Berry Width Research Articles

COMPARISON AMONG FIVE CLONES OF "PRIMITIVO" VINE IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Primitivo is one of the most important and ancient vines of southern Italy with black berry. In this study five clones (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of the same Primitivo vine on two rootstocks (140 R and 157/11), in two experimental fields [Valenzano (BA) and Otranto (BR)], in Southern Italy, were compared. Ampelographic characteristics of cluster (weight, length, width and number of berries per cluster) and of berry (weight, length, width and seeds number per berry) were observed at harvest time. Must composition (pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, soluble total solids and malic acid) and wine composition (alcohol, total acidity, pH, extracts, ashes, total phenolics and malic acid), were measured. Statistical differences were observed among clones, between experimental fields and between roostocks. The weight of cluster ranged from 375.57 g in clone 3 to 274.97 g in clone 5. The number of berries per cluster was 207.04 in mean and ranged from 229.09 in clone 3 to 162.81 in clone 5. Sugars in the must ranged from 19.55 % in clone 5 and 19.35 % in clone 4 to 18.25 in clone 2. In wine alcohol was in mean 11.33 Vol. % because the harvest was anticipated, to have whole clusters and berries and to notice differences among vines, it ranged from 11.56 Vol. % in clone 5 to 11.03 Vol. % in clone 3. In conclusion, each clone showed good ampelographic and enological characteristics, that were influenced by agronomical factors.

NARROW-SENSE HERITABILITY ESTIMATES FOR YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN CSIRO'S TABLE GRAPE BREEDING PROGRAM

A diverse range of bi-parental progenies involving different combinations of 40 female and 60 male parents such that many complex pedigree relationships occurred has been produced in CSIRO's breeding program over the last two decades. Yield and quality characteristics were measured for all (5,039) and a sub-sample (1,848) of grape-bearing hybrids in 1999 and 2000 respectively. Genetic parameters were estimated from data for each season separately and from data pooled over both years using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) statistical methods, which were used to account for pedigree information and unbalanced data sets. For yield characteristics, narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates were similar between seasons for most characteristics except bunch number, which were 0.24 ± 0.06 and 0.51 ± 0.10 in 1999 and 2000 respectively. The values of h2 from pooled data analyses were 0.22 ± 0.05 for vine vigour, 0.18 ± 0.04 for fresh yield, 0.41 ± 0.08 for bunch number per vine, 0.23 ± 0.05 for bunch weight, 0.28 for bunch length and 0.14 ± 0.05for bunch compactness. Bunch size uniformity was only measured for the sub-sample of hybrids in 2000 and h2 was 0.14 ± 0.05. Quality characteristics were generally under strong additive genetic control and h2 estimates were higher than for yield characteristics. The values for h2 from pooled data were 0.63 ± 0.04 for berry weight, 0.69 ± 0.04 for berry width, 0.68 ± 0.04 for berry length, 0.58 ± 0.07 for seediness, 0.35 ± 0.03 for ripening date, 0.48 ± 0.06 for °Brix, 0.36 ± 0.08 for acidity and 0.10 ± 0.09 for the ratio of °Brix and acidity. Strong genetic correlations were shown for the different characteristics between harvests and indicated that genotype x season interactions were not an issue. Estimates of genetic parameters were similar for seedless and seeded sub-groupings and mirrored the estimates for the combined population.

An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO's table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics

Genetic parameters for table grape quality characteristics, including ripening date, berry size (weight, width and length) and uniformity, seediness, °Brix, acidity and the ratio of °Brix and acidity, were estimated based on two seasons' evaluations. Data were collected from a total of 5039 vines in 1999 and 1848 vines in 2000 and individual vine mixed models using the restricted maximum likelihood approach were used to account for all pedigree information. The results showed that quality characteristics were generally under strong additive genetic control; narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.35 for ripening date, 0.63 for berry weight, 0.69 for berry width, 0.68 for berry length, 0.58 for seediness, 0.48 for °Brix, 0.36 for acidity and 0.10 for the ratio of °Brix and acidity. Berry size components (berry weight, width and length) were correlated strongly and positively with each other (rg = 0.88 ∼ 0.96), and correlated negatively with °Brix and acidity (–0.19 ∼ –0.62), but positively with the ratio of °Brix: acidity (0.05 ∼ 0.33). °Brix was also favourably associated with acidity (0.41). Vine vigour was associated with °Brix (–0.05) and acidity (0.30) without an unfavourable impact on berry size. Thus, low vigour vines may potentially produce high quality table grapes. Ripening date was generally independent of most quality characteristics. Heritability estimates derived from seedless and seeded populations were similar to each other and mirrored the estimates for the combined population. The implications of these estimates for table grape breeding are discussed.

AVALIAÇÃO DO CLONE HÍBRIDO A1105 DE UVAS BRANCAS SEM SEMENTES SOBRE DOIS PORTA-ENXERTOS

O clone híbrido A1105 de uvas brancas sem sementes, obtido no Arkansas (EUA), foi avaliado sobre os porta-enxertos IAC 766 e Kober 5BB, em Campinas (SP). As obser-vações foram efetuadas em 1994 quando, após a segunda poda de produção, acompanhou-se o desenvolvimento de seu ciclo vegetativo. Na colheita, avaliaram-se: produção de uvas por planta, número, massa, comprimento e largura dos cachos, massa, comprimento e largura das bagas, teor de sólidos solúveis totais e o diâmetro do caule a 60 cm do solo. O comportamento do A1105 foi semelhante sobre os dois porta-enxertos, sendo a largura das bagas a única característica influenciada diferencialmente por eles. As bagas mostraram variação da massa entre 3 e 6 g, mesmo sem aplicação de ácido giberélico; sabor neutro agradável e textura crocante. As plantas, vigorosas, de boa fertilidade de gemas, podem produzir até 26 cachos em um metro de cordão esporonado, o que representaria produção de mais de 20 t/ha. Os cachos são bem formados, de compacidade média, cônicos, com massa média de mais de 225 g. O ciclo vegetativo foi curto, de 113 dias, mostrando ser material genético bem precoce.

Effect of Applications of Gibberellic Acid on Berry Size, Shatter, and Texture of Thompson Seedless Grapes

GA₃ was sprayed on Thompson Seedless vines at five different stages of berry growth and development from bloom to véraison. All vines were girdled at fruit-set (FS). The application of GA₃ [Bloom (B1) 15 ppm, FS 40 ppm] produced the smallest berries, and four sprays (B1 15 ppm, FS 40 ppm, two and four weeks after FS 40 ppm) resulted in the heaviest berries. GA₃ at véraison had little or no effect on berry size. The ratio of length to width of berries was also increased by three and four sprays of GA₃ with the ratio highest when four GA₃ were used. The GA₃ sprays after FS stage had no effect on the percentage shatter of berries, compared to controls. The °Brix was slightly less in the grapes which had received three or four repeat sprays of GA₃. GA₃ at véraison produced the hardest berries, as indicated by the force required for a probe to penetrate the flesh of these berries.

Effect of Applications of Gibberellic Acid on Berry Size, Shatter, and Texture of Thompson Seedless Grapes

GA₃ was sprayed on Thompson Seedless vines at five different stages of berry growth and development from bloom to véraison. All vines were girdled at fruit-set (FS). The application of GA₃ [Bloom (B1) 15 ppm, FS 40 ppm] produced the smallest berries, and four sprays (B1 15 ppm, FS 40 ppm, two and four weeks after FS 40 ppm) resulted in the heaviest berries. GA₃ at véraison had little or no effect on berry size. The ratio of length to width of berries was also increased by three and four sprays of GA₃ with the ratio highest when four GA₃ were used. The GA₃ sprays after FS stage had no effect on the percentage shatter of berries, compared to controls. The °Brix was slightly less in the grapes which had received three or four repeat sprays of GA₃. GA₃ at véraison produced the hardest berries, as indicated by the force required for a probe to penetrate the flesh of these berries.

Auger spectroscopy on heavy-ion-atom collisions. I. Kinematic effects and apparatus

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with the spectroscopy of electrons from heavy-ion-atom collisions. The paper presents a simple treatment of the Doppler effect comprising of not only line shift and broadening, but also of the effect on the angular distribution. For line broadening, previous approximations are replaced by a more accurate, but still simple, expression. The potential or Berry effect for fast autionization processes is discussed. Owing to interaction with the Doppler effect, the Berry width vanishes under certain conditions. The experimental conditions are outlined and illustrated by sample calculations.

Efeitos de giberelinas e auxina na frutificação da videira 'Niagara Rosada'

Estudou-se a influência da aplicação, por imersão, de giberelinas e auxina (ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético), 11 dias após o florescimento, nas características morfológicas da panícula da videira Vitis (labrusca x vinifera) 'Niagara Rosada'. Neste experimento verificou-se que, aplicação de giberelinas na concentração de 100 ppm em pós-florescimento, promoveu aumento no peso da panícula, número e peso das bagas, além de alongamento da ráquila, o que contribue para a formação de panículas com distribuição das bagas mais adequada. Tratamento com giberelinas 60 ppm + ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético 50 ppm provocou aumento no peso da panícula, número e peso das bagas, sem contudo promover uma melhor distribuição das mesmas. Giberelinas na concentração de 500 ppm causou aumento na elongação das bagas com relação ao diâmetro, porém não apresentou nenhuma outra característica superior ao controle. Aplicação do ácido 2-hidroximetil 4-clorofenoxiacético em pós-fiorescimento, nas concentrações utilizadas, não apresentou resultados favoráveis na frutificação da 'Niagara Rosada', nas condições de estudo.