Widespread Definition Research Articles

You Can Tell a Prodigy From a Professional Musician

According to Feldman (1993), musical prodigies are expected to perform at the same high level as professional adult musicians and, therefore, are indistinguishable from adults. This widespread definition was the basis for the study by Comeau et al. (2017), which investigated if participants could determine whether an audio sample was played by a professional pianist or a child prodigy. Our paper is a replication of this previous study under more controlled conditions. Our main findings partly confirmed the previous findings: Comparable to Comeau et al.’s (2017) study (N = 51), the participants in our study (N = 278) were able to discriminate between prodigies and adult professionals by listening to music recordings of the same pieces. The overall discrimination performance was slightly above chance (correct responses: 53.7%; sensitivity d’ = 0.20), which was similar to Comeau et al.’s (2017) results of the identification task with prodigies aged between 11 and 14 years (approximately 54.6% correct responses; sensitivity approximately d’ = 0.13). Contrary to the original study, musicians and pianists in our study did not perform significantly better than other participants. Nevertheless, it is generally possible for listeners to differentiate prodigies from adult performers—although this is a demanding task.

Sonoric as a Compositional Technique the Attempt of Critical Analysis

Relevance of the study. Sonoric is a widespread definition in Post-Soviet countries musicology. However, it is the only one in the system of contemporary compositional techniques that does not have English analogue. This fact conditioned to a number of questions related to this technique: what English terminology should be used as an analogue of sonoric or sonoristic? Why is there no such compositional technique as sonoric in European (with the exception of Poland) and American musicology? Is sonoric a compositional technique? The actualization of these issues makes it possible to solve both terminological problems and partially approach to the creation of a complete theory of contemporary composition techniques.
 The purpose of the study is to attempt to identify the structural core of sonoric as a compositional technique, the parameter (or parameters) of tone or noise material, for which organization it is responsible.
 Methods. This article is based on the method of systemic analysis of phenomena, general methods of theoretical research (analysis of a term, its semantic boundaries, correlation with other concepts), as well as specific musicological methods of a musical text analyzing.
 The results and conclusions. The authors of the theory of the sonoric compositional technique (Yu. Kholopov and A. Maklygin) suggest its use both in a general (a certain quality of concords) and in a narrow sense (a compositional technique that operates with timbre mass). In the process of a critical analysis of the concept of sonoric, it was noted that there are no precise criteria for distinguishing between the sound phenomena described by sonoric. Its methodological underpinning is based more on the elements of psychoacoustics and the theory of perception (without the direct use of the methods of these sciences) than on the theory of music. This thesis is proved by comparing the concepts of sonorically colored harmony and sonoric harmony. Postulating a reliance on synesthesia, the sonoric proposes to use a set of subjective associations to describe a sound phenomenon, relying on imaginative rather than technological characteristics. The analysis of sonoric texture types showed that point, line, spot, stripe, etc. are not original ways of tone and noise sounds organization, but are based on various combinations of pointillistic, cluster, polyphonic, micropolyphonic tools. Based on this conclusion, the idea that sonoric formations are not technically unique is formed. Such sonoric texture types are created by using a certain set of methods typical for various compositional techniques.

Metabolically healthy overweight adolescents: definition and components.

PurposeIn adolescents, the definition and clinical implications of metabolically healthy overweight (MHO) status have not been established. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MHO according to its most widespread definition, which is based on metabolic syndrome (MS), and to explore further metabolic indicators such as Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein levels, together with metabolic health predictors in a sample of adolescents attending a pediatric obesity clinic.MethodsData from 487 adolescents categorized as overweight (52.6% females, 88.1% white), with a mean body mass index (BMI) z-score of 2.74 (±1.07 standard deviation [SD]), and a mean age of 14.4 years (±2.2 SD) were cross-sectionally analyzed. From this original sample, a subsample of 176 adolescents underwent a second assessment at 12 (±6 SD) months for longitudinal analysis.ResultsFrom the 487 adolescents originally analyzed, 200 (41.1%) were categorized as MHO, but only 93 (19.1%) had none of the metabolic indicators considered in this study. According to longitudinal analysis, 30 of the 68 adolescents (44%) categorized as MHO at baseline became non-MHO over time. BMI z-score was the best predictor of metabolic health both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Increased BMI z-score reduced the odds of being categorized as MHO (odds ratio [OR], 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4–0.9; P=.008) and increased the odds of having hypertension (OR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.3, P=0.001), insulin resistance (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4–4.1, P=0.001), or a proinflammatory state (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.3, P=0.002).ConclusionsDiagnosis of MHO should not be exclusively based on MS parameters, and other metabolic indicators should be considered. Adolescents categorized as overweight should participate in weight-management lifestyle interventions regardless of their metabolic health phenotype.

Defeasibility, Law, and Argumentation: A Critical View from an Interpretative Standpoint

The phenomenon of defeasibility has long been a central theme in legal literature. This essay aims to shed new light on that phenomenon by clarifying some fundamental conceptual issues. First, the most widespread definition of legal defeasibility is examined and criticized. The essay shows that such a definition is poorly constructed, inaccurate and generates many problems. Indeed, the definition hides the close relationship between legal defeasibility and legal interpretation. Second, this essay argues that no new definition is needed. I will show that from an interpretative standpoint, there is nothing special about legal defeasibility. Contrary to what some authors maintain, no unique or privileged source of legal defeasibility exists, nor are there privileged arguments to justify it. Specifically, legal defeasibility refers to interpretative outcomes deriving from interpretative arguments that, on the one hand, are very different from one another, and, on the other, are often employed to justify different interpretative outcomes. In the legal field, the problems related to defeasibility have little in common with the problems that this label covers in other areas—such as logic or epistemology—and they are nothing but the well-known problems related to legal interpretation. In conclusion, this paper argues that as far as legal argumentation is concerned, the notion of legal defeasibility lacks explanatory power, and it should be abandoned.

El diseño web reconsiderado

<p>La definición más común y extendida del diseño web es meramente técnica, por lo que resulta insuficiente para quienes desean vislumbrar los innumerables aspectos discursivos que acompañan a esta práctica del diseño web. Por eso en este texto proponemos “reconsiderar” esta práctica, similar a como lo hiciera Tomás Maldonado en su ensayo El diseño industrial reconsiderado (1976). A partir de cuatro discusiones exploramos los modos en los que el diseño opera en la Web, para posteriormente aproximarnos a una definición del diseño web en tanto práctica generadora de discursos. De ese modo, decimos que el diseño web consiste en crear metáforas espaciales, temporales y corporales que incluyen dentro de sí una serie de supuestos básicos sobre lo que significa ser humano, vivir en sociedad, trabajar y jugar. Para ello el diseñador web ha de combinar las cualidades tecnológicas de la red de Internet con las de la lógica organizativa del hipertexto. Y a través de esa combinación crear espacios hipertextuales, digitales y potencialmente ilimitados, los cuales son ocupados por usuarios que continuamente imaginan y forman parte de innumerables metáforas individuales y colectivas.</p>

Сriminological Discourse: «Classics», Modernity, Prospects

The authors use the widespread definition of discourse understood as the aggregate of statements regarding the objects of discourse. Obviously, the key object of discourse in criminology is criminality in all its manifestations and essential characteristics. In the process of discourse, the research topic of crime counteraction is developed, the criminal policy measures are worked out, the organizational forms and methodological support of law enforcement are improved, and various practices of crime counteraction are formed. A.E. Zhalinskiy, one of the pioneers in this sphere, believes that the independent significance of discourse in criminology lies in the fact that it mainly pays attention to the «process of working out judgments about crime». Thus, the main outcome of discourse is to reach some unity of positions on key analyzed problems. If we agree with this approach, such unity in criminology has already been achieved regarding the general concept of crime, which is connected with the Criminal Code and is not an object of discussion. The concept presented in the Code is prior to all discourses included in the criminal discourse. Such condition of scientific knowledge is characterized by the authors as «classical» by analogy with classical political economy. In our opinion, this «bias» for classics in contemporary criminology is the main reason for its lackluster methodological and theoretical works, as well as recommendations that are unproductive for the practice of crime counteraction. Developing their position, the authors use the concept of historic discourse worked out by M. Foucault. The discourse studied in the historical context is the process that forms the very objects of discourse. In the light of history, all objects, structures, general concepts become problematic and need re-defining. The authors believe that historical discourse turns science into an amorphous state characterized by the lack of a generalizing object. In this situation the participants of criminological discourse are not only representatives of the criminological mainstream, but also its outsiders who take an equal part in formulating the relevant discourse agenda. The authors of this article believe that the most important sources of discourse development are history, economic theory, sociology, political science, non-criminal law disciplines, various practices of crime counteraction. They expand the traditional borders of criminology regarding the development of interdisciplinary knowledge on crime, while the criminological classics act as an integrator of this knowledge.

Nietzsche's Notion of Lying

ABSTRACT This article clarifies Nietzsche's notion of lying. The notion needs clarification because it is at odds with widespread definitions of lying. The first section compares Nietzsche's notion of lying in Beyond Good and Evil (BGE) 192 with a widespread definition of lying, highlighting the former's oddity. The second section argues that “On Truth and Lies in an Extra-Moral Sense” (TL) helps to clarify Nietzsche's notion of lying as he wants to allow for unconscious lies—an expression that can be found only in TL. The third section explains Nietzsche's notion of lying as a form of intellectual dishonesty that involves making something seem real that is not. The fourth section applies the notion of lying to make sense of BGE 192 and answer additional questions. The fifth section ends the article by bringing to bear Nietzsche's notion of lying on passages on lying by Nietzsche in his late work The Antichrist. The last section thus makes a case for Nietzsche's sticking to this notion throughout his writing. The present study aims at rehabilitating TL in certain respects by highlighting the explanatory potential of Nietzsche's notion of lying as laid out there.

Risk and Quantification: A Linguistic Study.

In risk analysis and research, the concept of risk is often understood quantitatively. For example, risk is commonly defined as the probability of an unwanted event or as its probability multiplied by its consequences. This article addresses (1) to what extent and (2) how the noun risk is actually used quantitatively. Uses of the noun risk are analyzed in four linguistic corpora, both Swedish and English (mostly American English). In total, over 16,000 uses of the noun risk are studied in 14 random (n=500) or complete samples (where n ranges from 173 to 5,144) of, for example, news and magazine articles, fiction, and websites of government agencies. In contrast to the widespread definition of risk as a quantity, a main finding is that the noun risk is mostly used nonquantitatively. Furthermore, when used quantitatively, the quantification is seldom numerical, instead relying on less precise expressions of quantification, such as high risk and increased risk. The relatively low frequency of quantification in a wide range of language material suggests a quantification bias in many areas of risk theory, that is, overestimation of the importance of quantification in defining the concept of risk. The findings are also discussed in relation to fuzzy-trace theory. Findings of this study confirm, as suggested by fuzzy-trace theory, that vague representations are prominent in quantification of risk. The application of the terminology of fuzzy-trace theory for explaining the patterns of language use are discussed.

ARE THE PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS TO PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR THERAPY DUE TO REFRACTORY GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE OR TO OTHER DISORDERS?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a clinical condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is the main pathophysiological mechanism of GERD. Symptoms and complications can be related to the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, oral cavity, larynx and/or the lung. Symptoms and other possible manifestations of GERD are heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, non-cardiac chest pain, chronic cough, chronic laryngitis, asthma and dental erosions. The proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is the first-choice drug and the most commonly medication used for the treatment of GERD. The most widespread definition of Refractory GERD is the clinical condition that presents symptoms with partial or absent response to twice-daily PPI therapy. Persistence of symptoms occurs in 25% to 42% of patients who use PPI once-daily and in 10% to 20% who use PPI twice-daily. The objective is to describe a review of the current literature, highlighting the causes, diagnostic aspects and therapeutic approach of the cases with suspected reflux symptoms and unresponsive to PPI. Initially, the management of PPI refractoriness consists in correcting low adherence to PPI therapy, adjusting the PPI dosage and emphasizing the recommendations on lifestyle modification change, avoiding food and activities that trigger symptoms. PPI decreases the number of episodes of acid reflux; however, the number of "non-acid" reflux increases and the patient continues to have reflux despite PPI. In this way, it is possible to greatly reduce greatly the occurrence of symptoms, especially those dependent on the acidity of the refluxed material. Response to PPI therapy can be evaluated through clinical, endoscopic, and reflux monitoring parameters. In the persistence of the symptoms and/or complications, other causes of Refractory GERD should be suspected. Then, diagnostic investigation must be initiated, which is supported by clinical parameters and complementary exams such as upper digestive endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory reflux monitoring (esophageal pH monitoring or esophageal impedance-pH monitoring). Causes of refractoriness to PPI therapy may be due to the true Refractory GERD, or even to other non-reflux diseases, which can generate symptoms similar to GERD. There are several causes contributing to PPI refractoriness, such as inappropriate use of the drug (lack of patient adherence to PPI therapy, inadequate dosage of PPI), residual acid reflux due to inadequate acid suppression, nocturnal acid escape, "non-acid" reflux, rapid metabolism of PPI, slow gastric emptying, and misdiagnosis of GERD. This is a common cause of failure of the clinical treatment and, in this case, the problem is not the treatment but the diagnosis. Causes of misdiagnosis of GERD are functional heartburn, achalasia, megaesophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis, other types of esophagitis, and other causes. The diagnosis and treatment are specific to each of these causes of refractoriness to clinical therapy with PPI.

Nonlinearity and focalisation in Attila Janisch’sMásnap

AbstractThe essay’s aim is to examine the relationship between perspective and nonlinear temporal structure in Attila Janisch’s 2004 film,Másnap, which is loosely based on Alain Robbe-Grillet’sLe Voyeur(1955). My analysis revolves around the understanding of two important narratological distinctions, that between a nonlinear presentation of events and a paradoxical plot, and that between narrative focalizalization and textual focalization. According to David Bordwell, the most widespread definition of linearity is when the successive events of A, B and C are presented in the narrative in their chronological order. Any other form of their presentation results in a nonlinear narrative. ButMásnapis a special type of narrative, which highlights the limitation of such traditional dichotomies, because a consistent order of events cannot be reconstructed. Many critics tried to grasp the core of the film’s narrative by trying to put together the original timeline of events, relying on false indicators of logic and coherence, while they failed to recognize the narrative’s real rhetorical purpose in preventing a consistent and unambiguous plot to be established. The narrative’s complexity lies in the fact that both assumptions – that it depicts asubjective experience of timeanda storyworld with strange temporality– are necessary to explain the film’s unusual, fragmented structure and interpret its events. I point out how the film requires us to reinterpret the meanings attached to the familiar techniques of continuity editing and how it converts the practices of the early Nouveau Roman, which marginalizes traditional plot-structures, the notion of character, and conventional descriptions of objects, to interact with a subjective vision governed by a fictional mind.

A Scholarly Study on the Departure of the Last Ten among the Sahaba (R.A)

The term of Sahaba refers to the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him,remained faithful and died as a Muslim. Sahaba struggled their best to spread Islam through out the world. They are not like ordinary people according to Islam, they are considered to be the most prominent and superior among all human beings after Prophets. Therefore Strong feeling of affection for them is the truthfulness towards the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and it is the symbol of faith. There are thousands of Sahaba who struggled their best to spread the true message of Islam, however hardly anyone knows about the last one? In this article we will discuss about the last ten Sahaba. Keywords: Umama, Anas bin Malik, Muhamm’ad, Sahaba

Can You Tell a Prodigy From a Professional Musician?

Little empirical research has been conducted on prodigies, in no small part due to the fact that there exists no agreed-upon definition with which to identify them. The most widespread definition characterizes a prodigy as a child who, at a very young age (typically before 10) performs at an adult professional level (Feldman & Goldsmith, 1986). We tested this definition by asking musicians and nonmusicians to (1) judge whether audio clips were played by a prodigy or a professional, and (2) identify which of two clips of the same piece was played by a prodigy. Listeners performed above chance in both tasks but by a very modest margin, and musicians performed better than nonmusicians. Their low performance implies that prodigies perform well enough to be judged in terms of the most demanding criteria of performance in the field. Yet older prodigies (11 to 14) were harder to distinguish from professionals than younger prodigies (under 10), suggesting a protracted developmental trajectory for prodigy performance. Furthermore, the rate at which prodigies progressed in their playing appears higher than for regular students, suggesting that rate of progress might be used as an additional criterion for defining music prodigy.

Management of Bladder Pain Syndrome: Green-top Guideline No. 70.

Management of Bladder Pain Syndrome: Green-top Guideline No. 70.

On Clone as Genetic Copy: Critique of a Metaphor

A common feature of scientific and ethical debates is that clones are generally described and understood as “copies” or, more specifically defined, as “genetic copies.” The attempt of this paper is to question this widespread definition. It first argues that the terminology of “clone as copy” can only be understood as a metaphor, and therefore, a clone is not a “genetic copy” in a strict literal sense, but in a figurative one. Second, the copy metaphor has a normative component that is problematic in the context of descriptive science and may support or indicate the ethically relevant phenomenon of objectification of animals. In order to support the argument against the common conception of a clone as a copy, the biotechnological principles of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning will be examined. On this basis, it will be shown that the metaphor is valid because of similarities between the phenotype, the genotype, or the nuclear DNA sequence of the clone and its progenitor by using three prominent levels of comparison (clone as phenotypical, genotypical, and nuclear copy). Focusing on the process of SCNT, it will be shown that cloning as copying or doubling has to be redefined for scientific purposes because it is neither necessary nor does it fit to the biotechnological principles of cloning. It is more accurate to understand SCNT cloning as a process of splitting rather than of doubling or copying. In the second part, a deconstructivist analysis based on Jacques Derrida’s description in Positions (1981) will reveal the normative potential of the original–copy dichotomy. I will be showing that it includes an asymmetrical power structure between the original (progenitor) and the copy (clone) and that this structure can be reversed or at least considered unstable. Therefore, arguments that build on that metaphor must be reconsidered. Moreover, the analysis reveals that applying a terminology to humans and animals that is commonly used for things becomes the language of objectification. Two selected examples, fungibility and violability, based on Martha Nussbaum’s notion of objectification will support the thesis of objectification, display its normative consequences, and put the clone as a copy metaphor in a broader range of ethically questionable research tendencies.

Payments for Ecosystem Services as Incentives for Collective Action

The design and thriving of payments for ecosystem services (PES) have occurred as a response to the relative failure of integrated strategies for reconciling conservation and development. The most widespread definition of PES conceives these payments as markets to solve environmental externalities. This article analyzes the limitations of this “Coasean” approach using insights from transaction costs economics, and it pleads for looking at PES with different analytical lenses. It argues that PES should be seen as “incentives for collective action.” However, the extent to which incentives can contribute to the management of ES should not be taken for granted. The effects of monetary incentives are determined by their “social meanings,” which are context and culture dependent. The proposed conceptual shift has significant analytical and practical implications.

Polypoid Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Terminal Ileum

The terminal ileum contains lymphoid structures such as Peyer's patches and small lymphoid aggregations which can be quite prominent, especially in children and young adults. There is no widespread definition of the normal appearance of lymphoid tissue or what is the upper limit of normal size. Additionally, the clinical significance of apparent hyperplasia is not clear. A case of polypoid lymphoid hyperplasia of the terminal ileum detected by video capsule endoscopy is presented. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.

Understanding pathogens in the era of next generation sequencing

What is a pathogen? Medical textbooks usually define a pathogen as any microorganism that causes disease. However, this widespread definition is problematic on a number of counts [1, 11]. Moreover, a generally accepted definition is not forthcoming among medical microbiologists, immunologists, and physicians. Here it is argued that there is another, and more pressing question to be asked, namely: what makes some organisms pathogenic and others not? Asking these questions instead allows for distinguishing pathogens from non-pathogens in a more flexible way, while at the same time emphasizing the roles of ecological and evolutionary processes in determining pathogenicity in infectious diseases.

Application of Magnetotelluric (MT) Resistivity to Imaging of Regional Three-Dimensional Geologic Structures and Groundwater Systems

Widespread definition of a groundwater system in three dimensions is necessary for the management and maintenance of groundwater resources. A magnetotelluric (MT) survey can be an effective geophysical prospecting method for imaging regional geological structures by measuring both shallow and deep resistivity. To demonstrate the capability of an MT survey to characterize a groundwater system, the Kumamoto area of central Kyushu in southwestern Japan was selected as a case study site because of its rich groundwater resources. Three-dimensional (3D) MT resistivity structure to a depth of 5 km was modeled by 1D inversion analysis of raw MT data and 3D interpolation of the resultant resistivity column data by the optimization principle method. Consequently, both deep and shallow aquifers were detected. A high-resistivity zone appears at depths between 500 and 2,000 m between the Futagawa–Hinagu faults and the Usuki–Yatsushiro tectonic line, which supports the existence of an aquiclude under the aquifer. The most important characteristic inferred from the 3D resistivity model is that the deep groundwater system below a depth of 1,000 m has two main flow paths. One path is likely to be through porous rocks because the low resistivity zone is regarded as tuff with sand and gravel, and the other flow path is interpreted to be through fractured zones along the Hinagu faults. Hence, the path and direction of the groundwater flows are probably controlled by geologic structures and the configuration of the active faults. These findings support the effectiveness of the MT method for investigating groundwater systems.

Gemin5 proteolysis reveals a novel motif to identify L protease targets

Translation of picornavirus RNA is governed by the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element, directing the synthesis of a single polyprotein. Processing of the polyprotein is performed by viral proteases that also recognize as substrates host factors. Among these substrates are translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins whose cleavage is responsible for inactivation of cellular gene expression. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) encodes two proteases, Lpro and 3Cpro. Widespread definition of Lpro targets suffers from the lack of a sufficient number of characterized substrates. Here, we report the proteolysis of the IRES-binding protein Gemin5 in FMDV-infected cells, but not in cells infected by other picornaviruses. Proteolysis was specifically associated with expression of Lpro, yielding two stable products, p85 and p57. In silico search of putative L targets within Gemin5 identified two sequences whose potential recognition was in agreement with proteolysis products observed in infected cells. Mutational analysis revealed a novel Lpro target sequence that included the RKAR motif. Confirming this result, the Fas-ligand Daxx, was proteolysed in FMDV-infected and Lpro-expressing cells. This protein carries a RRLR motif whose substitution to EELR abrogated Lpro recognition. Thus, the sequence (R)(R/K)(L/A)(R) defines a novel motif to identify putative targets of Lpro in host factors.

The everyday concept of trust in international cooperation environments

Far from agreement, the uneven definitions of trust indicate the difficulty in encapsulating this psychological state in a single and precise idea. Uncovering the everyday concept of trust can show the need for a different approach to its definition. To this aim, 16 expatriates of several international cooperation organizations around the world gave their views through an electronic Delphi process declaring they do not associate trust with risk or vulnerability, which does not correspond with the more widespread definition of trust in work and organizational psychology. Instead, trust appears as an evaluation that ensures outcomes as well as an understanding of them. A cluster of several central ideas in the everyday concept highlights that different practices can be designed to build or recover trust in different scenarios.