology. The cost of these diets and their return on fish performance was calculated. A total of 360 fish were randomly allocated into four groups with triplicates (30fish per replicate). Four diets were formulated; two controls (without protease supplementation) and two experimental diets (supplemented with protease). The first control diet contained the normal protein requirement (30% CP; control +ve), while the second control had a low protein content (29% CP; control -ve). The third diet was supplemented with protease at a dose of 500g/ton, and its CP content was reduced to 29.0%, by reducing the fish meal content. The fourth diet contained the same CP level as the first control (30%) and supplemented with 250g protease per ton feed. The experiment lasted for 14weeks. The results showed that body weight and length, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency in the control -ve group (low CP) supplemented with protease were similar (p>0.05) to that of the control +ve with normal CP content. However, these performance parameters were lower (p<0.05) in fish fed low CP diet without protease supplementation. Providing protease to the control +ve diet improved all measured performance indices. The ammonia and nitrite concentrations of the water were reduced (p<0.05) in control -ve and protease-supplemented groups. The height and width of intestinal villi were increased (p<0.05) in fish fed diets containing protease. The inclusion of protease reduced the diet cost and also the feed cost of fish weight gain. In conclusion, supplementation of protease can improve the productive performance of fish, spare dietary protein and produce economical diets. Moreover, it can help in improving the water quality of fish via lowering the ammonia and nitrite contents, or through increasing the degradation of dietary protein.

Effects of dietary synbiotics supplementation methods on growth, intestinal health, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The present study aims to investigate the effects of dietary synbiotics supplementation methods on growth, feed utilization, hepatopancreas and intestinal histology, non-specific immunity and microbiota community of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A control diet was designed to contain 18% fish meal (CON), and then 3 g kg−1 synbiotics (Bioture, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharide, etc) was supplemented to the control diet with three methods, directly adding in diets for pelleting (DAP), spraying diets after pelleting at once (SDA), spraying diets before feeding every day (SDE). Shrimp with initial body weight of 1.5 ± 0.12 g were fed one of the four diets for 56 days. The results showed that dietary synbiotics significantly increased the weight gain (WG), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM), hepatopancreatic protease activity and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Among the three synbiotics-added diets, SDE group showed the best growth with significantly higher WG than DAP group (P < 0.05). Serum activities of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase of synbiotics-added groups were significantly higher, and serum malondialdehyde level was significantly lower than those of the control (P < 0.05). The intestinal villus width and villus number were also increased by the supplementation of synbiotics. The cumulative mortality was reduced in the three synbiotics-added groups after challenging with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (P < 0.05), and SDE group showed a significantly lower mortality than the control and DAP groups (P < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota composition, the abundance of Lactococcus tended to increase and Vibro tended to decreased in SDA and SDE groups. In conclusion, dietary synbiotics improved the growth, feed utilization, intestine health and non-specific immunity of Pacific white shrimp, and spraying synbiotics on diet presented better performance than adding synbiotics in diet for pelleting.

Supplementation of rice husk activated charcoal in feed and its effects on growth and histology of the stomach and intestines from giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis.

Background: Research on supplementing feed with rice husk activated charcoal was carried out to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of rice husk activated charcoal on the growth and histological features of the giant trevally Caranx ignobilis intestine. Methods: This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and four replications, including adding activated charcoal to feed at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% for 42 days. The measured parameters included daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), survival rate (SR), length of foveola gastrica, width of foveola gastrica, length of intestinal villi, and width of intestinal villi. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. Results: The results showed that supplementing fish feed with rice husk activated charcoal at different concentrations significantly affected the values of DGR, AGR, FCR, FE, SR, length of the foveola gastrica, length of the villous intestine, and width of the villous intestine, but did not significantly affect SGR or foveola gastrica width. Conclusion: The 2% rice husk activated charcoal treatment showed the best results for all parameters.

Supplementation of rice husk activated charcoal in feed and its effects on growth and histology of the stomach and intestines from giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis

Background: Research on supplementing feed with rice husk activated charcoal was carried out to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of rice husk activated charcoal on the growth and histological features of the giant trevally Caranx ignobilis intestine. Methods: This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and four replications, including adding activated charcoal to feed at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% for 42 days. The measured parameters included daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), survival rate (SR), length of foveola gastrica, width of foveola gastrica, length of intestinal villi, and width of intestinal villi. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test. Results: The results showed that supplementing fish feed with rice husk activated charcoal at different concentrations significantly affected the values of DGR, AGR, FCR, FE, SR, length of the foveola gastrica, length of the villous intestine, and width of the villous intestine, but did not significantly affect SGR or foveola gastrica width. Conclusion: The 2% rice husk activated charcoal treatment showed the best results for all parameters.

Influence of corn conditioning temperature and enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and intestine morphology of broilers fed mash corn-soy diets

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effects of different corn conditioning temperature and enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilisation, growth performance, and small intestine morphology in broiler chickens. In trial one, nutrient utilisation were determined in basal diets. These diets contained unconditioned or conditioned corn (temperatures 55, 70 and 85 °C) supplemented with enzyme (Rovabio®) at the levels of 0 and 0.5‌ g/kg. Total excreta collection was performed with 144 chicks in 8 treatments with 6 replicates and 3 birds each, during 7–9 d. In trial two, 576 day-old broilers were distributed in 8 treatments, 6 pens and 12 chicks each. Birds were fed with diets containing conditioned corn in aforementioned temperatures and enzyme levels. A completely randomised design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used in both trials. Conditioning of corn and enzyme supplementation had no significant effects on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of corn and apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of corn nitrogen (N). In second trial, no significant differences were observed in growth performance of broilers during 1–24 d. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in birds fed diets containing conditioned corn at 85 °C was significantly higher than that of 55 and 70 °C during 1–10 d. Corn conditioning significantly increased villus width (VW) and crypt depth (CD) but decreased VW:CD ratio. Enzyme supplementation increased jejunum villus height (VH), VW and ileal lactobacillus count and decreased pancreas weight at 24 ‌d (p‌ <‌ .05). Generally, corn conditioning and enzyme supplementation did not significantly affect growth performance and carcase traits of broilers during 1–24 d, but improved histology and microbial population of small intestine. HIGHLIGHTS Conditioning of corn used in mash diets of broiler chickens increased the population of bifidobacteria. Enzyme supplementation to the diets of broilers increased the height and width of intestinal villi. Enzyme supplementation to the diets of broilers decreased relative weight of pancreas.

Essential oil from ginger influences the growth, haematological and biochemical variables and histomorphometry of intestine and liver of Nile tilapia juveniles

Essential oils as food additives have the potential to increase the efficiency of nutrients in the diet of fish. The effect of essential oil of Zingiber officinale (EOZO) as a nutritional additive for Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated. Five diets were evaluated (in quadruplicate) with increasing levels of EOZO (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mL kg diet−1) over 60 days. Zingiberene was the main constituent of EOZO (33.20%). Supplementation with 0.5 mL EOZO kg diet−1 improved growth performance and feed conversion rate. Fish fed EOZO diets improved leukocytes and haematological values and plasma cholesterol levels. In general, the increase of EOZO added in the diets increased hepatocyte number and reduced intestinal villus width and height and hepatocyte area and perimeter. Liver dysfunction was found in fish fed EOZO concentrations above 1.0 mL kg diet−1. In conclusion, the supplementation with 0.5 mL EOZO kg diet−1 could be indicated for Nile tilapia, as it improved growth performance, intestinal villi size and haematological variables, without compromising metabolism and hepatic histomorphometry.