Wide Temperature Range Research Articles

Autochthonous bioaugmentation strategies for the successful bioremediation of high-salt petrochemical wastewater using a biosurfactant-producing Enterobacter cloacae Z11

Petrochemical wastewater contains a high concentration of refractory aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Bioremediation of these hazardous materials using autochthonous bioaugmentation (ABA) strategy is attracting increasing interest. Herein, an indigenous biosurfactant-producing bacteria Z11 was isolated and identified as Enterobacter sp. The reintroduction of Z11 into petrochemical wastewater led to a substantial reduction (P < 0.01) in TPHs, decreasing from 8099 to 1723 mg/L, as well as a significant decrease in COD, decreasing from 8064.2 to 1689.2mg/L. At a critical micelle concentration of 200mg/L, the biosurfactant synthesized by Z11 exhibited an extraordinary decrease in surface tension from 67.5 to 29 mN/m. The biosurfactant demonstrated favorable surface activity over a wide pH, temperature, and salinity range. Based on a series of chemical analyses, the biosurfactant was classified as phospholipid. The autochthonous bioaugmentation technique developed by Z11 indicated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the degradation of n-alkanes of varying chain lengths and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analysis of the microbial composition demonstrated that the addition of Z11 caused a rise in bacterial populations capable of hydrocarbon decomposition, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp. The activities of two enzymes involved in degradation, alkane hydroxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, increased dramatically and showed a significant (P < 0.05) correlation with Enterobacter sp. Z11. The proposed mechanism could be elucidated that functional genes regulate the secretion of biodegradation enzymes and biosurfactants to promote the deep degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. This study provides technical support for the reintroduction of autochthonous microorganisms capable of producing biosurfactants in implementing in situ ABA strategies.

Temperature dependence of pollen germination and tube growth in conifers relates to their distribution along an elevational gradient in Washington State, USA.

Pollen germination and tube growth are essential processes for successful fertilization. They are among the most temperature-vulnerable stages and subsequently affect seed production and determine population persistence and species distribution under climate change. Our study aims to investigate intra- and inter-specific variations in the temperature dependence of pollen germination and tube length growth and to explore how these variations differ for pollen from elevational gradients. We focused on three conifer species, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii, and Pinus ponderosa, with pollen collected from 350 to 2200m elevation in Washington State, USA. We conducted pollen viability tests at temperatures from 5 to 40°C in 5°C intervals. After testing for four days, we took images of these samples under a microscope to monitor pollen germination percentage (GP) and tube length (TL). We applied the Gamma function to describe the temperature dependence of GP and TL and estimated key parameters, including the optimal temperature for GP (Topt_GP) and TL (Topt_TL). Results showed that pollen from three species and different elevations within a species have different GP, TL, Topt_GP, and Topt_TL. The population with a higher Topt_GP would also have a higher Topt_TL, while Topt_TL was generally higher than Topt_GP, i.e., a positive but not one-to-one relationship. However, only Pinus contorta showed that populations from higher elevations have lower Topt_GP and Topt_TL and vice versa. The variability in GP increased at extreme temperatures, whereas the variability in TL was greatest near Topt_TL. Our study demonstrates the temperature dependences of three conifers across a wide range of temperatures. Pollen germination and tube growth are highly sensitive to temperature conditions and vary among species and elevations, affecting their reproduction success during warming. Our findings can provide valuable insights to advance our understanding of how conifer pollen responds to rising temperatures.

Standard operating procedure for the analysis of major ions in hydrothermal fluids by ion chromatography

This standard operating procedure (SOP) describes an ion chromatography (IC) procedure for the major cations and anions in hydrothermal fluids. Hydrothermal fluids are aqueous solutions with a wide range of temperature, salinity, pH and ion species that can be used by microbial metabolism as electron donors and electron acceptors. Due to the high variability of the environmental physical-chemical parameters in these samples, we have developed this protocol taking into account the special features of the matrices analyzed. An Eco IC Metrohm system equipped with a conductivity detector was used. Calibration curves are linear in the 0.1 to 10 mg/L concentration range for cations Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4 + and anions Cl-, Br-, NO3 -, NO2 -, SO4 2- , HPO4 2-.

Large Field-like Spin-Orbit Torque and Enhanced Magnetization Switching Efficiency Utilizing Amorphous Mo.

Spin-orbit torque magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM) has great promise in high write speed and low power consumption. Mo can play a vital role in constructing a CoFeB/MgO-based MRAM cell because of its ability to enhance the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), thermal tolerance, and tunneling magnetoresistance. However, Mo is often considered as a less favorable candidate among SOT materials because of its weak spin-orbit coupling. In this study, we experimentally investigate the SOT efficiencies in Mo/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures over a wide range of Mo thicknesses and temperature. Decent damping-like SOT efficiency |ξDL| = 0.015 ± 0.001 and field-like SOT efficiency |ξFL| = 0.050 ± 0.001 are found in amorphous Mo. The ξFL/ξDL ratio is greater than 3. Furthermore, efficient current-induced magnetization switching is demonstrated with the critical current density comparable with heavy metal Ir and W. Our work reveals new understanding and possibilities for Mo as both an SOT source component and PMA buffer layer in the implementation of SOT-MRAMs.

Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Vaporization of Guanidinium Methanesulfonate as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage

This paper reports the vapor pressure and enthalpy of vaporization for a promising phase change material (PCM) guanidinium methanesulfonate ([Gdm][OMs]), which is a typical guanidinium organomonosulfonate that displays a lamellar crystalline architecture. [Gdm][OMs] was purified by recrystallization. The elemental analysis and infrared spectrum of [Gdm][OMs] confirmed the purity and composition. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also confirmed its high purity and showed a sharp and symmetrical endothermic melting peak with a melting point (Tm) of 207.6 °C and a specific latent heat of fusion of 183.0 J g−1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals its thermal stability over a wide temperature range, and yet three thermal events at higher temperatures of 351 °C, 447 °C, and 649 °C were associated with vaporization or decomposition. The vapor pressure was measured using the isothermogravimetric method from 220 °C to 300 °C. The Antoine equation was used to describe the temperature dependence of its vapor pressure, and the substance-dependent Antoine constants were obtained by non-linear regression. The enthalpy of vaporization (ΔvapH) was derived from the linear regression of the slopes associated with the linear temperature dependence of the rate of weight loss per unit area of vaporization. Hence, the temperature dependence of vapor pressures ln Pvap (Pa) = 10.99 − 344.58/(T (K) − 493.64) over the temperature range from 493.15 K to 573.15 K and the enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH = 157.10 ± 20.10 kJ mol−1 at the arithmetic mean temperature of 240 °C were obtained from isothermogravimetric measurements using the Antoine equation and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, respectively. The flammability test indicates that [Gdm][OMs] is non-flammable. Hence, [Gdm][OMs] enjoys very low volatility, high enthalpy of vaporization, and non-flammability in addition to its known advantages. This work thus offers data support, methodologies, and insights for the application of [Gdm][OMs] and other organic salts as PCMs in thermal energy storage and beyond.

A Sodium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI)-based Multifunctional Electrolyte Stabilizes the Performance of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2/hard carbon Sodium-ion Batteries.

A sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI)-based multifunctional electrolyte is developed by partially replacing NaPF6 salt in the electrolyte to improve the wide temperature range working capability of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2/hard carbon (NNFM111/HC) sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The capacity retention of the SIBs with NaFSI-NaPF6 dual salt electrolyte increases from 47.2% to 75.5% after 250 cycles at 25 oC, and from 51.0% to 82.3% after 80 cycles at 45 oC, and the 1 C discharge capacity retention at the low temperature of -20 oC also increases 26.8%. In the single salt system, NaPF6 effectively passivate the aluminum foil and NaFSI passivate the electrode/electrolyte interface. The synergistic effect of NaPF6 and NaFSI greatly improves the battery performance in a wide temperature range. This NaFSI-based dual salt electrolyte also effectively overcomes the flaws when the SIBs using NaFSI or NaPF6 independently, and makes it more suitable for SIBs, indicating promising prospects in the commercial application of NNFM111/HC SIBs.

Voltage tunable sign inversion of magnetoresistance in van der Waals Fe3GeTe2/MoSe2/Fe3GeTe2 tunnel junctions

The magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) based on van der Waals (vdW) materials possess atomically smooth interfaces with minimal element intermixing. This characteristic ensures that spin polarization is well maintained during transport, leading to the emergence of richer magnetoresistance behaviors. Here, using all 2D vdW MTJs based on magnetic metal Fe3GeTe2 and non-magnetic semiconductor MoSe2, we demonstrate that the magnitude and even sign of the magnetoresistance can be tuned by the applied voltage. The sign inversion of the magnetoresistance is observed in a wide temperature range below the Curie temperature. This tunable magnetoresistance sign may be attributed to the spin polarizations of the tunneling carriers and the band structure of the two ferromagnetic electrodes. Such robust electrical tunability of magnetoresistance extends the functionalities of low-dimensional spintronics and makes it more appealing for next-generation spintronics with all-vdW MTJs.

Sunlight-Driven Smart Windows with a Wide Temperature Range of Optical Switching Based on Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals.

Photoresponsive liquid crystals are promising materials for sunlight-driven smart windows, which can automatically change their optical states in response to sunlight and control energy flow between the inside and outside of a building. Herein, liquid-crystalline systems are developed that show a transparent-scattering transition upon irradiation with sunlight in a wide temperature range. Push-pull azobenzenes with axial chirality have been newly developed as photochromic chiral dopants to allow changes in mesostructures of liquid crystals in response to sunlight. To realize optical switching, photochromic and photoinert chiral compounds with opposite handedness of helical twisting are doped in liquid crystals. This liquid crystalline sample with a compensated nematic phase is transparent in its initial state. Upon irradiation with sunlight, this sample transforms to a scattering state due to the formation of helical mesostructures along with photoisomerization of azobenzene moieties and the change in the helical twisting power. After the cease of irradiation, the sample reverts to the transparent state through thermal back isomerization of azobenzene moieties. This system significantly improves the operating temperature range of sunlight-driven smart windows based on liquid crystals: the transparent-scattering transition is observed at 4-42 °C. The present mechanism allows development of autonomous and wireless smart windows adaptable to various environments.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution Mechanisms of Ti6Al4V Alloy under Hot Stamping Conditions

Through the study of the thermal rheological behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy at different temperatures (500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C) and different strain rates (0.1 s−1, 0.05 s−1, 0.01 s−1, and 0.005 s−1), a constitutive model was developed for Ti6Al4V alloy across a wide temperature range in the hot stamping process. The model’s correlation coefficient reached 0.9847, indicating its high predictive accuracy. Hot processing maps suitable for the hot stamping process of Ti6Al4V alloy were developed, demonstrating the significant impact of the strain rate on the hot formability of Ti6Al4V alloy. At higher strain rates (&gt;0.05 s−1), the hot processing of Ti6Al4V alloy is less prone to instability. Combining hot processing maps with hot stamping experiments, it was found that the forming quality and thickness uniformity of parts improved significantly with the increase in stamping speed. The phase composition and microstructures of the forming parts under different heating temperature conditions have been investigated using SEM, EBSD, XRD, and TEM, and the maximum heating temperature of hot stamping forming was determined to be 875 °C. The recrystallization mechanism in hot stamping of Ti6Al4V alloys was proposed based on EBSD tests on different sections of a hot stamping formed box-shaped component. With increasing deformation, the effect of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was enhanced. When the thinning rate reached 15%, DRX surpassed dynamic recovery (DRV) as the dominant softening mechanism. DRX grains at different thinning rates were formed through both discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), with CDRX always being the dominant mechanism.

Rheological Behavior Features of Feedstocks with a Two-Component Wax–Polyolefin Binder Compared to Analogs Based on Polyoxymethylene

Despite the large number of studies devoted to different compositions of polymer binders for PIM technology, the actual task is still a comparative analysis of the properties of different types of binders to determine their advantages and disadvantages and optimize the compositions used. In this regard, this study aims at the identification and comparative analysis of the rheological properties of the most demanded feedstocks with binders based on polyoxymethylene and a wax–polyolefin mixture under the condition of using identical steel powder filler. The rate of change in the volume fraction of the liquid phase of the binder in the compared feedstocks with temperature change was determined by the calculation–experimental method. As shown, the temperature dependence of the viscosity of feedstocks with a binder based on a polymer blend depends on factors with variable power, i.e., the viscosity change with temperature occurs by different mechanisms with their relaxation spectra. Thus, the principle of temperature–time superposition for feedstocks with multicomponent binders is not applicable, and the study of the viscosity of such materials should involve a wide range of shear rates and temperatures using experimental methods. Capillary rheometry was used to measure the flow curves of feedstocks based on polyoxymethylene and wax–polyolefin binders. The analysis of flow curves of feedstocks showed that feedstocks with a binder of solution–thermal type of debinding have significantly lower viscosity, which is an advantage for molding thin-walled products. However, their difference of 1.5 times sensitivity to the shear rate gradient leads to their lower resistance to “jets” and liquation of components because of shear rate gradients when molding products with elements of different cross-sectional areas.

Structure–polaronic conductivity relationship in vanadate–phosphate glasses

AbstractThis work provides new insights into the nature of the polaronic transport in xV2O5–(100−x)P2O5, 41 ≤ x ≤ 89 mol% glasses from analysis of their conductivity over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures, and correlation of the electrical parameters to the structural models of these materials. The results show that the linear increase in direct current (DC) conductivity with the increase in V2O5 could be related to the formation of a vanadate subnetwork, which is characterized by a length distribution of V–O bonds and variations in linkages between different vanadate units. Such a structurally complex network offers multiple conduction pathways which are favorable for polaron hopping. The Summerfield scaling of conductivity spectra reveals a temperature‐invariant mechanism of polaron transport for all glasses and the same local structural environment of polarons at higher V2O5 contents due to the same ratio of vanadate units present in the network. Also, this study highlights the similarities and differences in the nature of the polaronic transport of vanadate–phosphate glasses and other polaronically conducting phosphate glasses containing WO3, MoO3, and Fe2O3, and pins down a pivotal role of the glass structure in electrical processes in these materials.

A Programmable Ambient Light Sensor with Dark Current Compensation and Wide Dynamic Range

Ambient light sensors are becoming increasingly popular due to their effectiveness in extending the battery life of portable electronic devices. However, conventional ambient light sensors are large in area and small in dynamic range, and they do not take into account the effects caused due to a dark current. To address the above problems, a programmable ambient light sensor with dark current compensation and a wide dynamic range is proposed in this paper. The proposed ambient light sensor exhibits a low current power consumption of only 7.7 µA in dark environments, and it operates across a wide voltage range (2–5 V) and temperature range (−40–80 °C). It senses ambient light and provides an output current proportional to the ambient light intensity, with built-in dark current compensation to effectively suppress the effects of a dark current. It provides a wide dynamic range over the entire operating temperature range with three selectable output-current gain modes. The proposed ambient light sensor was designed and fabricated using a 0.18 µm standard CMOS process, and the effective area of the chip is 663 µm × 652 µm. The effectiveness of the circuit was verified through testing, making it highly suitable for portable electronic products and fluorescent fiber-optic temperature sensors.

Revised Parameters for the IAPWS Formulation for the Ionization Constant of Water Over a Wide Range of Temperatures and Densities, Including Near-Critical Conditions

The literature database for the ionization constant of water, pKw, has been critically reevaluated to include new accurate flow conductivity data recently reported at near-critical and supercritical conditions. Recently published equations to express the limiting conductivity of fully ionized water were used to correct the conductivity data and yield more accurate pKw values at water densities below 0.6 g cm−3. The ability of the functional forms adopted by the 1980 and 2006 International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam releases to fit the near-critical and supercritical data was tested. Revised parameters for the 2006 “simple” function were derived to improve the accuracy of the model under these conditions. The data fitting procedure made use of estimated standard uncertainties as well as a weighting parameter for each dataset to minimize potential bias due to the very large amount of flow conductivity data now available. Calculations based on the revised formulation were found to be consistent with independent high-temperature data measured using calorimetry and density methods. The revised equation is accurate to within the estimated standard uncertainty limits over the range 0–1000 °C, p = 0–1000 MPa.

High electron mobility in heavily sulfur-doped 4H-SiC

The Hall electron mobility in sulfur-doped 4H-SiC over a wide range of S concentration was investigated. Sulfur (S) works as a double donor in SiC. The electron concentration in the S+-implanted layers saturates when the S concentration exceeds 1×1018 cm−3 and the net donor concentration of the S+-implanted layer with S concentration of 1×1019 cm−3 is 4×1018 cm−3, indicating that the solubility or activation limit of S+-implanted SiC is about 2×1018 cm−3. The S+-implanted SiC with a S concentration of 1×1018 cm−3 exhibits an electron mobility of 598 cm2/V s, which is more than twice as high as that in N-doped SiC with the same doping concentration (268 cm2/V s). The temperature dependence of the electron mobility in S+-implanted SiC is reproduced in the wide temperature range by the calculation of the electron mobility adopting the helium atom model for neutral-impurity scattering.

Coupled Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Fe–Si–N System

Some key experiments are carried out to determine the solubility of N in Fe–Si liquid solutions at various compositions, temperatures, and N2 pressures using the sampling method. The Fe–Si–N system is thermodynamically modeled using the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach for the first time based on critical evaluation of all available experimental data. In the present thermodynamic modeling, the liquid and solid solutions of the Fe–Si–N system are described using the modified quasichemical model and compound energy formalism, respectively. In particular, the Gibbs energies of liquid, FCC_A1, and BCC_A2 solutions are carefully determined to resolve the discrepancies among existing experimental data. The solubility product of β‐Si3N4(s) in Si steels and ferrosilicon alloys, activity coefficients, and interaction parameters of N in liquid and solid Fe–Si–N solutions are determined over a wide temperature range. As an application of the database, the N solubility in Si steels and phase constitution of nitrided ferrosilicon alloys in a wide composition, temperature, and N2 pressure ranges are predicted.

Evaluating Free Thermal Expansion and Glass Transition of Ultrathin Polymer Films on Heated Liquid.

Thermomechanical properties of ultrathin films are crucial for fabrication and use of reliable thin electronic devices. Due to the lack of precise measurement techniques, the thermal deformation behavior of ultrathin films has not yet been clarified. Here, we propose a film on heated liquid (FOHL) method to simultaneously measure the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of multiple ultrathin polymer films. Free thermal expansion of thin films without substrate interaction can be guaranteed when the thin films are afloat on a liquid surface. To investigate the thermal behavior in a wide temperature range, glycerol is adopted as a thermally stable heating platform owing to its high boiling point of 290 °C. The thin films are transferred onto the glycerol surface from the water surface using the hygroscopic properties of glycerol. Highly accurate and high-throughput thermal strain measurement is achieved using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). The thermomechanical properties of ultrathin polystyrene thin films of various thicknesses (25-400 nm) are precisely characterized utilizing the FOHL and 3D-DIC method.

Performance Analysis of a New Cascade Waste Heat Recovery System With a Wider Range of Applications

Abstract This paper proposes a new cascade waste heat recovery system with low power consumption and the ability to recover waste heat in a wider temperature range, namely, the absorption–compression coupled heat pump system. Simulations were conducted to reveal the effects of generator inlet and outlet water temperatures, supply hot water inlet and outlet water temperatures, and intermediate temperature on system performance. The results demonstrate that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency of the new system increase with an increase in generator outlet water temperature. The coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency of the new system decrease with an increase in supply heating water outlet water temperature. The coefficient of performance of the new system decreases with an increase in supply heating water inlet water temperature, while the exergy efficiency increases with an increase in supply heating water inlet water temperature. As the intermediate temperature increases, the coefficient of performance of the new system shows an increasing trend, and the exergy efficiency shows a decreasing trend. In addition, compared to the single-effect absorption heat pump system, the new system can recover heat at lower heat source temperatures, and compared to the compression heat pump system, it can reduce electricity consumption.

The Enterococcus secretome inhibits the growth of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V853 with their antiproliferative properties and nanoencapsulation effects.

In our study, the secretome of the clinical isolate Enterococcus faecalis HY7 displayed antibacterial activity against the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V853. These bacteriocin-like substances showed thermal stability at a wide range of temperatures up to 121°C, while proteinase K treatment resulted in a total loss of their activity. PCR-based screening for bacteriocin biosynthetic genes revealed that Enterococcus faecalis HY7 harbored multiple enterocin-producing genes, including ent A, avc A, and as-48. The production kinetics demonstrated the highest levels of bacteriocins production at 16h, whereas the activity was diminished after 32h of microbial growth. Notably, the partially purified bacteriocins exhibited anti-proliferative activity on the colon cancer cells, Caco2, with an IC50 value of 172.8μg/mL. Remarkably, the nanoencapsulation of our bacteriocins in liposome showed a fourfold increase in its anti-vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus activity, which is the first report of liposome encapsulation with anti-vancomycin resistant Enterococcus bacteriocin.

Intercalation-Induced Localized Conversion Reaction in h-CuSe for Ultrafast-Rechargeable and Long-Cycling Sodium Metal Battery.

Cathode materials of sodium-based batteries with high specific capacity and fast charge/discharge mode, as well as ultralong reversible cycles at wide applied temperatures, are essential for future development of advanced energy storage system. Developing transition metal selenides with intercalation features provides a new strategy for realizing the above cathode materials. Herein, we report a storage mechanism of sodium ion in hexagonal CuSe (h-CuSe) based on the DFT guidance. We reveal that the two-dimensional ion intercalation triggers localized redox reaction in the h-CuSe bulk phase, termed intercalation-induced localized conversion (ILC) mechanism, to stabilize the sodium storage structure by forming localized Cu7Se4 transition phase and adjusting the near-edge coordination state of the Cu sites to achieve high reversible capacity and ultra-long cycling life, while allowing rapid charge/discharge cycling over a wide temperature range. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Co-Ni spinel nanoparticles for energy storage applications: Composition, structural parameters and electrical properties

In the ambit of this investigation, we delved into the properties of (Co/Ni)Fe2O4 spinel nanoparticles (CNSNs) with a spectrum of Co/Ni ratios, delineated as Co1-xNixFe2O4, where x adopts values of 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0. The synthesis of these CNSNs was adeptly executed via the citrate precursor technique. This study meticulously examined the crystal structure and granular morphology by applying X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was unequivocally determined that each specimen exhibited a homogenous phase. The lattice parameters for the synthesized CNSN compounds agreed with the mean ionic radii of the Co2+ and Ni2+ ions, mirroring their respective concentrations within the nanoparticles. Furthermore, an extensive analysis of the alternating current (AC) electrical properties was carried out, encompassing a broad frequency range from 1 kHz to 3 MHz and a wide temperature range from 303 to 423 K. The observed behavior of the electrical properties was thoroughly evaluated and elucidated, considering the chemical composition of each CNSN. The relationship between the frequency dependency of σac, έ and tanδ is congruent with the prevailing literature and theoretical constructs that elucidate the composite materials' conductivity and dielectric constant, comprising grains and grain boundaries. The present CNSN samples do not exhibit maximum peak for tanδ, potentially due to the wider range of frequencies used than the anticipated peak frequency. The samples' measured conductivity and dielectric constant values displayed a high degree of coherence, corroborating each other's findings. Literature corroborates that the escalation in ac-conductivity values with frequency intimates certainly that the prepared samples may herald promise for utilization in energy storage solutions, bolstering the synergistic efficacy observed. Another conceivable application of these CNSN materials could be their integration in microwave technologies, suggesting a broad scope for future technological advancements.