Wide Temperature Research Articles

Relative Humidity Distribution along the Gas Flow Channel in a Wide Temperature Range

Relative humidity (RH) distribution is a crucial condition for proton exchange membranes in fuel cells. Estimation of the distribution in a cell by measuring RH at the cell outlet with varying the O2conversion was proposed. The O2 conversion is a function of the space time, a ratio of the active area from the inlet to the inlet volumetric gas flow rate. Varying the active area or the flow rate resulted in identical relation between the O2 conversion and the space time 60.5–90.5 oC with Nafion NR-212. Numerical simulation well reproduced the measured RH distribution, which was also closer to those estimated with assuming equal RH on the anode and cathode sides, i.e. sufficiently rapid water permeation. At higher temperature, more water generation or supply was required to attain RH equal to that at lower temperature. Increasing the inlet RH compensated the less RH increase at higher temperature.

Performance improvement strategies of boron-doped lithium-rich layered oxide cathode materials for wide temperature condition

Herein, the boron-doped Li-rich materials are prepared by rapid nucleation-assisted solvothermal and high-temperature method. In this work, the effects of boron doping on crystal structure and cycling performances of as-prepared materials were investigated. The material characterization results show that the introduction of B reduces the TM valence, enlarges the (003) space distance, and modulates the local crystal structure, which may change the electrochemical performance of as-prepared samples. Li1.2Ni0.24Co0.08Mn0.48B0.02O2 (LLNCMBO-2) showed an increase in discharge capacity of 36.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C compared to the pristine sample. The LLNCMBO-2 exhibit high capacity retention of 85.50 % after 200 cycles with a voltage decay of only 254.9 mV. Additionally, the results of wide temperature testing show that the electrochemical performance of boron-doped samples improved evidently.

Enhanced wear resistance and strength synergy in Ti3AlC2 MAX through in-situ synthesis of nano TiB2 heterostructure

The rapid development of science and technology poses the core parts and techniques of industrial tribo-systems facing more stringent situations like high temperature exceeding 600 °C. For this case, solid lubrication materials are required to possess high strength, low friction coefficient and high wear resistance over a wide temperature range. However, achieving such “strong wearable yet lubricated” materials have proven challenging. Here we report a unique reinforced strategy for lubricated Ti3AlC2 MAX ceramic by in-situ synthesis of nano TiB2 heterostructure, which results in a superior high temperature strength and lubrication simultaneously excess other traditional solid-lubrication materials. Such TiB2/Ti3AlC2 composite employs a high level of compressive strength (1120 MPa ∼ 1368 MPa), wear resistance (<10‐5 mm3/(N∙m)) and low friction coefficient (<0.4) at even 800 °C. We show that its unusual properties stem from the introduction of TiB2 nanocrystalline densified and strengthened the Ti3AlC2 matrix thus to ensure the high strength. Meanwhile, the TiB2 also undergoes rapid oxidation along high temperatures friction, resulting in the formation of a continuous and smooth lubricative tribofilm containing solid lubricant B2O3, leading to exceptional solid lubrication effect at high temperature. Our finding provides a potential material portfolio and a new design strategy for high temperature solid-lubricative applications.

Anion-Anchored Polymer-in-Salt Solid Electrolyte for High-Performance Zinc Batteries.

Solid polymer electrolytes hold promise for addressing key challenges in rechargeable zinc batteries (ZBs) utilizing aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving simultaneous high ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and a high cation transference number while effectively suppressing Zn dendrites remains challenging. Herein, we design a novel polymer-in-salt solid electrolyte (PISSE) composed of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and niobium pentoxide with oxygen vacancies (Nb2O5-x) with high ionic conductivity. PAN polymer matrix provides the electrolyte good mechanical properties and solubility of Zn salt. The high concentration of ZnCl2 effectively decouples the Zn2+ from polymer chain segments and provides more ionic conduction amorphous region. Moreover, incorporating Nb2O5-x filler accelerates Zn2+ desolvation by anchoring (ZnxCly)2x-y clusters and enhances the system's mechanical properties, achieving a superior Zn2+ transference number (~0.93) and interfacial stability. Consequently, the optimized PISSE demonstrates exceptional stability during prolonged cycling periods, wide temperature range operation (-40 ℃ to 60 ℃), remarkable flexibility, and compatibility with diverse electrode materials. This study provides valuable insights into the design of solid-state electrolytes based on ZBs and elucidates their multifunctional prospects.

Comparing low-temperature NH3-SCR activity, operating temperature window and kinetic properties of the Mn-Fe-Nb/TiO2 catalysts prepared by different methods

In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional V-based catalysts, such as poor low-temperature activity, narrow temperature window, and toxicity. Therefore, the Mn-Fe-Nb/TiO2 catalysts were prepared using impregnation (IM), citric acid complexation (CA), co-precipitation (CP), hydrothermal synthesis (HY), and sol–gel (SG) methods to develop novel NH3 selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) catalysts with excellent low-temperature activity, a wide temperature window, and environmental friendliness. Their NH3-SCR catalytic activity was evaluated, followed by a detailed analysis of their morphology, structure, specific surface area, chemical state, redox properties, acidity, and interactions using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Bruaner-Emmet-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The 5Mn-7Fe-4Nb/TiO2-SG catalyst, prepared via sol–gel, exhibited the highest denitrification (de-NOx) activity and the widest operating temperature window, achieving over 80% Nitric oxide (NO) conversion at 180–350 °C and a peak conversion of 97% at 250 °C. The XRD, BET, SEM, and HR-TEM characterization results showed that the catalyst prepared using the sol–gel method had the smallest particles, the highest specific surface area, and the greatest dispersion. XPS and NH3-TPD results revealed that the catalyst prepared using the sol–gel method possessed the highest surface adsorbed oxygen (Oα) content and the largest number of acidic sites. H2-TPR and FTIR analyses indicated that the catalyst prepared using the sol–gel method enhanced the reduction capacity and possessed the strongest interaction forces among support-active-promoter components. Steady-state kinetic tests confirmed that in the NH3-SCR reaction, the rate-determining step was the adsorption activation of NO on the catalyst surface. The sol–gel method reduced the activation energy for de-NOx reactions, enhancing the low-temperature activity of the catalyst.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF BACTERIOPHAGES AGAINST VIBRIO CHOLERAE

This study investigates the use of bacteriophages as an alternative antibacterial approach to combat antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae, a major public health concern. Vibrio cholerae strains were identified through culture on TCBS agar, microscopy, and biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, indole, and citrate). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method across five antibiotics: tetracycline, norfloxacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. Results showed resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, while strains remained susceptible to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin Five bacteriophages against Vibrio cholerae were isolated from 50 wastewater samples, and only two (F1 and F2) showed lytic activity, forming clear plaques. These two lytic phages were further purified and characterized for stability across different temperatures, pH levels, and host range. The isolated phages were tested for host range against six Vibrio cholerae strains, with F1 lysing five strains and F2 lysing three, and demonstrated stability across temperatures (20°C to 55°C) and pH levels (4 to 9). They remained active across a wider temperature and pH range demonstrating their potential for therapeutic use. The study shows that these phages are highly specific, targeting only Vibrio cholerae strains from various sources without affecting other bacterial species. This specificity makes them safer for therapeutic use, as they are less likely to disrupt the body’s natural bacterial flora. Further genomic studies are recommended to characterize the genetic makeup of these phages, optimizing their application in cholera treatment. This study provides critical insights into the potential of bacteriophages as an alternative treatment for antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae.

Highly resilient aerogel/sponge nested structures assisted multimodal tactile sensory system for robotic embodied perception

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding reasoning abilities when robots perform tasks, but are limited to the passively receiving information and lack multi-feature perception of realistic objects. Humans obtain complementary and coupled information from interactions with objects through the skin. Here, a multimodal tactile sensory system is reported to assist the LLM-equipped robots in actively perceiving and understanding multiple features of objects including material, compliance and thermal insulation. A multi-parametric tactile sensing array, where each sensor in the array comprises of a triboelectric unit, a decoupling pressure-temperature dual-mode sensing unit and a heating unit, is constructed to acquire the multiparametric tactile signals. The pressure-temperature sensing unit is fabricated from the developed aerogel/sponge nested composite structures, which exhibit stable compression resilience under the compression strain of over 90 %, impressive fatigue resistance with stable responses after 10,000 compression cycles, and linear thermoelectric responses over wide temperature gradients. The multi-parametric tactile signals are analyzed using Mamba time series network model, resulting in the high-precision clustering of multiple features (up to 98.3 %). Supported by a multimodal interactive perception framework, the LLM realizes multi-feature understanding of objects. With large-scale sample datasets and multi-task training, the LLM-equipped robots powered by the multimodal tactile sensory system are expected to realize embodied intelligence.

Endophytic Bacterial Biofilm-Formers Associated with Antarctic Vascular Plants.

Deschampsia antarctica and Colobantus quitensis are the only two vascular plants colonized on the Antarctic continent, which is usually exposed to extreme environments. Endophytic bacteria residing within plant tissues can exhibit diverse adaptations that contribute to their ecological success and potential benefits for their plant hosts. This study aimed to characterize 12 endophytic bacterial strains isolated from these plants, focusing on their ecological adaptations and functional roles like plant growth promotion, antifungal activities, tolerance to salt and low-carbon environments, wide temperature range, and biofilm formation. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we identified several strains, including novel species like Hafnia and Agreia. Many strains exhibited nitrogen-fixing ability, phosphate solubilization, ammonia, and IAA production, potentially benefiting their hosts. Additionally, halotolerance and carbon oligotrophy were also shown by studied bacteria. While some Antarctic bacteria remain strictly psychrophilic, others demonstrate a remarkable ability to tolerate a wider range of temperatures, suggesting that they have acquired mechanisms to cope with fluctuations in environmental temperature and developed adaptations to survive in intermediate hosts like mammals and/or birds. Such adaptations and high plasticity of metabolism of Antarctic endophytic bacteria provide a foundation for research and development of new promising products or mechanisms for use in agriculture and technology.

Ultrahigh Thermal Rectification at Small Temperature Difference Achieved by Near‐Field Thermal Photon Manipulation

AbstractThermal diodes, which allow heat to flow in a preferential direction, are an essential component of thermal circuitry and will find applications in many fields ranging from thermal photon controls to quantum information. The quality of a thermal diode is defined by the thermal rectification ratio (TRR). Here, an ultrahigh TRR exceeding 105 at a small temperature difference (1–5 K) is presented based on near‐field thermal photon (NFTP) manipulation, by utilizing asymmetric gap‐variated dual terminals based on graphene/Si heterostructures and materials with contrasting thermal expansion coefficients. Analyses of the photon tunneling probability show that the colossal TRR comes from coupled and decoupled graphene surface plasmon polaritons under opposite temperature biases, remaining robust across a wide operating temperature range. Further enhancement can be achieved by tuning the Fermi level of graphene. This work demonstrates the significance of asymmetry in NFTP manipulation for thermal diode performance, achieving an ultrahigh TRR, which is at least three orders higher than the state‐of‐the‐art structures at the same small temperature difference (1–5 K), and is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art electronic diodes.

Wearable fiber-based visual strain sensors with high sensitivity and excellent cyclic stability for health monitoring and thermal management

Visual strain sensors have attracted significant attention in the smart wearables field due to their ability to intuitively monitor human health and movement through color displays. However, their development is limited by restricted sensitivity over a large strain range and poor cyclic stability. The conductivity and electricity-induced heating performance can be enhanced by filling microcracks with conductive nanoparticles to increase the conductive paths. Inspired by this concept, nanocarbon powder/silver nanoparticles@carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyurethane (NAMP) fiber-based visual strain sensors were developed using wet spinning, in-situ polymerization, and ultrasonic impregnation techniques. The NAMP sensors exhibit high sensitivity (GF=3528), a wide strain range (0–107 %), and excellent cyclic stability (over 5000 cycles), demonstrating high reusability, stability, and durability. Meanwhile, a wide temperature range from 27.8 °C to 75.2 °C and corresponding color display changes triggered by applied voltages from 0 to 2.5 V were achieved, indicating excellent visualization performance. In addition, the integration of NAMP fibers into temperature-adjustable electrothermal fabric can be utilized for human thermal management therapy and deicing. This work provides valuable insights into the design and potential applications of intelligent fibrous sensor, paving the way for the development of wearable textiles from fibers to fabrics.

Molecular design and application of low dielectric bismaleimide resin

AbstractWith the development of communications technology, the copper‐clad laminate (CCL) for integrated circuits (IC) pointed to the direction of high‐frequency and high‐speed development, that is, a lower dielectric constant and dielectric loss requirements. Bismaleimide (BMI) resins feature stable dielectric properties and excellent thermal stability over a wide temperature range, widely used in the manufacture of high‐frequency and high‐speed CCL substrates. However, the comprehensive performance of BMI resin itself, including dielectric properties, still cannot fully meet the needs of the ever‐changing communications industry, so the molecular design modification of BMI resin to enhance the dielectric properties is currently one of the key research directions for integrated circuit CCL. This paper reviews the development of BMI resins and their applications, focusing on the main methods of molecular design modification and formulation optimization, including allyl, diamine, internal chain‐extended, and chemical/physical blending modification. Finally, the low dielectric BMI resin and its application and development in high‐frequency and high‐speed CCL are summarized and prospected. Future research directions include the design and synthesis of multi‐component copolymers to further realize the balance between low dielectric and comprehensive performance, as well as exploring the possibility of novel composite modifications to provide more competitive high‐performance materials for the IC laminate field.Highlights The development of bismaleimide resin and their applications are reviewed. Bismaleimide monomers' synthesis and chemical reaction are summarized. The modified methods of bismaleimide resin in low dielectric are reviewed. Future research directions of low dielectric bismaleimide are prospected.

Gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in Seriola rivoliana early larvae development at different temperatures

We analyzed the expression of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT-axis) in the longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana early larva, including temperature effects (22, 26 and 28 °C) and days of development (day one, day two, and day six after hatching). We aimed to determine if egg and larval incubation at different temperatures could disrupt this critical endocrine axis, which, in an aquaculture context, it could provoke mortality during early metamorphosis. There was a significant interaction between temperature and developmental timing on the relative expression of thyrotropin releasing hormone (trh). Larvae at 22 °C was the longest and increased more trh expression than larvae at higher temperatures. Interestingly, thyrotropin stimulating hormone (tsh) was highly expressed after hatching. Subsequently, it was downregulated at any temperature at least until day four, suggesting a temporal inhibition of the HPT axis. Therefore, we suggest that tsh-binding (tshr) to follicles should have occurred from hatching, creating a further “cascade effect” of upregulation of larval thyroglobulin (tg) from day two in a temperature-dependent manner. Consequently, new thyroid hormones should have been produced after yolk sac absorption. The above may indicate a narrow window of larval survival, where the larval transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding would depend on the correct timing to synthesize tg. Temperature significantly affected the expressions of deiodinase 1 (dio1-downregulated) and deiodinase 2 (dio2-upregulated) after hatching. The expressions of thyroid receptors alpha (trα) and beta (trβ) remained constant after hatching without significant effects of temperature and days of development. Then, the differential expression on day six showed that all HPT-axis transcripts increased their expressions as larvae developed, which suggested a functional HPT. Finally, there was no evidence that any temperature would disrupt the endocrine’s larval axis, which indicated that the longfin yellowtail has a wide temperature adaption. Nevertheless, based on tg upregulation, we suggest that larvae should be maintained around 25–26 °C after hatching for a better chance of survival and development.

Multi-band compatible camouflage enabled by phase transition modulation of flexible GST films

With the rapid development of detection technology, there is an urgent need for multi-band compatible camouflage technology, particularly in the visible-infrared band. However, the conflicting requirements between camouflage across different bands and surface thermal management pose significant challenges in achieving synchronized control for multiple bands in diverse application environments and targets. Herein, we propose a spectrally selective emitter leveraging phase-change modulation of Ge2Sb2Te5, capable of achieving effective camouflage in both the visible band and two atmospheric windows over a wide temperature range. The designed emitters exhibit colorful appearances, compatible with various background environments, thereby ensuring the visible camouflage. Meanwhile, the emitters demonstrate low emissivity values of 0.1 in the MWIR band and 0.08 in the LWIR band, effectively reducing the infrared emission through atmospheric windows. The radiative temperatures of the optimized emitters in the MWIR and LWIR bands are reduced by 105°C and 140°C relative to the target surface (200°C), respectively, providing excellent radiative suppression compared to similar studies. Remarkably, the designed emitter still demonstrates robust flexibility, making it suitable for a variety of targets with complex curved surfaces. This work paves the way for designing the flexible visible-infrared compatible camouflage coatings with integrated thermal management functionality.

High-temperature thin-film strain sensors with low temperature coefficient of resistance and high sensitivity via direct ink writing

High-temperature thin-film strain sensors are advanced technological devices for monitoring stress and strain in extreme environments, but the coupling of temperature and strain at high temperature is a challenge for their use. Here, this issue is addressed by creating a composite ink that combines Pb2Ru2O6 and TiB2 using polysilazane (PSZ) as a binder. After direct writing and annealing the PSZ/Pb2Ru2O6/TiB2 film at 800 °C in air, the resulting thin film exhibits a low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of only 281 ppm/°C over a wide temperature range from 100 °C to 700 °C, while also demonstrating high sensitivity with a gauge factor approaching 19.8. This exceptional performance is attributed to the intrinsic properties of Pb2Ru2O6, which has positive TCR at high temperature, and TiB2, which has negative TCR at high temperature. Combining these materials reduces the overall TCR of the film. Tests showed that the PSZ/Pb2Ru2O6/TiB2 film maintains stable strain responses and significant signal output even under varying temperature. These findings provide valuable insights for developing high-temperature strain sensors with low TCR and high sensitivity, highlighting their potential for applications in high-temperature strain measurements.

Effect of strain gradient and interface engineering on the high-temperature energy storage capacitors

The miniaturization and high integration of electronic devices pose new requirements for the energy storage density and high-temperature performance of dielectric capacitors. For thin film materials, internal stress and the interface layer often show a significant impact on their energy storage performance. Therefore, the capacitors with different stress gradient sequences and different periods were designed by BaHf0.17Ti0.83O3 (BHTO17), BaHf0.25Ti0.75O3 (BHTO25), and BaHf0.32Ti0.68O3 (BHTO32) to investigate the effect of stress gradient and interface engineering on the energy storage characteristics. Dielectric thin film structures with upward gradient, downward gradient, and periodic upward gradient (4N) were constructed. The study found that the upward gradient structure had higher breakdown field strength than the downward gradient structure. This is because the upward gradient structure can effectively extend the ending electric field of the Ohmic conduction mechanism and delay the activation electric field of the F–N tunneling mechanism. The 4N structure had a slightly higher breakdown field strength (reaching 9.22 MV/cm) compared to the pure upward gradient structure. The 4N structure thin film also exhibited higher energy storage density (115.44 J/cm3) and wide temperature (−100 to 400 °C) characteristics. These findings provide important guidance and application value for improving the energy storage characteristics of dielectric capacitors at high temperatures through structural design.

Status and prospects of lithium iron phosphate manufacturing in the lithium battery industry

AbstractLithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has long been a key player in the lithium battery industry for its exceptional stability, safety, and cost-effectiveness as a cathode material. Major car makers (e.g., Tesla, Volkswagen, Ford, Toyota) have either incorporated or are considering the use of LFP-based batteries in their latest electric vehicle (EV) models. Despite LFP’s well-researched status as a cathode material, it is expected to fulfill additional demands in electric vehicle applications, such as fast-charging capabilities, wide temperature range adaptability, and higher energy density. This perspective examines the LFP supply chain, synthetic approaches, manufacturing processes, market trends, recent advancements, and evolving demands to better understand its future role in the EV market. Graphical abstract

Thermal responsive sodium alginate/polyacrylamide/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) ionic hydrogel composite via seeding calcium carbonate microparticles for the engineering of ultrasensitive wearable sensors

The design of polyelectrolyte hydrogel with unique tensile and adhesive properties which can be applied across disciplines has gradually become a popular trend. However, the phenomenon of global warming and the emergence of extreme weather, it still faces some urgent problems that should be solved, such as the optimal utilization of polyelectrolyte hydrogel across a wide range of temperatures. Herein, a wide temperature sensitivity and conductivity hydrogel based on sodium alginate, acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide was constructed, which exhibited excellent adhesion and temperature conductivity. It is worth noting that after the inclusion of CaCO3 and NaCl in the hydrogel, the hydrogel showed excellent tensile properties (fracture strain >2000 %). Within a wide temperature range (−15–50 °C), it exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity (2.75 S ∗ m−1) and sensitivity (GF = 8.76 under high strain). This innovative intelligent polyelectrolyte hydrogel provides suitable strategy for flexible sensors, smart wearable devices and medical monitoring equipment.

Effect of Residual Stresses on the Fatigue Stress Range of a Pre-Deformed Stainless Steel AISI 316L Exposed to Combined Loading

AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel is utilized in various processing industries, due to its abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent properties over a wide temperature range. The physical and mechanical properties of a material change during the manufacturing process and plastic deformation, e.g., bending. During the combined tensile and bending loading of a structural component, the stress state changes due to the residual stresses and the loading range. To characterize the component’s stress state, the billet was bent to induce residual stress, but a phase transformation to martensite also occurred. The bent billet was subjected to combined tensile–bending and fatigue loading. The experimentally measured the load vs. displacement of the bent billet was compared with the numerical simulations. The results showed that during fatigue loading of the bent billet, both the initial stress state at the critical point and the stress state during the dynamic loading itself must be considered. Analysis was demonstrated only for one single critical point on the surface of the bent billet. The residual stresses due to the phase transformation of austenite to martensite affected the range and ratio of stress. The model for the stress–strain behaviour of the material was established by comparing the experimentally and numerically obtained load vs. displacement curves. Based on the description of the stress–strain behaviour of the pre-deformed material, guidelines have been provided for reducing residual tensile stresses in pre-deformed structural components.

In Situ Fabrication of Solvent-Free Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Wide-Temperature All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have been regarded as promising candidates to settle the safety issues of liquid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. However, the currently reported gel polymer electrolytes still have flammable liquid solvents, thus leading to the potential safety hazard. Here, solvent-free deep eutectic solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are designed and fabricated via an in situ polymerization, which are composed of a poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membrane, succinonitrile (SN), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA200, Mn = 200 g mol-1), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB). The deep eutectic solvent (DES) with SN/LiTFSI provides a superior room-temperature ionic conductivity, while the PEGDA200 precursor acts as cross-linking network to form SPEs under thermal initiation for free radical polymerization, and LiDFOB can form a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. The PVDF-HFP electrospun membrane with a three-dimensional nanofibrous network structure for SN/PEGDA200/LiTFSI/LiDFOB SPEs exhibits a wide electrochemical stability window, high lithium-ion transference number, and good compatibility with the lithium metal anode. Furthermore, the obtained SPEs assembled with Li//LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4, Li//LiFePO4, and Li//LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 asymmetric cells show excellent cycling performance and rate capability at a wide temperature. This strategy provides a promising path in designing high-energy-density ASSLMBs for practical application.

Comparative Study of n-C5 Bond Dissociation Energies and H-Atom Abstraction via H for Alkane, Alcohol, Methyl Ether, Nitroso, Nitro, Nitrite, and Nitrate.

Energetic materials have a wide range of applications, for many of which new materials are constantly developed. For understanding how energetic materials are chemically converted, it is essential to systematically understand how relevant functional groups affect the stability and properties of such materials. Here, the impact of nitroso, nitro, nitrite, and nitrate functional groups on a pentyl moiety is studied theoretically, focusing on bond dissociation energies and H atom abstraction via Ḣ. The nitroso group is found to imply the strongest effects, while the nitro group appears to exert a stabilizing effect on the pentyl moiety. Importantly, the nitrogenated functional groups generally stabilize the pentyl moiety, in contrast to alcohol and methyl ether functional groups. Therefore, it is concluded that using analogies to the chemistries of the latter two functional groups for chemical kinetic modeling of nitrogenated functional groups is not adequate. Based on the presented bond dissociation energies and rate coefficients, it is to be expected that unimolecular bond fissions at the nitrogenated functional groups will dominate over a wide temperature range. Building on the provided data, future detailed chemical kinetic modeling efforts for nitroso, nitro, nitrite, and nitrate compounds can be aided or initiated.