Widest Part Research Articles

The Submarine Topography of Bogoslof

B ) OGOSLOF Island, when viewed from a passing ship, is a small, barren, storm-beaten island in Bering Sea, with precipitous, blue-black cliffs and dark beaches. It is quite otherwise when viewed as a submarine feature, for then the insignificant rocks are seen to be the mere tip of a great submerged volcano. The base of this impressive mountain is some eight miles in diameter; its truncated top is more than a mile in diameter and is covered by a few fathoms of water. The small island-it is about a mile long and less than half a mile wide at the widest part lies in its center. The true conformation of the volcano and its surroundings was revealed for the first time by the survey made in I935 by a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey party on the Discoverer, under command of Lieutenant Commander H. B. Campbell. The results are presented in Plate IV. The beautifully symmetrical cone is seen towering more than 5000 feet above the northern submerged slope of the Aleutian Archipelago, which is here traversed by a remarkable system of submarine valleys.

Alluvial Meadows: A Comparative Study of Grazed and Mown Meadows

HISTORICAL Port Meadow is the largest of these meadows and borders the left bank of the River Thames for a distance of 12 miles (about 2-7 km.). It is 2 mile (just over 1 km.) across in its widest part and contains a total area of 400 acres. It is common land to the freemen of Oxford and as such is mentioned in Domesday Book, A.D. 1085: All the Burgesses of Oxford have in common without the wall a pasture, and again at an inquisition in the fourteenth century it is stated that the city had possessed the meadow from time whereof the memory of man is not to the contrary. The purpose of these quotations is to establish the fact that the meadow is very ancient, and also that it has been treated solely as a pasture for centuries. This important fact is further confirmed by an entry for the years 1643-5, during the Civil War, when it was specially ordered to be mown for use of the king's cavalry who then occupied Oxford. There is no other record

Presence of Roes in New Zealand Marlin Swordfishes

In view of the scarcity of data on the breeding of marlin swordfishes, the following note may, perhaps, be of interest. Swordfishing has been a popular sport in this locality, the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, since 1911. Yet in spite of the fact that many fishermen and scientific workers have examined the fish caught, primarily to distinguish the sexes and, if possible, discover secondary sexual characters, no swordfish with ovaries containing roe had been discovered. With the view of increasing our knowledge of the breeding habits of these fish, I examined systematically a number of them, and on February 28 of this year dissected a Striped marlin, Makaira (Tetrapturus) mitsukurii, Jordan and Snyder, weighing 238 lb., which contained well-filled, firm ovaries measuring approximately 37 cm. in length and 5.5 cm. in diameter in the widest part. The ova were separate and measured 0.004 inches. On April 3, I examined the roes of another Striped marlin of similar proportions. These fish seemed to exhibit no outstanding sexual characteristics.

The Upper Devonian Rocks of The Chudleigh Area, South Devon

I. Introduction The Upper Devonian rocks under consideration occupy a small portion of the area of the 1-inch geological map (Sheet 339). They occur as small faulted inliers on the north-eastern side of the Bovey basin in a region otherwise occupied by Culm overlain by Permian and Cretaceous strata. The main (Chudleigh) outcrop, which is a mile across at its widest part, extends from the neighbourhood of Harcombe to Chudleigh Rocks—a distance of about 3½ miles. East of this outcrop, and on the same latitude as Chudleigh, is the small triangular patch of Lower Dunscombe, and farther south lies the much larger but partially concealed Ugbrooke-Well inlier, which appears on the map as three detached outcrops. The nearest edge of the Dartmoor granite lies about 2½ miles to the west. The Devonian inliers include the upper part of the Massive Limestone of South Devon thrust over thinly bedded limestones and shales. The Massive Limestone is here shown to be Lower Frasnian and the thinly bedded limestones and shales Upper Frasnian and Famennian respectively. The Kate Brook, the main stream in the area, has cut its valley along the main outcrop of the Famennian shales. The lowest part of the valley lies below the 100-foot contour. The Massive Limestone flanks the depression on the east, rising to 300 or 400 feet; the surrounding Culm forms undulating ground 400 to 500 feet high. The Permian with its Cretaceous capping rises to 700 feet in the north-east. My thanks are due to Lord

Exploring New Guinea

THIS book is the simple record of a very remarkable achievement—the first crossing of New Guinea from south to north in its widest part. From the latest maps it was evident that the sources of the greatest rivers in that island, the Fly and the Sěpik, were not far apart, but that particular area was unexplored, as are many parts of the interior. A certain amount of information about the upper waters of the Fly was available, thanks to the work of Leo Austen and other officers of the Papuan Government, but there was a blank space on the map, and as Sir Hubert Murray, the Lieutenant-Governor of Papua, says in his introduction to Mr. Champion's work, “The crossing must be done some day, and it was unthinkable that it should be done by any but officers of the Papuan service.” The ordinary routine work of that service often necessitates difficult and risky journeys into the interior, so that many of the officers have performed notable explorations which have greatly added to geographical and ethnographical knowledge, but whose exploits are for the most part unknown except to those who delve into the annual reports. Thus it is not surprising that, given the opportunity, two thoroughly efficient officers should be found to attempt the adventure here narrated with slender means and without preliminary publicity. Across New Guinea from the Fly to the S&ebreve;pik. By Ivan F. Champion. Pp. xix + 267 + 24 plates. (London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1932.) 15s. net.

The Early Bronze Age Flint Dagger in England and Wales

The chronology of the flint dagger which is the subject of the present paper has been discussed by R. A. Smith, who established the date of the type in the first phase of the Bronze Age, the period to which it had already been assigned by Montelius. A summary ot the list made by Mr. Smith is given in Appendix II below (p. 354-5); the few examples recorded with datable associations since 1919 bring the total up to 26.Sir John Evans's description, adopted by Mr. Smith, gives the length and breadth of the type as varying generally between 5 and 7 ins. and 1½ to 2½ ins. respectively, although both larger and smaller examples occur. The blades are thin in proportion to their length, and lanceolate in outline, although in this respect there is a certain amount of variation. Both faces are flaked, and the working is generally of a very high character. In some cases major excrescences have been reduced by grinding.Some typological development may be observed in the forms, although this cannot be compared with the elaborate evolution of the well-known Scandinavian series (below, p. 350). The changes take place in the butt. The earliest form typoiogically speaking, would seem to be a simple leaf-shaped blade, the widest part of which is approximately at the middle. There is no distinction between blade and tang or handle, and the latter is generally rounded off. Such daggers as the Green Low, Alsop Moor (Appendix I, no. 27, and fig. 1), and Acklam Wold (126) examples represent this form. It is not always easy to decide, however, whether other blades approximating to this shape represent a so-called prototype, and care has also to be taken to differentiate surface-found laurel-leaf blades of Solutrean age, although these are more usually pointed at both ends.

The Silurian Inlier of Woolhope, Herefordshire

The Silurian inlier of Woolhope is taken in this paper to include the tract of country, almost elliptical in outline, from Mordiford on the west to Putley Court on the east and from Stoke Edith on the north to Sollers Hope on the south. From this area a narrow belt of Silurian rocks extends some 6 miles in a south-south-easterly direction to Aston Ingham, where it meets the May Hill Silurian inlier. The Woolhope area lies about 5 miles to the west of the Malvern Silurian rocks, and is 22 miles south-south-east of the town of Ludlow, while Aymestry lies some 20 miles away to the north-west. The higher Silurian deposits in the Ludlow neighbourhood, from the Aymestry Limestone to their summit, were described by Miss Elles & Miss Slater in 1905, while an account of the Lower Ludlow Beds was given by Dame E. M. R. Shakespear (Miss. Wood) in 1900, and in her paper the beds of that age extending from near Ludlow to Aymestry are described. The May Hill area was described by me in 1920. Since the Geological Survey Memoir of 1848 no revision of the Woolhope district has been carried out, although there are references to visits paid to it in the Proceedings of the Woolhope Club. The area described in this paper measures about 6 miles from north-north-west to south-south-east, and about 4 miles at right angles to that direction in its widest part. Speaking generally, the area may be considered as made up

An Implement from Higham, Suffolk

In 1900 an implement was found on the surface at Broom Covert, Higham, Suffolk, which has generously been presented to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, by F. H. Barclay, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., the Warren, Cromer.It is of considerable interest, and I propose briefly to describe it. It is slightly lustrous, milk-white with some light indigo-coloured mottlings, quite unworn, and presumably a true surface-find not derived from a deposit.The specimen, which is 4½-in. long and 1½-in. across at the widest part is a well-formed lateral burin (Fig. 1). The working edge has been renewed, probably more than once. At the final renewal, after striking the burin-blow, the face then produced was modified by the removal of some small flakes at the anterior end (Fig. 1 c). The striking platform was reduced by subsequent trimming, giving the butt-end a neat semi-oval outline.

An Irish Bronze Casting formerly preserved at Killua Castle, co. Westmeath

The bronze casting (fig. 1) was recently purchased by the Royal Irish Academy. It was one of the antiquities preserved at Killua Castle, co. Westmeath, but its previous history is unknown. The length of the casting is 4·4 in.: the raised box-shaped portion is 2·4 in. in breadth, while the flat portion measures at its widest part 1·5 in. Possibly it was the limb of a cruciform mounting for a book-cover. Its ornamentation is admirable.

Notes on the Fauna of the Lower Devonian Beds of Torquay

The diagnosis of this species given by Dr. Woodward in 1881 may be summarized as follows: Body with little or no signs of trilobation. Glabella oblong, with three pairs of lateral spines and three median spines, the anterior one apparently double. No evidence of cheek-spines. Eyes nearer genal border than in H. armatus, and rostrum more prominently developed. Thorax composed of thirteen segments with broadly expanded pleuræ; each axial ring with pair of widely separated spines. Pygidium imperfectly known. Total length of type-specimen 8 inches; breadth (measured along curve of thorax at widest part) 3¾ inches. Spines on thorax about 1 inch apart.

Tortula Caroliniana, New Species

Tortula caroliniana n. sp.-Growing in extensive mats on the bark of trees. Stems somewhat matted below with radicles, with brown leaves, above simple, with bright green leaves, which readily become brown with age. Plants very short or sometimes more lengthened, up to about I cm. Stem in section round, with central strand; outer 2-3 rows of cells gradually smaller and thickerwalled than those within. Leaves obovate, normally about 2.5 mm. long, I mm. wide in widest part, borders strongly reflexed in basal M-%, apex abruptly apiculate with costa only percurrent; costa slender, up to 50o in width in lower part of leaf, brown, smooth on back, in section with two guide-cells and two ventral cells nearly equally large adjoining them, dorsally of uniform stereid cells. Leaf-cells at base smooth, rectangular, the outer ones narrow and somewhat chlorophyllose, up to 50o x Io , in region of costa larger, hyaline with brown walls, up to 70 x 25 ;~; cells of upper part of leaf irregularly roundish quadrate, with fairly thick walls and distinct trigones, averaging about 14 t in diameter, in border region slightly smaller and with thicker walls, but not giving the impression of a distinct border, papillose on both surfaces, the papillae mostly crescent shaped,' 3 V or less from end to end of the crescent, normally 4 per cell on either side, rarely more than 6, in smaller cells of border region often 2 or 3. Papillae rather low in profile and quite independent of each other, the wall to which they are attached not at all thickened, the outer wall of cell very slightly bulging. Inflorescence and sporophyte not seen. Reproduction by means of very numerous propagula, more or less cylindrical in shape, with rounded ends, produced from ventral surface of upper half of leaf blade,2 the cells from which they originate generally slightly smaller than those surrounding them, often lacking chlorophyll and with papillae less distinct or lacking. Propagula densely chlorophyllose, somewhat roughened on outer surface, divided by parallel planes at right angles to the axis of development at intervals of 20-25 t, these divisions often further subdivided into 2 or 4 parts by planes at right angles, the subdivision of adjacent segments in this case not necessarily conformable, the end segments usually smaller and undivided. The number of primary divisions varies with the length of the propagulum all the way up to 8, which is sometimes but not often exceeded. The width of the propagulum varies up to about 45 [L, the length is entirely variable, extending up to 200 L or more.

A Galet of Eannatum

IN 1912 the Semitic Museum of Harvard University acquired a galet of Eannatum, which is a variant of Galet E of the Ottoman Museum,1 Constantinople. The Harvard Galet has been broken in two, the break occurring lengthwise of a column. A comparison with Galet E indicates that about twenty-one full lines or two whole columns have been broken away from the beginning of the inscription and that the half column with which the Harvard Galet begins is in reality the third column of the inscription. The base is oval in shape and is 8.6 cm. long and 4.6 cm. at its widest part. Its height is 15.6 cm. The explanation of Dr. James B. Nies2 that this shape has a symbolic significance, representing a drawn, divine net, is a happy one. Unlike Galet E the writing begins at the base of the stele, and the loss of the first two columns is particularly regrettable. No line of the third column is complete and the surface of the stone is either defaced or worn so smooth, as in column four case six, that some of the characters are quite indistinct. The second sign in the first case of this column is otherwise not known to me. Case five is to be restored [na,-n]e-[r]ui-a, and may well be a reference to Mesilim 's stele of delimitation. Column 4: 1-5: 2 is better preserved than the analogous portion of Galet E and may be read as follows:

A Net Cylinder of Entemena

Owing to the war now raging, a remarkable object of Babylonian antiquity which, in normal times, would have gone to Europe, was brought to the United States and now forms part of the Nies, collection in Brooklyn, N. Y. According to the dealer from whom it was bought, it was found by an Arab belonging to a tribe located between Jokha and Tello. The same man in 1895 is said to have found the famous cone of Entemena published by ThureauL-Dangin in 1898.1 If the word of the dealer is to be accepted, neither the cone nor the net cylinder was found at Tello, but between that site and Jokha. The ancient names for those places were Lagash and Umma. The inscription tells us that a canal named Lummagirnunta, probably the modern Shatt el Hai, formed a boundary between their territories, separating the fields of the god Ningirsu of Lagash from those of the god Shara of Umma, and that on the banks of this canal were set up inscriptions, presumably in the nature of boundary stones, whose purpose it was not only to clearly delimit the territories and to state the conditions upon which peace existed, but also to call down curses of the gods on the invader. In the absence of more definite knowledge, we may, therefore, say that it is not only possible, but probable, that the two inscriptions of Entemena were found on, or near, one of the banks of this canal, where 5000 years ago they surmounted pillars of brick or stone and constituted the NARUA frequently mentioned in the text.2 The American cone or cylinder is light terra-cotta in color, egg-shaped, and hollow, with an opening at one end forming a lip or short neck, and a rounded surface at the other, covered by a design of a net in relief. Its dimensions are: height 20 cm., circumference at widest part 48.5 cm., at narrowest part, round

The Stone Age in Beechamwell

The greater part of the northern side of the parish of Beechamwell consists of marl and chalk with a top-soil of from one to eighteen feet of gravelly sand. The average depth of this is about eight feet. On the top of it there is a layer of turf or of cultivable soil from three-quarters of a foot to a foot and a-half in depth. There is a narrow strip of boulder clay deposit on which ice-scratched, worked flints are found. There is also a tongue of gravel one and a-half-mile long and half-a-mile wide at its widest part. On this, generally, very few worked flints have been found; fragments of pottery in some numbers have been found all over it however. On the edge of this strip, adjacent on the west to the boulder clay, several worked flints have been picked up, and a hoard of about 200 splinters and flakes was found lying between the sand and the turf, a foot deep here.The greater part of the worked flints are found in an area of about half-a-mile square. The axes, whole or in fragments, are found scattered over the whole of the northern half of the parish. The first axe, however, I found was lying beside a path through the old fen that lies on the south side of Beechamwell. The worked flints found near the moraine are of a peculiar grey colour, and nearly all scimitar-shaped.Flints are found in beds in the chalk and are still plentiful on the surface of the soil, although many have been picked off it for building and road-mending. The small area on which the worked flints are so numerous is the highest ground in Beechamwell.

On some Intrusive Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Eskdale, Cumberland

Chief amongst the group of intrusive rocks which it is my purpose to describe is the granite of Eskdale and Wasdale Head, which possesses petrological characters of peculiar theoretical interest; but I shall also deal with certain minor intrusions near the foot of Peers Gill in Upper Wasdale, and with several groups of dykes which have been usually thought to be associated with the Eskdale Granite, but appear to me to have had a separate origin at a period remote from that of the intrusion of the granite. II. The Eskdale Granite . The granite comes to the surface in two exposures. The larger and more southerly of these occupies an extensive tract of country in Eskdale and Mitredale, and extends southwards as far as Beetle Fell, while it reaches to within a mile of the sea in the neighbourhood of Ravenglass. The smaller outcrop lies in the floor of Upper Wasdale and extends from Down-in-the-Dale, beneath the hotel at Wasdale Head, and up the valley to about half a mile above Burnthwaite Farm. The larger outcrop has a total length of some 12 miles and a breadth of 4 at its widest part, while the smaller mass measures about 1 mile in length by half a mile in breadth, and is roughly elliptical in form. The rock is mentioned by Clifton Ward in a paper entitled ‘ The Granitic, Granitoid, & Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake District,’ and also in the Geological Survey memoir on the district. In the

Number of Strokes of the Brush in a Picture

THE number of strokes of the paint brush that go to making a picture is of some scientific interest, so I venture to record two personal experiences. Some years ago I was painted by Graef, a well known German artist, when, finding it very tedious to sit doing nothing, I amused myself by counting the number of strokes per minute that he bestowed on the portrait. He was methodical, and it was easy to calculate their average number, and as I knew only too well the hours, and therefore the number of minutes, I sat to him, the product of the two numbers gave what I wanted to learn. It was 20,000. A year and a half ago I was again painted by the late lamented artist Charles Furse, whose method was totally different from that of Graef. He looked hard at me, mixing his colours the while, then, dashing at the portrait, made his dabs so fast that I had to estimate rather than count them. Proceeding as before, the result, to my great surprise, was the same, 20,000. Large as this number is, it is less than the number of stitches in an ordinary pair of knitted socks. In mine there are 100 rows to each 7 inches of length, and 102 stitches in each row at the widest part. Two such cylinders, each 7 inches long, would require 20,000 stitches, so the socks, though they are only approximately cylinders, but much more than 7 inches long, would require more than that number.

ARATUS LUTEOLUS, N. SP

Length,.35 inch. Head dark fawn colour, scabrous, much prolonged between the antennæ, the prolongation suggestive of the nose of the moose. Eyes upon rounded elevations, black and protuberant. The antennary spine stout, sharp and projecting. Antennæ reddish brown above, olivaceous beneath; the joint next the spine distinct and square cut and of greater diameter than that following it. Beak black, long, extending between the front legs. Prothorax dark umber in colour, concave in front, the concavity ending on either side with a short spine. From the bases of these spinse the sides (which are finely denticulated) run direct to the widest part of the prothorax; from thence they are rounded to the back, forming a pair of clay-yellow epaulets, which extend beyond the slightly-curved remainder of the back line.

Flinr Implements at Chelsea

WHILE planting in the garden of this house last Wednesday, I turned up a small flint implement, an inch and a half long and an inch wide in the widest part. It is so thin and transparent, that it is possible to read large print through it. This is the second I have found, the previous one being angular and pointed.

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF EUPREPIA CAJA, L., VAR. AMERICANA, HARR

On the evening of the 31st July, 1899, while collecting moths at the electric light, close to the entrance to the Central Experimental Farm, I was fortunate enough to secure a female of Euprepia Caja, L., var. Americana, Harr. I enclosed her alive in a small box over night, and by the morning she had laid nine eggs. From these eggs five larvæ hatched, and as I have succeeded in bringing two of these through all their stages, my notes may be of interest to some of the readers of the Canadian Entomologist.Egg.—Semi-ovoid, about .75 mm. in width, at widest part; pale yellowish, smooth, shiny.

On the Corallian Rocks of Upware (Cambs)

As any small addition to our knowledge of this interesting district may be acceptable, and as I have lately spent much time at Upware and had access to sources of information too seldom available in the district, it seemed advisable to put on record such new facts as have come to light. The Upware rocks have been so often described by different geologists, to all of whom I am under some obligation, that it is perhaps unnecessary for me to do more than express my especial indebtedness to the important work of Messrs. Blake & Hudleston on the Corallian Rocks of England, to that of Prof. Bonney, to that of the late Mr. T. Roberts, and to the maps and memoirs of the Geological Survey relating to Upware. The well-known Corallian ridge of Upware is 3 miles long, as mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, and less than a mile wide in the widest part, and is nearly surrounded by fen. There have long been two principal exposures of the rock: one, the Northern Quarry, in oolitic rock; the other, the Southern Quarry, in ‘Rag’ and oolite. Part of the intervening area on the western flank of the ridge is covered with Gault and Lower Greensand (see sketch-map, p. 612). Except a few ditch-sections in the lane between the two quarries, there have been till lately no other exposures of importance. The relation of the oolite of the Northern Quarry to the Rag of the other was long