Wider Dimensions Research Articles

Microfinance and Financial Inclusion of Poor: A Ner Perspective

Microfinance has passed a long way from micro-saving to micro-credit and this journey has created an unforgettable history of developing not only the rural people but also the urban poor too especially women. Though the concept “Microfinance” refers to small financial activities like saving, credit, insurance, payment remittances etc. but have covered a wider dimension and shown a greater impact in improving socioeconomic life of poor people by providing a channel through which they are getting involvement into the financial system of a country. The poor people especially women have been always excluded from the formal financial system basically either due to social background or economic backwardness and even sometimes both. Therefore in order to overcome the challenging issues like poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, lack of formal credit support, improvement in socio-economic status, the government of India in association with NABARD and RBI introduced the concept of Self Help Groups. This paper will try to highlight the growth and progress of SHGs over different period of time, loan disbursed and repayment status with special reference to NER.

Focal Group Technique: Overcoming Normality Standards While Comprehending Inclusive Learning

The culture of learning that defines Web Society converges to the construction of a new educational model, featured by the diversity and plurality of individuals. However, the normality standards are socially established accentuate the problem that stigmatizes the universe of deficiency, which relates it to incapacity or ineffectiveness. The objective of this article is to comprehend the learning processes circumscribed to the universe of people with hearing and visual impairments along with people without deficiencies. Therefore, it is utilized by the qualitative research supported by the Focus Group technique. Based on the Situated Cognition Theory and Jungian Symbolic Pedagogy, the participants’ perceptions are analyzed in three different focal groups. It is possible to reframe the concept of inclusion by indicating that learning difficulties are not directly connected to the deficiency, but indeed come from the shadow formed in unconsciousness. The inclusive proposals must overcome the paradigm of dominantly rational learning and include wider dimensions that also form the totality of being.

“Respect” as a personal attribute in the British Army

This article describes the results of research into the social phenomenon of “respect” as framed by junior members of the British Army, as part of a wider study into the Values and Standards of the British Army. This research was interview based, using qualitative analysis software to detect, manage, and draw conclusions from the qualitative data recorded in those interviews. The data indicated that the primary situation in which “respect” was visualised by the participants was the unit context, and that it comprised a combination of three different strands: respect for rank or “hierarchical respect,” “professional respect” for a person's military competence, and “personal respect” for an individual's character, personal behaviour, and attributes. The overall respect that an individual is given arises from the combination of these three areas. “Respect” as a concept was, in the soldiers’ characterisation, something that had to be earned (except for the “given” represented by rank) and was not stable: a person's fund of respect could go up or down in social value. Respect was also linked to trust: the more respect a person had, the more they could be trusted. Although the unit context was the primary one for discussing their framing of the concept of respect, many of the participants reported a wider dimension in which every human being deserves a basic level of respect simply for being human, and this level could not be forfeited.

A Power Game of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives

The critiques of power inequalities in MSIs predominantly focus on the domination of trans-national corporations in the process of negotiation, owing to information asymmetry and resource and capacity differentials. To challenge their influences, some MSI protagonists, under the influence of institutional thinking, proposes ‘anti-firm’ strategies, such as stronger sanction, more effective monitoring, and developing strategic alliance among non-market stakeholders, in an attempt to redraw the balance of power. By evaluating the effectiveness of the ‘anti-firm’ proposals, this paper argues that targeting trans-national corporations as the villain would simply create a dichotomy of ‘them versus us’. This perspective shows an inadequate understanding of the complex incentive structures of different stakeholders. Preoccupied with the power dynamics within MSIs, other wider dimensions of power inequalities, such as North-South tension, global-local dilemmas, and the legitimacy of non-governmental organisations in MSIs, are all side-stepped.

Building strategic elements to increase contact lens sales

Purpose – This paper aims to build important strategic elements to penetrate deeper into the contact lens market and increase sales. Design/methodology/approach – The contact lens market is highly competitive and unattractive. Because contact lens market growth has slowed, competitors have become more alike. To survive or make more than normal profits, a contact lens manufacturer has to differentiate and compete on wider dimensions. Findings – In a complex, competitive and ever-changing vision care industry environment, a contact lens manufacturer must compete on wider dimensions to gain strategic advantage and increase sales. Practical implications – To survive, a contact lens manufacturer’s strategic game plan may not look simple and form wider strategic components. Originality/value – Provides a unique look at the contact lens market.

Analysis of the Effective Refractive Index of Silicon Waveguides Through the Constructive and Destructive Interference in a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

This paper introduces a method of measuring the delta between the effective refractive index of a silicon waveguide and a waveguide with wider dimensions through the constructive and destructive interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The method consists of a fixed effective refractive index variation incorporated by tapering one of the arms in the interferometer to a wider waveguide dimension. The MZI consists of a Y-branch splitter and a multimode interference (MMI) coupler. The Y-branch splitter splits the input light 50/50 into the two arms, and the MMI is used for recombination of the two arms. A change in the effective refractive index of one arm in comparison with the other arm in the interferometer will introduce a phase difference on recombination in the MMI. The MMI has the following three ports: the top and bottom output ports, which are the antisymmetric outputs, and the middle port, which is the symmetric output. When the two signals are in phase, all the light is coupled into the symmetric port, and when the two inputs are π out of phase, the light is coupled 50/50 into the antisymmetric ports. The interferometer is designed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and fabricated through IMEC Belgium. Theoretical, simulation, and measured results are presented and compared.

‘Buying the Maid Ricoffy’: Domestic Workers, Employers and Food

ABSTRACT This article focuses on employer accounts of their relationships with domestic workers in their employ. It examines, in particular, discussions about food provision for domestic workers within the household – an integral part of the complicated employment relationship – and points to a number of wider dimensions and power relations characterising the relationship. The discussion is based on ten focus group interviews at employers' book clubs in Cape Town. The findings are corroborated using 171 questionnaires, ten home observations, and interviews. While the findings are neither generalisable nor conclusive, they suggest that food provision is a dense site for investigating the complexities and micro-relations of power between ‘maid’ and ‘madam’, and that the rules governing domestic workers' access to food index the intimacy and estrangement (as well as other contradictions in the attitudes and behaviour of employers) that characterise the domestic employment relationship. This contradiction is exacerbated by ambiguous communication, employer discomfort, and feelings of guilt about past and present inequalities, ensuring that while relationships have changed since apartheid, employers use covert codes and norms to maintain a skewed power structure.

Stability comparison between commercially available mini-implants and a novel design: Part 1

To compare mechanical stability among five mini-implant designs--a newly invented design and four commercially available designs that vary by shape and threading; to calculate external surface area of each design using high-resolution micro-computed tomography; and to evaluate the relationship between surface area and stability results. The four commercially available mini-implants--single-threaded and cylindrical (SC), single-threaded and tapered (ST), double-threaded and cylindrical (DC), double-threaded and tapered (DT)--and a new implant that is designed to engage mostly in cortical bone with shorter and wider dimensions (N1) were inserted in simulated bone with cortical and trabecular bone layers. The mechanical study consisted of torque measurements and lateral displacement tests. External surface area was computed using a 25-µm micro-CT. Maximum insertion torque, maximum removal torque, and force levels for displacements were the highest in N1, followed by DT, ST, DC, and SC (α = .05). The surface area was largest in DT, followed by N1, ST, DC, and SC. Surface area engaged in cortical bone, however, was the greatest in N1. The surface area of mini-implants had positive correlation with stability. Among commercial designs, both added tapering and double threading improved stability. N1 was the most stable design within this research design. The new design has the potential to be clinically superior; it has enhanced stability and there is diminished risk of endangering nearby anatomic structures during placement and orthodontic treatment, but the design requires refinements to reduce insertion torque to avoid clinical difficulty and patient discomfort.

Open Skies in turbulence, a well functioning treaty is endangered by outside developments

AbstractToday the Treaty on Open Skies is confronted with contradictory developments: Continuing adherence of all parties, in particular Russia and the United States to the treaty and preparations for modernisation of the technical monitoring capabilities on the one hand, while the general support for conventional arms control and military confidence building in the OSCE region declines. Since January 2011 an intervention of Turkey over the accession application of Cyprus has prevented any regular sessions and decisions of the Open Skies Consultative Commission ( OSCC ). The treaty is taken hostage for an unsolved status conflict which has much wider dimensions. Since the impasse in the OSCC could not be solved on the diplomatic level so far (Oct. 2011), high level political intervention is needed to save the treaty from erosion.

Jorge Semprun's Broken Mirror: The Broader Text of Resistance, the Shoah, and Camps in L'�criture ou la vie and Le Retour de Carola Neher

Jorge Semprun's Broken Mirror:The Broader Text of Resistance, the Shoah, and Camps in L'Écriture ou la vie and Le Retour de Carola Neher Van Kelly In January 1944, the resister Jorge Semprun was deported from France to Buchenwald. He survived to see the camp liberated on 11 April 1945, but did not publish his experience until his first novel, or more precisely his first "autofiction," Le Grand Voyage of 1963, which tells of the deportation of "Gérard," member of a Special Operations Executive (Buckmaster) maquis in Burgundy, though the narration includes segments devoted to the Holocaust per se, notably the S.S.'s brutal execution of a group of Jewish children on their arrival at Buchenwald.1 The resister's perspective remains primary in L'Évanouissement (1967), with some reference as well to experiences as a clandestine Communist agent in postwar Spain (1978). Subsequently, Semprun published several works on his captivity: Quel beau dimanche (1980), L'Écriture ou la vie (1994), Le Retour de Carola Neher (1998), and Le Mort qu'il faut (2002). These works broaden to embrace many topics including racial deportations, Auschwitz, his family's involvement in the Spanish Republic, his experience of Buchenwald as "Red Spaniard" protégé of the camp's German Communist shadow hierarchy, after the liberation his role in the Spanish Communist Party, disillusionment with Marxism, expulsion from the Party in 1964,2 and critiques of Stalinism and the Gulag, which were vectors for his own sense of complicity.3 Semprun's work echoes Henry Rousso's chronology of the Vichy Syndrome, but only in part. In L'Écriture ou la vie, Semprun recounts the "unfinished mourning" that kept him from writing about Buchenwald more than a decade after his liberation. Moreover, the return of the memory of racial deportations, "la mémoire juive" or beginning of "Obsession" in the Vichy Syndrome, indelibly marks L'Écriture ou la vie, overcoming the limited view afforded of the Nazi machine by Buchenwald, deadly but without gas chambers and dominated by political prisoners.4 By contrast, Semprun's denunciation of the Gulag, "[l]'horizon du communisme, incontournable,"5 is his version of Rousso's third stage, the "broken mirror," and this orientation transcends Vichy and the Syndrome, though as Rousso himself insists, "Seule une perspective qui transcende les frontières peut rendre sa véritable dimension au souvenir de la dernière guerre" (22). [End Page 20] Semprun's broad reach right and left relates directly to his narrative technique. From Le Grand Voyage onward, he develops an interlocking-ring narration, based on successive flashbacks and flashforwards, where multiple strands of his ethical remembering touch and intertwine. I will first discuss Part One, Chapters Two and Four of L'Écriture ou la vie, because of allusions to Kant, Goethe, Blum, Heidegger, Brecht, and the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs. These writerly memory loops with their tangents define Semprun's ethical crux, which he revisits in Le Retour de Carola Neher, performed in 1995 at Weimar. The play expands to include genocides in ex-Yugoslavia via coincidence with the term "Muslim" or "musulman," referring to exhausted prisoners on the verge of extinction in the Nazi camps. By revisiting his memory sites, Semprun works through to the camps' wider dimensions. His "repetition of the same," says Ursula Tidd, is a "bearing witness [that] carries the instant outside itself, projecting it into the future, addressing it to the Other" ("Infinity" 407). Rather than compulsive repetition, this is a truer register of his multi-voiced score or palimpsest: "plus j'écris, plus la mémoire me revient," says Semprun, "De là ma théorie que c'est une écriture inépuisable, à la fois impossible et inépuisable. On ne peut pas tout dire, mais on n'aura jamais tout dit. On peut dire à chaque fois davantage."6 Semprun's ethical foundation Part One, Chapter Two of L'Écriture ou la vie condenses Semprun's ethical loop. This crux manifests itself in the aftermath of Auschwitz, as recounted to Buchenwald detainees by a survivor of the Sonderkommando that emptied gas chambers of their corpses: Il m'a semblé alors, dans le silence qui a suivi le récit du...

Shared lesbian motherhood: a challenge of established concepts and frameworks

In this issue, Spanish IVF-clinicians (Marina et al., 2010) report the firstexperiences of their institution with a novel procedure allowing lesbiancouples to share biological motherhood. Technically, this involves oneof the partners providing the oocytes for in vitro fertilization (IVF) usingdonor sperm, whereas the other partner provides the uterus andbears the child. The authors refer to this as ROPA (reception ofoocytes from partner). For the couples involved, this procedure,although more challenging and costly than having a child throughdonor insemination (DI), would have the psychosocial advantage ofallowing them to both participate in the creation of the child. WithDI, the procedure that most centres would offer as the treatmentof choice for reproductively healthy lesbian couples, they can have achild of which inevitably one partner is ‘only’ a social mother. WithROPA, however, they can have a child of which both partners arebiological mothers, although in different ways.The idea that IVF might make it possible for lesbian couples to sharebiological motherhood is far from new, but has until now mainly beendiscussed as an interesting hypothetical concept (Chan et al., 1993;Robertson, 1994; Dondorp, 2004; Woodward and Norton, 2006).Although there have been incidental media stories about lesbiancouples seeking this type of reproductive treatment (De Telegraaf,2000; BBC News, 2005) and although it was known that somecouples had succeeded in thus creating ‘egg mommy, wombmommy families’ (Ehrensaft, 2008), the practice has not receivedmuch attention. Recently, a sociological study of partner dynamicsbetween lesbian co-mothers included 10 couples who used IVF as ameans to share biological motherhood (Pelka, 2009). This issue’sarticle by Marina et al. is, to our knowledge, the first clinical reportof this procedure in a medical scientific journal. There is no doubtthat this will give new impetus to the debate about how this appli-cation of IVF technology may challenge established views about par-enting, the family and the aims of assisted reproductive treatment(ART). As the authors stress, it is this wider dimension that makestheir publication remarkable, rather than the technical aspects,which are not different from regular procedures of IVF using donoroocytes.In their article, Marina et al. refer to general principles of medicalethics: beneficence, non-maleficence and respect for patient auton-omy (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009). They conclude that the prac-tice of offering ROPA meets all the requirements of these principles.First, as ROPA leads to the fulfilment of an important desire of thecouple, it would be an instance of ‘doing good’. Second, given thepositive outcome of studies of the development of children in ‘lesbian-first families’, no one would be harmed. Finally, as the procedure iscarried out on the request of a well-informed couple, it would be inaccord with the principle of autonomy. However, this analysis leavesroom for further considerations of medical ethics that we brieflyaddress as a contribution to further debate.

The wider dimensions of academic integrity

Plenary Address: Annual International Conference of the Center for Academic
 Integrity St. Louis, Missouri
 17 October 2009
 
 In this presentation I'd like to focus on the wider dimensions of academic integrity. To participate in this conversation, we need to turn a mirror on ourselves – as an academic community– and ask whether we're setting the right example for our students, and also whether our rhetoric of integrity is consistent with the reality of our academic world.

Editorial, Volume 5(2)

Editorial, Volume 5(2)

Are some more equal than others? Social comparison in self-management skills training for long-term conditions

Social comparisons influence self-evaluation and social and psychological adjustment to illness but are under-explored in relation to self-skills training group situations. A longitudinal qualitative study embedded within an RCT of a national programme of lay led self-care support in England (Department of Health, 2001). In-depth interviews were undertaken with a purposeful maximum variation sample of recruits. Data were analysed thematically. Three key themes emerged highlighting (1) the experience of group participation and interaction, (2) the process and (3) function of social comparison. Data highlight the salience of social comparison as an underlying feature of the group dynamics of self-care skills training. The nature, dimensions and scope of social comparisons extend beyond the cognitive states and dimensions traditionally forming the focus of social-psychological approaches to social comparison to include wider dimensions including entitlement to resources. The results confirm the tendency to make positive comparisons that result in beneficial self-evaluations. However, positive comparisons allow respondents to present themselves as socially and morally worthy, which may act to mask the identification of appropriate need and inequalities. Social comparisons function both as an accurate representation of internal cognitive states but also constitutes identity work involving competing values and moral requirements. We show that even those who report significant needs will sometimes portray themselves in a way that suggests positive social comparisons, which fit with a rationed and morally prescriptive and acceptable view of entitlement to NHS services. Such insights suggest that social comparisons in initiatives such as the EPP may be beneficial for some but exacerbate rather than alleviate health inequalities in long-term condition management for others.

Heritage Tourists: Responsible, (f)or What?

There is the ever-present danger that much of debate in tourism hangs on definitional niceties (Wheeller 2007), to the extent that analysis becomes academic – inexorably taking discussion ever further away from the world of the tourist into the (separate) realm of tourism academe. ‘Heritage’ is a case in point: suitably ambiguous, its precise meaning – let alone what it generically represents – open to conjecture. Even if it were possible to draw exact parameters around an acceptable, ‘workable’ definition, interpretation of that thereby encompassed would still be subjective. The complexities as to what actually constitutes a heritage attraction are perhaps best exemplified in Prentice’s (1993) attempt at a 23-category classification. The emphasis of Ashworth’s probe appears to be focused on the effects tourists have on the built heritage/ environment. But I would hazard a guess that a layperson’s (i.e., tourist’s?) interpretation of ‘heritage’ would embrace far wider dimensions than this rather narrow perspective. As, indeed, would those of guardians (self-appointed or otherwise) of ‘heritage’. Uzzell’s (1989) influential Heritage Interpretation was sub-titled The Natural and Built Environment. In the UK, the recent popularity of the television series, The Coast, would suggest that natural heritage and, currently, coastal heritage in particular, constitute significant elements in the nation’s psyche… and not only in an idealised,

WATER FOOTPRINT AND CHALLENGES FOR ITS APPLICATION TO INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN ROMANIA

Abstract This paper analyses and discusses the concept of water footprint, developed in order to have an indicator of water use in relation to consumption of people. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The use of water resources comprises water use in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. The overall objective of water management, which adopts integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches is to satisfy the freshwater needs of all countries for their sustainable water management. The concept of water footprint has introduced a new and wider dimension in integrated water resources management. The analysis of water footprint trade is providing new perspectives for global water strategies and policies. Water footprint can provide complementary roles in the context of integrated water resources management (IWRM), due to the fact that the water footprint data raises awareness among the general public, government and stakeholders as to the environmental impact of societal activities. This paper discusses the various water problems such as (a) increasing water shortages, (b) deterioration of water quality and (c) stresses on water supplies and the challenges they represent to integrating the approaches of water management to ensure sustainability of the resource. The water footprint concept is relatively new in Romania and it has not been introduced in relationship to IWRM. In Romania the IWRM concept is associated with the EU Water Framework Directives, although it is not considered as being fully covered by the present water and environmental sector policies. This study is to be included in a complex research assessing the possibilities of application of the water footprint concept in Romania, especially by providing an assessment for its application in the North Eastern part of the country, i.e. to the Prut river basin.

O.488 Is SPECT still necessary for predicting bone destruction?

The authors conducted a scanographic study in order to characterize the local anesthetic spread of injectate resulting from a single-injection technique of deep cervical plexus block.Six consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists II and III patients scheduled for elective carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia were enrolled. Deep cervical plexus block was placed via an anterolateral approach using a nerve stimulator to guide the injection on contact with the levator scapulae nerve. With specific contractions evoked at a stimulating current intensity ≤0.5 mA, a 40-mL mixture containing local anesthetics and iopamidol was injected. Thirty minutes after the block was placed, sensory and motor neural blockade was evaluated, and a helicoidal scanner of the head-neck and upper thorax was completed. Sequential cross sections spaced at 5 mm were performed from the base of the skull down to T1. A 3-dimensional volume-rendering technique was used to characterize spread of injectate, which calculated volume.All patients completed C2-C4 dermatomal sensory blockade. None of the patients experienced anesthesia of the C8 and T1 dermatomes. The spread of injectate extended in a cephalocaudal direction from C1 to C7; its wider dimensions were systematically observed at the C3-C4 level. Fascia of the carotid sheath and sternocleidomastoid muscle limited the anterior spread of injectate. The trapezius limited lateral and posterior diffusion of injectate. Spread of injectate had a large volume exceeding twice that of the injectate. It has roughly a hemi cylinder shape with both ends stretched toward C1 and C7.The authors showed that deep cervical plexus block was associated with a wide spread of injectate. The data show that the spread of injectate is enclosed within to the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia.

An analytical solution for the spread extrusion of shaped sections

Spread extrusion could be used for manufacturing of wide profiles in the extrusion industry. In this paper a new method of design and analysis has been presented for such a problem. Special dies were designed for profiled sections such as square, rectangular, elliptical and cross shapes. These dies force the material to flow sideways and spread so as to extrude sections with wider dimensions than the initial billet or the maximum container diameter. The geometry of the deforming zone in the die was formulated and based upon that, a kinematically admissible velocity field was derived. Using this velocity, we estimated the field upper bound on extrusion power. Profile sections with different aspect ratios were investigated and the influence of other process parameters such as friction and reduction of area on the extrusion pressure were studied. Optimum die lengths for each die were calculated so as to minimize the extrusion pressure. Finite element analysis for the numerical simulation of the process was also carried out. The finite element results were also used as an aid to the design process of the extrusion dies. Dies were manufactured for different sections such as square, rectangle, and ellipse and cross shapes. Experiments were carried out to obtain data to verify the theory. Comparison of the results showed good agreement between the theoretical, numerical and experimental data. It was concluded the present method could be used to design dies for the spread extrusion of different shaped dies.

Some Lived Experiences of the 60s Generation of Social Theorists

Alan Sica and Stephen Turner have assembled a lively collection of autobiographies of leaders of the '60s intellectual generation in sociology who currently form a large component of sociology's intellectual leadership. They provide an orientation by means of a preface and an introduction and then allow 18 social theorists (all of whom are sociologists) to tell their stories.1 Also they provide a few "before" and "after" photographs of some of the authors. As Sica points out these theorists "now work in Britain (3), Canada (1), France (2), Germany (2), Italy (1) and the US"; four are women and at least one self identifies as black (pp. 2, 10). The Introduction is especially interesting by virtue of evoking the spirit of the age through citing contemporary magazine accounts. This collection is an interesting addition, in several ways, to the small body of biographical and autobiographical material on sociologists. The insouciant style departs from and complements the more sedate style of those precursors. This gives the authors an opportunity to analyse a variety of social phenomena that might not fit in more formal contexts, and makes the collection eminently readable for many who might have difficulty with more traditional academic writing. By showing how the content of sociology writing relates to career experiences and trajectories, and to wider dimensions of scholars' social lives, social theory is made to come alive and the tacit knowledge circulating amongst producers is made explicit.

Demonstration of the Spread of Injectate With Deep Cervical Plexus Block: A Case Series

The authors conducted a scanographic study in order to characterize the local anesthetic spread of injectate resulting from a single-injection technique of deep cervical plexus block. Six consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists II and III patients scheduled for elective carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia were enrolled. Deep cervical plexus block was placed via an anterolateral approach using a nerve stimulator to guide the injection on contact with the levator scapulae nerve. With specific contractions evoked at a stimulating current intensity <or=0.5 mA, a 40-mL mixture containing local anesthetics and iopamidol was injected. Thirty minutes after the block was placed, sensory and motor neural blockade was evaluated, and a helicoidal scanner of the head-neck and upper thorax was completed. Sequential cross sections spaced at 5 mm were performed from the base of the skull down to T1. A 3-dimensional volume-rendering technique was used to characterize spread of injectate, which calculated volume. All patients completed C2-C4 dermatomal sensory blockade. None of the patients experienced anesthesia of the C8 and T1 dermatomes. The spread of injectate extended in a cephalocaudal direction from C1 to C7; its wider dimensions were systematically observed at the C3-C4 level. Fascia of the carotid sheath and sternocleidomastoid muscle limited the anterior spread of injectate. The trapezius limited lateral and posterior diffusion of injectate. Spread of injectate had a large volume exceeding twice that of the injectate. It has roughly a hemi cylinder shape with both ends stretched toward C1 and C7. The authors showed that deep cervical plexus block was associated with a wide spread of injectate. The data show that the spread of injectate is enclosed within to the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia.