Widowed Mothers Research Articles

社会工作介入丧偶单亲母亲情绪问题的个案研究

社会工作介入丧偶单亲母亲情绪问题的个案研究

HOW WIDOWHOOD SHAPES THE EFFECT OF ADULT CHILDREN’S EDUCATION ON MOTHERS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING

Abstract Despite a growing interest in the effects of adult children’s education on older parents’ health and well-being, few studies have focused on how family structure may shape these processes. Drawing on data collected from 160 married and 180 widowed mothers ages 73-85 as part of the Within-Family Differences Study, we explore how mothers’ widowhood status moderates the association between their adult children’s education and mothers’ depressive symptoms. Drawing on past empirical work and Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, we develop and test two competing hypotheses. First, empirical research on depression and financial strain suggests that widowed mothers may be especially reliant on their adult children’s resources and, therefore, that adult children’s education would have a larger impact on widowed than married mothers’ mental health. Alternatively, principles of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory suggest that widows may place less value on their children’s material accomplishments, like educational attainment, and instead emphasize the socioemotional aspects of their relationships with their children. Therefore, children’s education may exert a smaller influence on the psychological well-being of widowed than married mothers. Results of linear regression models stratified by widowhood status supported our second hypothesis. Specifically, the association between adult children’s education and mothers’ psychological well-being was significantly larger among married mothers relative to widowed mothers. Our findings highlight the importance of considering family processes and family structure when studying educational attainment and health across generations.

Do Living Conditions Differ Among Different Types of Single Mothers?: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

While the prevalence of single mothers is increasing around the world, research on single-mother families has been based largely on evidence from developed countries. Comparable research based on developing countries is rare. We utilize the 1999 (n = 16,928) and 2009 (n = 140,753) Vietnam Population and Housing Censuses to perform multivariate analyses that examine living conditions among single mothers with different living arrangements, household headship, and marital status. Single mothers who were household heads or lived with their children only were less likely to have standard basic amenities, durable goods, and live in an owned residence. Separated, divorced, and widowed single mothers were more likely than the never-married to have standard basic amenities and durable goods. However, never-married single mothers were more likely to live at owned residences than were other single mothers. Findings suggest that such diversity among single mothers should be acknowledged and taken into account when designing social policies and programs to support single mothers.

IMPLEMENTASI ZAKAT FITRAH TANPA MELIBATKAN AMIL ZAKAT

Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam. The formulation of the problem in this study is: 1. How is the implementation of zakat fitrah without involving amil zakat? 2. How is the law of zakat fitrah without involving amil zakat?
 Research Method: Qualitative approach, comparative type. The presence of researchers as pure observers and participant observers. Data collection techniques: in-depth interviews, in-depth observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques: reduction, display and conclusion. Checking data validity: Credibility, dependability and confirmability.
 The conclusions are as follows: 1). Implementation of zakat fitrah without involving amil zakat as follows, a. The community distributes their zakat directly to orphans and orphanages. b. The community distributes its zakat to widowed mothers. c. The community distributes its zakat to elderly parents who have no relatives. 2) The law of zakat fitrah without involving amil zakat is as follows: Permissible or SAH. Zakat is paid directly and without going through the Amil Zakat Committee, if the recipient of the zakat is included in the category 8 of the Mustahiq zakat group. However, it is more Afdhol if zakat is channeled through a legitimate zakat committee. B. Not Allowed or NOT LEGAL. Zakat is paid directly and without going through the Amil Zakat Committee, if the recipient of the zakat is not included in the category 8 of the Mustahiq zakat group and is just random.

From forced to coerced labour: displaced mothers and teen girls in post-World War II Australia

ABSTRACT At the end of World War Two 1.2 million people were officially labelled Displaced Persons (DPs). Stateless, or refusing to return home, the majority were resettled in other countries including Australia which, like most receiving nations, saw these refugees primarily as a labour force for post-war economic recovery and expansion. However, unlike other nations, DPs destined for Australia signed a work contract which committed them to two years of assigned labour after arrival. This paper considers two specific subsets of these DPs, the ‘unsupported mothers’ (single, widowed, and divorced mothers with young children) and female unaccompanied teenagers. It illuminates the intersections of gender and displacement on the labour status of female DPs in post-war Australia and traces the continuities of coerced labour in their experiences of war and migration. We argue that the early life of female DPs in Australia provides an example of a continuum of forced and coerced labour which had begun under the shadow of war in Nazi Germany and continued after migration.

Surviving Racism and Sexism in Academia: Sharing Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives

Surviving Racism and Sexism in Academia: Sharing Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives

Precarious Employment amongst Low Income Single Mothers in Malaysia: The Implications on Family Wellbeing

Single motherhood has been well documented to have adverse impacts on financial wellbeing and they are prone to fall into poverty trap. In Malaysia, the term single mother generally refers to widowed and divorced mothers. Income earned from employment is one of the main sources of livelihood for single mothers, which is sometimes supplemented by child support and other transfers such as pension, welfare assistance, tithe (zakat) and hands out. The types of employment held by low income single mothers are rather limited due to their level of educational attainment, locality, mobility and childcare responsibility. These barriers seem to restrict their work choices and they have to find ways around it, usually by entering informal employment or self-employment sectors. This study discusses employment characteristics of single mothers from the lowest quantile of the society. It is important to explore this issue as these mothers are likely raising their children in constant hardship. This study employs a qualitative quest to gain a deeper understanding of this issue. The respondents of this study come from different states in Peninsular Malaysia. Upon completion of this study, we could suggest that precarious employment of single mothers posed a real threat for the wellbeing of their family. Those involved in informal sectors are the most vulnerable. Without a proper employment contract as in formal sectors, they have no work benefits or protection against unforeseen circumstances. Insufficient and irregular income worry them endlessly as the survival of their family is at stake. Moreover, worries about financial situations could also lead to other health concerns. The findings of this study emphasize the urgency of government intervention that is well planned and targeted. The society at large should also be more sensitive and empathetic towards single mothers and their children. Indeed, children living in poverty should not be tolerated at all.

Opinions of Kurdish People in Iran about Remarriage of their Old Widowed Mothers

Opinions of Kurdish People in Iran about Remarriage of their Old Widowed Mothers

فعالیة برنامج التدخل المهنی فی الممارسة العامة باستخدام المدخل الانتقائی للتخفیف من الضغوط الاجتماعیة للأمهات الأرامل

المستخلص تهدف الدراسة الى اختبار فعالية برنامج التدخل المهنى فى الممارسة العامه باستخدام المدخل الانتقائي للتخفيف من الضغوط الاجتماعية للامهات الارامل و المساهمة فى مساعدة الامهات الارامل للتعرف على طرق مواجهة تلک الضغوط وماهية الخدمات التى يمکن من خلالها مواجهة تلک الضغوط الاجتماعية و تحديد أهم الأساليب الانتقائية لمساعدة الارامل لمواجهة الضغوط التى تواجهها، وتنتمی هذه الدراسة وفقا لأهدافها إلى نمط الدراسات التجريبية ، فقد استخدم الباحث منهج التجريبي لمجموعتين احداهما ضابطة والاخرى تجريبية للامهات الارامل المترددات على الوحدات الاجتماعية باطفيح ، وتمثل المجال البشری فی (30) مفردة من الامهات الارامل التى تتردد للاستفادة من خدمات الوحدات الاجتماعية بإدارة اطفيح الاجتماعية ، وتوصلت الدراسة الى صدق الفروض الدراسة وهى عدم وجود فروق دالة احصائية بين متوسطى درجات القياس القبلى للمجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية على مقياس الضغوط الاجتماعية للامهات الارامل، ووجود فروق ذات دالة احصائية بين متوسطى درجات القياسين القبلى والبعدى للمجموعه التجريبية على مقياس الضغوط الاجتماعية للامهات الارامل لصالح القياس البعدى ، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دالة احصائية بين متوسطى درجات القياسين القبلى والبعدى للمجموعه الضابطة على مقياس الضغوط الاجتماعية للامهات الارامل ، ووجود فروق ذات دالة احصائية بين متوسطى درجات القياس البعدى للمجموعه الضابطة والمجموعة التجريبية على مقياس الضغوط الاجتماعية للارامل لصالح المجموعة التجريبية، ووجود فروق ايجابية ذات دالة احصائية بين متوسطات درجات معدلات (التغاير) الاختلاف فى القياسات القبلية البعدية للمجموعة التجريبية والضابطة على مقياس الضغوط الاجتماعية للامهات الارامل لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. الکلمات المفتاحیة: الممارسة العامة والمدخل الانتقائي والمراة الارمله Extracted The study aims to test the effectiveness of the professional intervention program in general practice by using the selective approach to alleviate the social pressures of widowed mothers and to contribute to helping widowed mothers to identify ways to confront these pressures and what services can be used to confront these social pressures and to identify the most important selective methods to help widows to cope The pressures they face, and according to its objectives, this study belongs to the type of empirical studies. The study concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the tribal measurements for the two experimental and control groups on the social stress scale for widowed mothers, and there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the pre and post measurements of the experimental group on the social stress scale for widowed mothers. in favor of the measurement After, and there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the pre and post measurements of the control group on the social stress scale for widowed mothers, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the post measurement for the control group and the experimental group on the social stress scale for widows in favor of the experimental group, and the presence of positive related differences Statistical function between the mean scores of the differences in the pre- and post-measurements of the experimental and control group on the social stress scale of widowed mothers in favor of the experimental group. Key words: general practice, selective approach, widowed women

How Widowhood and Gender Shape the Impact of Maternal Favoritism on Adult Children's Psychological Well-Being.

Our goal was to extend research on within-family differences in mother-child relations in later life by focusing on 2 social structural characteristics of mothers and offspring that may play important roles in shaping the impact of maternal favoritism on adult children's depressive symptoms-mother's marital status and child's gender. Mixed-methods data were collected as part of the Within-Family Differences Study from 641 adult children nested within 273 families in which: (a) there were at least 2 living adult siblings, and (b) mothers were married or widowed. Multilevel analyses indicated that perceiving oneself as the child to whom one's mother was most emotionally close was a strong predictor of higher depressive symptoms among daughters of widowed mothers; in contrast, perceptions of favoritism did not predict depressive symptoms among sons of either widowed or married mothers, or daughters of married mothers. Qualitative analyses revealed that daughters, but not sons, of widowed mothers tended to attribute their greater closeness with their mothers to their roles as their mothers' "emotional caregivers," particularly solo caregivers, during times when mothers faced negative life events that neither they nor their children could control or ameliorate. The quantitative and qualitative findings we present underscore how social structural positions-in this case, mother's marital status and child's gender-combine with social psychological processes to shape how parent-child relations affect children's well-being in adulthood.

Association between Stress Urinary Incontinence and Depressive Symptoms after Birth: the Czech ELSPAC Study

The study objectives were to (1) identify risk factors related to stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and postnatal depression (PD) after birth, and (2) investigate both possible directions of association between SUI and PD in population-based sample of Czech mothers. 3,701 nulliparous and multiparous women completed the self-reported questionnaires at 6 weeks and 6 months after birth and were included into the analyses of this prospective cohort study. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions examined relationship between SUI a PD accounting for range of other risk factors. During the first 6 months after birth, 650 mothers (17.6%) developed SUI and 641 (17.3%) displayed signs of PD. The mode of delivery, parity and higher BMI were associated with SUI. The rate of PD symptoms was higher in mothers with positive history of prenatal depression, and in divorced or widowed mothers. Both conditions were associated with worse self-reported health, back pain and stop-smoker status. Initially, SUI at 6 weeks was slightly, but significantly associated with onset of PD at 6 months (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02–2.23) while PD at 6 weeks was not significantly related to new cases of SUI at 6 months (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.91–2.39). After full adjustment these OR reduced to 1.41 and 1.38 (both non-significant), respectively. SUI and PD are common conditions in women postpartum that share some risk factors. Our study suggests that both directions of their relationship are possible although a larger study is needed to confirm our findings.

From Living Apart to Living Together: Do Children Born before the Current Partnership Matter?

This study examines the association between having children born before the current partnership and women’s and men’s likelihood of transitioning from living apart together (LAT) to co-residing. LAT partnerships are common among individuals with pre-partnership children, but have so far been under-researched. Our study not only focuses on those in LAT relations, but also takes the different pathways to becoming a single parent into account. Event-history analysis was performed using waves 1-4 from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study.
 The results indicate that separated and widowed mothers were less likely to transition to co-residence with their LAT partner than childless women who had previously been in a co-residential union. Mothers who had previous out-of-union children were found to be even less likely to enter co-residence. Results were mostly similar for men and women. The only exception was the effect of being widowed with children; for men this resulted in higher chances of transitioning to co-residence with a new partner whereas for women the chances were lower.
 The findings suggest that individuals’ parenthood and union histories are associated with the development of their later partnerships, and that these patterns vary by gender. Given contemporary and future patterns of partnership separation, our study provides insights for better understanding how LAT relations develop for different sub-populations.

Maternal HIV status disclosure to young uninfected children: psychological variables of the mother

Mothers living with HIV are faced with the dilemma of when and how to disclose their HIV-positive status to their young uninfected children. In this study, a South African sample of mothers living with HIV, with young uninfected children (6–10 years) in the city of Tshwane was studied. In the sample of 406 mothers, 11.6% reported that they disclosed their HIV status to their young uninfected children. The research compared 47 mothers who disclosed (29 full disclosure and 18 partial disclosure) and a random sample of 50 mothers who did not disclose to their children, in terms of depression symptoms, parenting stress and coping strategies. The results showed that single and widowed mothers disclosed significantly more to their uninfected young children than mothers who had partners or were married. Mothers in the three disclosure groups did not differ in their experience of depression symptoms, parental distress and coping styles. Mothers who disclosed partially reported less parent–child dysfunctional interaction. Time since disclosure did not influence level of disclosure and was not significantly related to psychological outcome of mothers. Mothers who disclosed reported significantly more emotional and instrumental support as coping strategies than mothers who did not disclose. Mothers thus mostly disclose their status to their children to gain support and family closeness. Mothers who disclosed and had not disclosed did not differ in terms of psychological variables. Some mothers perceived partial disclosure as age-appropriate for young children. It is recommended that HIV-positive mothers receive psychosocial support services to equip them to disclose their health status in an age-appropriate way to their children, as it is documented that maternal disclosure benefits both mother and child.

Intergenerational Religious Participation in Adolescence and Provision of Assistance to Older Mothers.

This investigation examined the association between intergenerational religious activities in adolescence and provision of assistance to older mothers up to 45 years later. Guided by perspectives of the life course and intergenerational solidarity, this research tested whether children's early religious participation with mothers predicted the amount of assistance children later provided, whether mothers' disability and widowhood served as moderators of this relationship, and whether any such moderation was mediated by emotional closeness, geographic proximity, and eldercare norms. Data derived from 220 adolescents who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Generations in 1971, and up to four follow-up surveys between 1997 and 2016, yielding 608 person-year observations. Multilevel regression predicted the amount of assistance provided to older mothers as a function of early religious participation with mothers, physical and social vulnerability of mothers, and dimensions of intergenerational solidarity with mothers in later life. Results revealed elevated levels of assistance provided by children who earlier engaged in intermittent and regular religious activities with mothers. The relationship between regular religious activities and assistance was stronger for assistance to widowed mothers than to married mothers, and this moderation was partially mediated by emotional closeness and geographic proximity. This research confirmed that early family conditions structure informal resources available to older parents. Religious socialization during an impressionable period of life produced emergent benefits at a point in the family life-cycle when intergenerational solidarity becomes important for well-being in later life.

Combining career and care‐giving: The impact of family‐friendly policies on the well‐being of working mothers in the United Kingdom

Taking into account variations in family structure among working mothers, this study examines the effect of family‐support policies on the well‐being of 4,247 female employees in Britain who have never married, are married, or are divorced, separated, or widowed. Based on data from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey of 2011, the study found that not all family‐friendly policies were equally effective in alleviating anxiety and depression or in fostering job satisfaction among working mothers. Although having the option to work the same number of hours across fewer days per week was shown to be beneficial to the well‐being of never‐married mothers, flextime was beneficial to divorced, separated, or widowed mothers. Having the chance to reduce work hours, work from home, or work only during the school term was most beneficial to the well‐being of married mothers. These findings bolster arguments that the availability of family‐support policies in the workplace enhances the effectiveness of working mothers in both their work and family roles, thereby positively affecting their overall well‐being. They also highlight the role that individuals' family structures may play in the use of those initiatives.

The living arrangements of elderly widows, their children, and their children's spouses

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the role that the marital status of children has in shaping the living arrangements of their widowed mothers and themselves and to explain the increase in the proportion of elderly widows living alone, which grew by 23.2% in the USA between 1970 and 1990. We propose a model where living arrangements are determined as the outcome of a game between the mother and her child, and where the fundamentals of the model depend on children's marital status. We estimate the model using 1970 data. We calculate the accuracy of the estimation and we obtain an excellent fit. Using the same measure of accuracy, the estimated model predicts that changes in the incomes of both the widow and her offspring and changes in the children's marital status generate more than the 83% of the increase in the number of widows living alone.

Do Endowments Matter? Exploring The Gender Dimensions Of Poverty In Egypt

This paper investigates the gender dimensions of poverty in Egypt and examines the factors that contribute to poverty for different household types. Furthermore, it decomposes the poverty differential between household types into a component due to endowments and another due to the return to these endowments. I use data from five Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys, that span a period of far reaching economic, social and political changes, from 1999 to 2013. Results suggest that female‐headed households were poorer than male‐headed households for all years under study in urban areas; and slightly less poor over part of the period in rural areas. This difference is greater for widowed mothers. Most of the poverty differentials between female‐headed and male‐headed households cannot be explained by differences in endowments in all years. In fact, if female‐headed households had the same endowments as male‐headed households in urban areas they would have been poorer than they already were.

Imprisoned mothers in Victorian England, 1853–1900: Motherhood, identity and the convict prison

This article explores the experiences of imprisoned mothers in the Victorian convict prison system. It argues that motherhood, of central importance to the ideals of Victorian femininity, was disrupted and fractured by women’s long-term imprisonment. Using ‘whole life’ history methodology, the article draws on research into 288 women imprisoned and then released from the prison system, of whom half were mothers. It illuminates how the long-term prison system dealt with pregnancy, childbirth and family contact for female prisoners. It argues that while institutional or state care was often an inevitable consequence for children of single or widowed mothers, women used their limited resources and agency to assert their identity as mothers and direct outcomes for their children. But for others, prolific offending and multiple long sentences would render any chance of motherhood impossible.

The Causal Effects of Survivors’ Benefits on Health Status and Poverty of Widows in Turkey: Evidence from Bayesian Networks

This study examines the effects of survivor benefits on health status and wealth in households of widowed mothers. The analysis relies on the cross-sectional Income and Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) in Turkey over the period 2006–2012. We apply Ordered Logit and Probit models, and we propose the Bayesian Network (BN) framework to explore the causal effects of survivor benefits using observational data. The results show that the widowed mothers who receive the benefits are more likely to report higher levels of health status by 0.11 units on a scale between 1–5. In addition, their wealth is improved. For the sample of the survivor benefit claimants, the effects of the benefits are positive, and they improve health status by about 6 per cent.

The causal effects of survivors’ benefits on health status and poverty of widows in Turkey: Evidence from Bayesian Networks

This study examines the effects of survivor benefits on health status and wealth in households of widowed mothers. The analysis relies on the cross-sectional Income and Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) in Turkey over the period 2006–2012. We apply Ordered Logit and Probit models, and we propose the Bayesian Network (BN) framework to explore the causal effects of survivor benefits using observational data. The results show that the widowed mothers who receive the benefits are more likely to report higher levels of health status by 0.11 units on a scale between 1–5. In addition, their wealth is improved. For the sample of the survivor benefit claimants, the effects of the benefits are positive, and they improve health status by about 6 per cent.