Widespread Type Research Articles

The coupling of sulfide and Fe-Mn mineral promotes the migration of lead and zinc in the redox cycle of high pH floodplain soils

In this study, we investigated the impact of fluctuating water levels on the distribution of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in soil and sediments at a historical Pb-Zn smelting site along the Xiangjiang River. Despite the high pH levels (7 to 11) in the study area, which generally inhibits heavy metal solubility, we found that regular changes in water levels still affect Pb-Zn movement. Soil analysis revealed distinct redox zones within the unconfined aquifer, as shown by the variable Fe/Mn and Ce/Ce* ratios. Advanced techniques such as Mn K-edge XAFS, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and TOF-SIMS indicated persistent Fe-Mn redox cycling and highlighted the presence of Pb and Zn-rich manganese oxides near sulfur-bearing minerals. These findings suggest that acidic microzones produced by the oxidation of sulfur-bearing minerals become "refuges" for microbial and heavy metal activity. Considering that sulfur-containing minerals are widespread waste types in nonferrous metal smelting sites, these findings are instructive for a better understanding of the transformation mechanisms of heavy metal ions in nonferrous metal smelting-polluted environments and for guiding pollution remediation strategies.

Assessment of Rutting Resistance for Fiber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures

Rutting is one of the most complex and widespread types of distress. The rutting is frequently observed on Iraqi roads, especially at the checkpoints, forming a significant hazard on the asphalt layers. Factors such as heavy loads and high temperatures contribute to this distress. Adding fibers to a hot mix asphalt (HMA) effectively improves performance and extends the lifespan of the flexible pavement. This article used glass, steel, and basalt fibers. The wheel tracking test assessed the fibre-asphalt mixture for rutting resistance and compared it with the mix without adding fibers (control HMA). Meanwhile, the microscopic structure of fibres and asphalt mixture modified with fibers was examined using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) technique. Steel, glass, and basalt fibers were incorporated into HMA in proportions of 0.25%, 0.10%, and 0.15%, respectively. The incorporation of fibers in asphalt mixtures implies lower rut depths after 5000 cycles. In comparison to the control HMA, a decrease in the rut depth is observed in fiber-asphalt mixtures, about 22.14%, 15.36%, and 9.64% for basalt, glass, and steel fiber, respectively, which consequently enhances flexible pavement resistance against rutting. The microstructure analysis showed the difference in the mixture's diameters, surface properties, and random fiber dispersion. Therefore, this dispersion contributed to creating a three-dimensional network, which improved the behaviour of HMA.

Expression of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most widespread types of cancer that still causes many deaths worldwide. The development of new diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as new therapeutic methods, is necessary. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neuropeptide alongside its receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) could represent future biomarkers and a potential therapeutic target. Increased levels of CGRP have been demonstrated in thyroid, prostate, lung, and breast cancers and may also have a role in colorectal cancer. At the tumor level, it acts through different mechanisms, such as the angiogenesis, migration, and proliferation of tumor cells. The aim of this study was to measure the level of CGRP in colorectal cancer patients' serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and determine the level of CGRP and CRLR at the tumor level after histopathological (HP) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, and then to correlate them with the TNM stage and with different tumoral characteristics. A total of 54 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal adenocarcinoma were evaluated. We showed that serum levels of CGRP, as well as CGRP and CRLR tumor level expression, correlate with the TNM stage, with local tumor extension, the presence of lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis, and also with the tumor differentiation degree. CGRP is present in colorectal cancer from the incipient TNM stage, with levels increasing with the stage, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker and may also represent a potentially new therapeutic target.

Novel typing scheme reveals emergence and genetic diversity of Chlamydia pecorum at the local management scale across two koala populations

To overcome shortcomings in discriminating Chlamydia pecorum strains infecting the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) at the local level, we developed a novel genotyping scheme for this pathogen to inform koala management at a fine-scale subpopulation level. We applied this scheme to two geographically distinct koala populations in New South Wales, Australia: the Liverpool Plains and the Southern Highlands to South-west Sydney (SHSWS). Our method provides greater resolution than traditional multi-locus sequence typing, and can be used to monitor strain emergence, movement, and divergence across a range of fragmented habitats. Within the Liverpool Plains population, suspected recent introduction of a novel strain was confirmed by an absence of genetic diversity at the earliest sampling events and limited diversity at recent sampling events. Across the partially fragmented agricultural landscape of the Liverpool Plains, diversity within a widespread sequence type suggests that this degree of fragmentation may hinder but not prevent spread. In the SHSWS population, our results suggest movement of a strain from the south, where diverse strains exist, into a previously Chlamydia-free area in the north, indicating the risk of expansion towards an adjacent Chlamydia-negative koala population in South-west Sydney. In the south of the SHSWS where koala subpopulations appear segregated, we found evidence of divergent strain evolution. Our tool can be used to infer the risks of strain introduction across fragmented habitats in population management, particularly through practices such as wildlife corridor constructions and translocations.

The Development of Innovated Complex Process for Treatment of Old Flotation Tailings of Copper-Zinc Sulfide Ore.

The possibility of selective Cu and Zn leaching from the sample of old pyrite tailings, which is one of the most widespread types of solid waste forming during non-ferrous metal production, using sulfuric acid solutions and water was studied. It was shown that water leaching provided selective extraction of Cu and Zn and comparatively low iron ion extraction. At the same time, acid leaching provided the obtainment of pregnant solutions with high ferric ion concentration, which can be used for oxidative leaching of substandard copper concentrates. Water and acid leaching also provided increased Au recovery by cyanidation. The results suggest that acid leaching can be an effective approach for processing old flotation tailings, which allows the extraction of base metals from these wastes and treating flotation tailings for subsequent cyanidation. Effective flotation treatment methods should also provide environmental load reduction, which is caused by the long-term storage of metal-bearing wastes.

Reconstruction of zonal vegetation of East Asia in the early Eocene

For the fi rst time, unifi ed types of zonal vegetation are established for the early Eocene in east of Asia and their changes in space are traced. The reconstruction is based on the analysis of 48 palynofl oras from the early Eocene localities situated from 75 to 19° N using Integrated Plant Record (IPR) vegetation analysis. In the results, quantitative parameters of the relative proportions of vegetation components are obtained. According to our data, along the latitudinal gradient from north to south, there is an increase in evergreen plants and herbs, but a decrease in conifers and deciduous plants, and no changes in the proportions of xerophytic plants. Mixed mesophytic forest is a widespread and dominant type of zonal vegetation. In general, the main changes in plant biomes show a very shallow and weakly pronounced diff erentiation into two plant zones: mixed mesophytic forest, north of ~50° paleolatitude, and warmer types of zonal vegetation (broadleaved evergreen forest and an ecotone between mixed mesophytic and broadleaved evergreen forests), in addition to mixed mesophytic forest, south of ~50° paleolatitude. The resulting spatial patterns of vegetation are consistent with climatic inferences.

Technology for obtaining a dry complex of basfrom a plant of the from species Rosa beggeriana Schrenk

The study of medicinal plant raw materials as a source for the creation of unique and highly effective medicines based on it is of great importance for the development of pharmacy and medicine in Kazakhstan. Various types of rosehip contain a valuable complex of biologically active compounds (BAC), which causes their widespread use in folk medicine due to antioxidant, antiinflammatory, choleretic and body-strengthening effects, as well as pharmacopoeial objects of both the plants themselves and the medicines obtained on their basis. The object of this study – Rosa beggeriana Schrenk, which grows only in Asia, in particular Kazakhstan, Iran, and some parts of China, and has an almost unexplored valuable arsenal of compounds with biological activity, can increase the share of domestic medicines in the pharmaceutical market of the country. Goals and objectives. The purpose is to identify the suitability of raw material for further use in medicine. Research methods. The research object was collected during the fruiting season along the Ili River in the Almaty region and dried in accordance with recommendations for this type of raw material. In this study, chemical and physicochemical research methods were used. The article presents data on the establishment of the goodness of the studied Rosa beggeriana Schrenk plants and the dry complex of BAC obtained on a comparative context with the wellknown pharmacopoeia species of this plant family of Rosa canina plants, the mineral composition of macro- and microelements and the development of an optimal technology for obtaining a complex of biologically active substances from Rosa beggeriana Schrenk in the form of a dry extract. Conclusion. It has been established that this type of rose hip can be used for medical purposes and is not inferior in quality to the widespread type of rose hip Rosa canina. Parameters were also established under which the highest yield of raw materials can be obtained.

Combined Delivery of miR-15/16 through Humanized Ferritin Nanocages for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a widespread type of leukemia that predominantly targets B lymphocytes, undermining the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. In healthy B cells, miR-15/16, a tandem of microRNAs, functions as a tumor suppressor, curbing the expression of the antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2). Conversely, in CLL patients, a recurring deletion on chromosome 13q14, home to the miR15-a and miR16-1 genes, results in Bcl-2 overexpression, thereby fostering the onset of the pathology. In the present research, a novel approach utilizing humanized ferritin-based nanoparticles was employed to successfully deliver miR15-a and miR-16-1 into MEG01 cells, a model characterized by the classic CLL deletion and overexpression of the human ferritin receptor (TfR1). The loaded miR15-a and miR16-1, housed within modified HumAfFt, were efficiently internalized via the MEG01 cells and properly directed into the cytoplasm. Impressively, the concurrent application of miR15-a and miR16-1 demonstrated a robust capacity to induce apoptosis through the reduction in Bcl-2 expression levels. This technology, employing RNA-loaded ferritin nanoparticles, hints at promising directions in the battle against CLL, bridging the substantial gap left by traditional transfection agents and indicating a pathway that may offer hope for more effective treatments.

Resveratrol-loaded invasome gel: A promising nanoformulation for treatment of skin cancer

Skin cancer is a widespread type of cancer representing 30% of all cancer types worldwide. Resveratrol (RSV) is an anticancer drug used for skin cancer treatment. Several limitations of RSV such as poor aqueous solubility, first-pass metabolism, and instability limit their topical use. The study aimed to develop and optimize RSV-loaded invasomes for topical administration as well as assess their efficacy in vivo. The optimized RSV-loaded invasomes showed small particle size (208.7 ± 74 nm), PDI (0.3 ± 0.03), high % entrapment efficiency (77.7 ± 6%), and negative zeta potential (−70.4 ± 10.9 mV). They showed an initial burst effect followed by controlled drug release for 24 h. RSV-loaded invasomal gel revealed the highest skin deposition percentage (65%) in ex vivo rat skin, the highest potency (low IC50 of 6.34 μg/mL), and the highest cellular uptake when tested on squamous cancerous cells (SCCs) when compared to other formulations. The antitumor effect of topical RSV-loaded invasomes was also evaluated in vivo in Ehrlich-induced mice models. The results revealed that RSV-loaded invasomal gel exhibited the smallest tumor volume with no signs of organ toxicity indicating its safety in skin cancer treatment. Upregulation of BAX and Caspase-3 gene levels and downregulation of NF-kB and BCL2 protein levels were demonstrated using RT-PCR and ELISA tests, respectively. Interestingly, the present study is the first to develop RSV-loaded invasomal gel for topical skin cancer treatment. According to our results, invasomes are considered promising lipid-based nanosystems for topical RSV delivery having high skin penetration ability and anticancer effect in the treatment of skin carcinoma.Graphical

Efficacy of dapagliflozin in improving arrhythmia-related outcomes after ablation for atrial fibrillation: a retrospective single-center study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a widespread type of sustained arrhythmia that poses significant health risks. Catheter ablation is the preferred treatment; however, arrhythmia recurrence remains challenging. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, particularly dapagliflozin (DAPA), have exhibited cardiovascular benefits. However, to date, the influence of these inhibitors on AF post-ablation remains unclear. We analyzed the records of 272 patients who underwent catheter ablation for AF from January 2018 to December 2022. Patients were divided into the control (n = 199) and DAPA (n = 73) groups based on DAPA prescription post-ablation. The primary outcome was total atrial arrhythmia recurrence after a 3-month blanking period. The mean age was 72.19 ± 5.45years; 86.8% of the patients were men. At 18months post-ablation, 36.2% and 9.5% of the patients in the control and DAPA groups, respectively, reported atrial arrhythmia. Multivariate analysis revealed that DAPA use was associated with a significantly reduced risk of arrhythmia recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.32, p < 0.001). After propensity score-matching (PSM) in 65 pairs, arrhythmia recurrence was lower in the DAPA group compared with the control (8.3% versus 30.8%, aHR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.51, p = 0.002). Freedom from total arrhythmia recurrence was significantly higher in the DAPA group compared with the control group in both the overall and PSM population (log-rank test p < 0.01). DAPA administration post-ablation was associated with significantly reduced atrial arrhythmia recurrence rates, indicating its potential as an adjunct therapy for enhancing the success of AF ablation.

Anticancer effect of propranolol on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most widespread type of primary liver cancer. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic compound, is used to induce HCC in animal models. The non-selective β-blocker propranolol demonstrated antiproliferative activity in many cancer types. This investigation aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of propranolol against DEN-induced HCC in rats. Thirty adult male rats were divided into the following groups: Group I (C, control), Group II (HCC); received DEN, 70 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) once a week for 10weeks, to induce HCC, and Group III (HCC/Prop); received DEN for 10weeks for HCC induction, then received 20 mg/kg b.wt. propranolol, intraperitoneally for four successive weeks. HCC was developed in rats' livers and confirmed via significant liver architecture changes, significantly elevated activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), α-fetoprotein (AFP), total- and direct-bilirubin (Bil), and a decline in albumin (ALB) level in serum. HCC group demonstrated elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), HIF-1α, IL-8, NF-κB, PGE2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and CD8, but significant decline of GSH, and IL-10 level, with suppression of the antioxidant enzymes' activities. In addition, the gene expression of the hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and LAG-3 were up-regulated. Moreover, the protein expression of p-PKC was up-regulated, while that of PD-1 and PD-L1 were down-regulated in the liver tissues of the HCC group. However, propranolol ameliorated the investigated parameters in the HCC/Prop group. Propranolol exhibited an anticancer effect and thus can be considered as a promising treatment for HCC. Blocking of PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3 signals participated in the anti-tumor effect of propranolol on HCC.

The interacting effect of climate change and herbivory can trigger large-scale transformations of European temperate forests.

In many regions of Europe, large wild herbivores alter forest community composition through their foraging preferences, hinder the forest's natural adaptive responses to climate change, and reduce ecosystem resilience. We investigated a widespread European forest type, a mixed forest dominated by Picea abies, which has recently experienced an unprecedented level of disturbance across the continent. Using the forest landscape model iLand, we investigated the combined effect of climate change and herbivory on forest structure, composition, and carbon and identified conditions leading to ecosystem transitions on a 300-year timescale. Eight climate change scenarios, driven by Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5, combined with three levels of regeneration browsing, were tested. We found that the persistence of the current level of browsing pressure impedes adaptive changes in community composition and sustains the presence of the vulnerable yet less palatable P. abies. These development trajectories were tortuous, characterized by a high disturbance intensity. On the contrary, reduced herbivory initiated a transformation towards the naturally dominant broadleaved species that was associated with an increased forest carbon and a considerably reduced disturbance. The conditions of RCP4.5 combined with high and moderate browsing levels preserved the forest within its reference range of variability, defining the actual boundaries of resilience. The remaining combinations of browsing and climate change led to ecosystem transitions. Under RCP4.5 with browsing effects excluded, the new equilibrium conditions were achieved within 120 years, whereas the stabilization was delayed by 50-100 years under RCP8.5 with higher browsing intensities. We conclude that forests dominated by P. abies are prone to transitions driven by climate change. However, reducing herbivory can set the forest on a stable and predictable trajectory, whereas sustaining the current browsing levels can lead to heightened disturbance activity, extended transition times, and high variability in the target conditions.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA AT MAKKAH REGION

Salmonellais the most widespread type of bacteria, which causes many diseases around the world, as it spreads in developed and developing countries alike, and its resistance to antibiotics, which has recently increased, has caused panic and concern about global public health, as its spread in various countries of the world is almost at the same rate.The lack of control and quality of food and beverages, which leads to their contamination to a large extent, is one of the biggest reasons for the spread of Salmonella in different environments, in addition to infection with humans. So,Comparing ofSalmonella isolates from different environments with those isolated from humans, whether blood or feces, through their resistance to antibiotics was our target.In this study, 58 samples were isolated from different environments, which were divided into 18 samples of human feces - 2 samples of human blood, 24 samples of different types of vegetables. In addition to 2 samples from each of the sewage water and 2 of well water, and 10 samples were isolated from chicken internal organs.The isolates were identified by BPW, SSA and XLD media, as well as using of BECKMA COULTERcompact system for biomedical identification and test the antibiotics resistance of isolates.The results came out positive, 20 samples matching the phenomena, the morphology on the dishes of the different culture media, in addition to the physiological results of BECKMA COULTER. The sensitivity of the isolates to antibiotics was somewhat different from previous studies, where all the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, and all of them were sensitive to many types of antibiotics such as Cefepime - Levofloxacine - Amoxcillin / clav and other antibiotics. Salmonella is found in different environments and spreads widely, which increases scientific health concern, as it increases its resistance to antibiotics known for their strength.

Effects of nanoplastics on the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Nanoplastics (NPs) are an abundant, long-lasting, and widespread type of environmental pollution that is of increasing concern because of the serious threats they might pose to ecosystems and species. Identifying the ecological effects of plastic pollution requires understanding the effects of NPs on aquatic organisms. Here, we used the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as a model species to investigate whether ingestion of polystyrene NPs affects gut microbes and leads to metabolic changes in L. vannamei. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased and that of Bacteroidota decreased after NPs treatment. Specifically, Vibrio spp., photobacterium spp., Xanthomarina spp., and Acinetobacter spp. increased in abundance, whereas Sulfitobacter spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp. decreased. Histological observations showed that L. vannamei exposed to NP displayed a significantly lower intestinal fold height and damaged intestinal structures compared with the control group. Exposure to NPs also stimulated alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase activity, resulting in an immune response in L. vannamei. In addition, the content of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and glucose were significantly altered after NP exposure. These results provided significant ecotoxicological data that can be used to better understand the biological fate and effects of NPs in L. vannamei.

Amyloid Targeting Red Emitting AIE Dots for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Application against Alzheimer's Disease.

The emergence of neurodegenerative diseases is connected to several pathogenic factors, including metal ions, amyloidogenic proteins, and reactive oxygen species. Recent studies suggest that cytotoxicity is caused by the small, dynamic, and metastable nature of early stage oligomeric species. This work introduces a small molecule-based red-emitting probe with smart features such as increased reactivities against multiple targets, metal-free amyloid-β (Aβ), and metal-bound amyloid-β (Aβ), and most importantly, early stage oligomeric species which are associated with the most common and widespread type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Theoretical analyses like molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking were performed to confirm the reactivity of the molecule toward Aβ and found some excellent interactions between the molecule and the peptide. The in vitro and cellular studies demonstrated that this highly biocompatible molecule effectively reduces the structural damage to mitochondria while shielding cells from apoptosis, scavenges ROS (reactive oxygen species), and attenuates multifaceted amyloid toxicity.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ВОДИТЕЛЯ-ХОЛЕРИКА В ДОРОЖНОМ ЗАТОРЕ

In this article, as an object of research, the process of a driver's work activity is considered when performing his functions in the urban transport system. Studies have been conducted to assess the impact of traffic congestion on the functional state of a choleric driver, which is one of the widespread and well-known types of temperament. The hypothesis of the study is that a change in the functional state of a driver in a traffic jam affects the degree of fatigue and depends on the condition of the driver and the parameters of the congestion. To assess the level of fatigue of the driver, the concept of the cardiovascular system is used as an appropriate mechanism of adaptive activity of the body. At the same time, an electrocardiogram is measured and the irregularities of cardiac intervals are analyzed, which are a universal response to all types of loads. The degree of fatigue level of the driver is measured in conventional units and is determined by a special technique taking into account statistical indicators, histogram indicators and spectral analysis of cardiac intervals. Using a nonlinear regression model of changes in the functional state of a choleric driver, the corresponding patterns of changes in the level of fatigue for traffic jams of different duration have been determined. As a result of the analysis of the constructed graphs of changes in the final level of fatigue of choleric drivers of different age categories in congestion, it was found that the most significant factor is the value of the initial level of fatigue of the driver. The second most important factor influencing the change in the final level of fatigue of a choleric driver is the duration of traffic congestion. It was revealed that this factor affects the degree of fatigue of the driver at the end of the jam only together with the initial level of fatigue. The age of the choleric driver was in third place in terms of the importance of influencing his final level of fatigue in congestion. It was also found that older drivers, compared with younger drivers, experience the negative impact of traffic congestion with an increase in its duration. Studies have shown that traffic jams lasting more than twelve minutes lead to a significant increase in the final level of fatigue of the choleric driver. This may increase the likelihood of a traffic accident. The established trends in the functional state of the choleric driver in traffic congestion allow us to predict his behavior after congestion and evaluate possible patterns of development of the road traffic situation.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ СОНЯШНИКОВОЇ ОЛІЇ

Comparative assessment enables consumers to make an informed choice and use high-quality and safe sunflower oil, which has a positive effect on their health and economic well-being. Vegetable oils, especially sunflower, are a popular source of dietary fat in economically developed countries, promoting heart and brain health. They contain essential fatty acids useful for cell growth and brain development. Sunflower oil is also the most widespread type of vegetable oil in Ukraine. A healthy lifestyle requires quality food. The issue ofassessing the quality of sunflower oil is timely and relevant. The purpose of our research was to assess the quality of sunflower oil samples of leading producers in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documentation and the declared labeling.Based on the survey, it was determined which types of sunflower oil are preferred by consumers. These samples were chosen as research objects. At the first stage of the research, the appearance of the package and the quality of the information provided on the label were evaluated. Then the quality of the samples was assessed according to organoleptic and physicochemical parameters.The assessment of the labeling and quality of sunflower oil showed that the information on the labels meets the requirements for mandatory information about the food product.The organoleptic characteristics of the oil samples meet the requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine 4492 "Sunflower oil. Specifications".Some samples have an increased moistureand volatile content, which can affect the stability and quality of the product during storage. However, the iodine value of all samples is within acceptable limits. Acid and peroxide numbers also do not exceed the established norms. The results of the research can be useful both for consumers when choosing high-quality oil, and for producers in order to improve product quality.

THE SCOPE AND DRIVERS OF PRE-WAR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE

The paper reveals the scope, dynamics, structure and drivers of migration movement in Ukraine before a full-scale Russian invasion. The low level of wages and limited opportunities for employment with satisfactory conditions and wages are considered the main pre-war internal economic reasons forcing part of the economically active population to leave Ukraine primarily for the purpose of employment. Circular migration has become the most widespread type of labor migration movement for Ukrainians that turned Ukraine into the main source of economic migrants to the EU. The humanitarian driver arising from the start of military conflict in 2014 is determined as the important factor of substantial increase of both internal displacement in Ukraine and external migration flows, in particular, from Ukraine to Poland. The spacial analysis showed that Poland took first place among recipient countries of Ukrainian labor force from 2017 to 2021. The research points to the link between the most popular directions of Ukraine’s labor migration flows before 2022 and the top recipient countries for Ukrainian forced migrants after the war outbreak. The implications of the research include the design of economic and social policy proposals important for returning Ukrainian forced migrants in the origin country after war.

ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ ЖАБАЙЫ АЛМА ОРМАНДАРЫНДА БАКТЕРИЯЛЫҚ КҮЙІКТІҢ ТАРАЛУЫН БАҒАЛАУ

Erwinia amylovora is a dangerous pathogen that causes fire blight in fruit trees. As this pathogen has started to spread in the territory of Kazakhstan, it poses a significant threat to cultivated and wild apple (Malus sieversii) forests. Currently there is no effective treatment for widespread types of fire blight, it can be prevented only by early diagnosis. Although much research has focused on the detection of fire blight in cultivated apple orchards, little attention has been paid to controlling wild apple populations. Therefore, a comprehensive four-year monitoring study was conducted in four protected areas of Kazakhstan to determine the spread of fire blight on wild apple trees. During several years of inspections, Malus sieversii trees showed no obvious signs of fire blight. These observations were further confirmed by lateral flow immunochromatography as well as by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on asymptomatic samples. The results of this study are of great importance for nature protection, providing invaluable information about the current state of fire blight in wild apple forests of Kazakhstan. Therefore, these data provide a basis for formulating science-based recommendations to government agencies to take proactive measures aimed at limiting the spread of fire blight in these ecologically important ecosystems.

Register im älteren Baltischen: Die Postillen des Altlitauischen und Altlettischen

If register is an essential part of language description, as has been stressed in past decades, it cannot be left out of consideration in the historic stages of a language, even though we have no direct grasp of its situational-functional contexts there. Although time-consuming and methodologically challenging, this is a necessary undertaking. The paper takes up the challenge, using the examples of Old Lithuanian and Old Latvian, where the beginning of written transmission roughly coincides with the spread of the Reformation and its counter- movements. Our text material is taken from the seven earliest Baltic postils: the Old Lithuanian Wolfenbüttel Postil, Bretkūnas’s, Daukša’s, and Morkūnas’s postils, the first part of Sirvydas’s Punktai Sakymų, and the third part of Knyga Nobažnystės (the Summa), and Mancelius’s Old Latvian postil. Postils, which nowadays are virtually unknown, were a very early, widespread and long-lived book type, so they were perfectly placed within written transmission to influence both the development and change of register. Combining two text types, differing in communication intent and addressees, namely gospel readings and the homilies that explain them, they can be shown to offer an excellent starting point for investigating historical registers, and for possible methods of exploring them.