Wide Input Voltage Range Research Articles

Highly Efficient Nonisolated Constant Output Current LCC Resonant Converter With Wide Input Voltage Range

This paper proposes a simple structure highly efficient low-element-count non-isolated constant output current resonant converter for wide input voltage range and high-efficient applications. The converter is developed by combining a basic buck-boost converter with a half-bridge LCC resonant converter to improve the adjustable voltage conversion ratio. In the proposed structure, most of the output power is fed directly, which reduces the conduction power losses and increases efficiency by reduction of the processed power and the switches and rectifier diodes voltage stress is significantly decreased due to cascaded outputs structure. It operates at the resonant frequency to achieve a constant output current feature for applications such as LED drivers and battery chargers and the output current is regulated by the pulse-wide modulation (PWM). The proposed converter can achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation for all switches and zero-current switching (ZCS) operation for all diodes over a wide range of the input voltage and load conditions. The proposed structure is analyzed in detail. To verify the proposed converter performance, a 21 W laboratory prototype is realized and tested for the wide input voltage range of 12–40 V to provide 350 mA output current. The proposed converter achieves high peak efficiency of 98.15%.

Resistorless Floating/Grounded Memristor Emulator Model With Electronic Tunability

The realization of memristor devices with specific operating parameters is a challenging task, which drives innovation in emulation circuits. This article offers a simple and novel resistorless memristor emulator design with an electronic controllability feature. The proposed model is suitable for both floating and grounded memristor applications and can operate in incremental/decremental modes effectively without switches. The proposed model comprises a voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) as active components and requires a single capacitor as its passive element. This model emulates the memristors pinched hysteresis loop in current-voltage (I-V) plane. Simulation is carried out for a 180 nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 10.9 V. The proposed design exhibits non-linear behavior for a wide range of input voltage and operates well up to 8 MHz. The reliability and robustness of the proposed design have been verified for short-term non-volatility, temperature variation, Monte-Carlo and process corner analysis. The experimental verifications are carried out on a breadboard using ICs AD844 and CA3080.

Analysis and Design of a Partial Power Processing Architecture for High Step-Up Applications

Combining the advantageous features of the traditional two-stage and input-parallel-output-series (IPOS) structure, this paper proposes a partial power connection method for step-up applications with the advantages of wide input voltage range, galvanic isolation and partial power voltage regulation. In the proposed structure, the non-isolated DC-DC converter handles a small portion of the total power to regulate the system output voltage by simple PWM control. The latter stage should be a full bridge structure and the partial power processing is realized with different input voltages of the two bridge arms, which is beneficial to reduce the total number and cost of components, and two connection architectures are achieved in this way. The operation characteristics of the two architectures are analyzed in detail in this paper, and an optimal structure is obtained from the perspective of fewer components and better partial power processing capacity. Further, an isolated full bridge DC-DC converter with secondary resonance is selected to operate at the unregulated state as an application case to verify the feasibility and advantages of the proposed structure. An experimental prototype with 32-40V input voltage range and 400V/ 0.5A output is built with 1MHz switching frequency. The peak measured efficiency at 40V full load is 95.3%.

Triple-Mode Wide-Input Range Resonant DC–DC Converter With Extended Asymmetric Modulation

This article proposes a triple-mode resonant converter operating over a wide input voltage range for renewable energy harvesting applications. The proposed converter operates in a pure series resonant mode with a nominal input voltage, an asymmetric resonant boost mode with a low-input voltage, and an asymmetric pulse-width-modulation series resonant buck mode with a high-input voltage. This converter adopts an asymmetric half-bridge-type voltage-doubler to reduce the transformer turns ratio and number of active components. Moreover, its extended asymmetric modulation reduces hard switching turn-ON losses compared to conventional symmetric modulations. Consequently, the proposed converter attains high power conversion efficiency and power density over a wide input voltage range. The operating principles and steady-state analysis are presented in detail herein. Finally, a 300-W/380-V prototype is presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed converter over an input voltage range of 30-60 V.

Design of a welding power supply with wide input voltage range

Design of a welding power supply with wide input voltage range

신재생 에너지용 비대칭 구조의 배전압 회로를 지닌 넓은 입력 전압 범위에서 동작하는 공진형 DC-DC 컨버터

Recently, the demand for renewable energy generation has increased due to environmental pollution and energy depletion. In particular, solar power generation is widely used because of its low maintenance costs and lack of noise. However, given that photovoltaic power generation changes its power voltage depending on weather conditions and panel conditions, a DC–DC converter operating in a wide input voltage range is required to convert to a constant and high DC voltage. Therefore, in this study, the existing secondary symmetric double voltage circuit is asymmetrically configured to reduce switching loss while maintaining a small number of active devices. A constant voltage can also be output through duty ratio control of the secondary switch. Finally, we present a resonant DC–DC converter circuit and modulation technique with high efficiency and high power density in a wide input voltage range. The validity of the proposed circuit and modulation technique is verified through PSIM simulation and 300 [W] test-bed experiment.

The current status and development of DC/AC inverter technology

The advantages, applications, and development trends of DC/AC inverter technology are compared with conventional inverter technology. The traditional DC/AC inverter technology of the low-frequency link inverter process has been gradually replaced by the high-frequency band inverter process. The replacement of the industrial frequency transformer in the low-frequency link inverter process technology with a high-frequency transformer further optimizes and improves the low-frequency link inverter process technology and significantly enhances the characteristics of the inverter. In this paper, some new inverters are highlighted. The focus is on a new high-frequency chain inverter using a unipolar SPWM control method to design different drive logic control switch tubes. A single-stage single-phase high-to-low voltage converter is widely used to interchange solar and wind turbine power supplies. They all belong to PV inverters with high reliability and a wide input voltage range. These completely solve the problems of large size, high ratio, and poor dynamic response of low-frequency transformers. Future trends in inverters at this stage are mainly characterized by high frequency, high performance, and high input power factor.

Analysis & Simulation of Different LLC Converter Topologies

There is an expanding trend in electric vehicle (EV) technologies because of finite fuel sourcesand environmental concerns. One of the essential barriers in EVs commercialization is the charging ofbatteries. The inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) resonant converter appears the most appealing design dueto its advantages, such as small electromagnetic interference, obtaining high-power density, ability to bedesigned at very high switching frequencies, operation for wide input and output voltage range with narrowswitching frequency variation, and high efficiency. This study compares different topologies of LLCresonant converter that can be adapted as battery charger of electric vehicle. The schematics of topologies,detailed design calculation of the parameters, simulation results of topologies to show the circuitperformance are presented, respectively. The simulation model is realized for whole examined topologieswith a proportional integral controller to obtain constant output voltage using MATLAB. LLC resonantcircuit is designed for the input voltage range of 305-345V, output voltage range of 36-58V, and outputpower of 700W. Analytical and simulation results are included in this study to illustrate the performancedifferences among the presented topologies of LLC resonant converter in terms of structure, efficiency, anddynamic response at sudden load changes.

Efficient Power Factor Correction using Chaotic Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm-Based FOPID Controller in DC-DC Zeta Converters

Design and implementation of a Chaotic Artificial Bee Colony (ChABC) algorithm based Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller for Power Factor Correction (PFC) in Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) using DC-DC Zeta converter is proposed in this article. The dc-dc zeta converter has the advantages of high efficiency over a wide range of input and output voltages, an enormous power factor, low line current harmonics, and can convert voltages both up and down. Operating the converter in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) achieves power factor correction and simplifies the control circuit. This article describes the design characteristics, operating principles, and controller design of the proposed converter. The design, analysis, modeling and advancement of the ChABC algorithm based FOPID controller in SMPS offers the better power quality and faster convergence of regulated output voltage. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify power factor, % Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), output voltage regulation, stability, and robustness for various load, line, and reference voltages.

Implementation of Global Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Microconverters: A Survey of Challenges and Opportunities

This survey focuses on photovoltaic (PV) module-level power electronic systems. The survey demonstrates that dc-dc converters with a wide input voltage range can enable global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT). It discusses the requirements and challenges in the design and implementation of these converters. A wide input voltage range allows for implementing different algorithms of the GMPPT, among which the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> curve scanning or sweeping is the most robust one. Special attention is paid to buck–boost high step-up dc-dc converter topologies as the most promising solution for residential applications suffering from shading issues. An example of such a converter is presented along with the corresponding implementation of the GMPPT by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I$ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> curve sweeping. Several case studies of partial shading conditions are synthesized to compare the performance of the local and GMPPT algorithms. The obtained results demonstrate that the GMPPT shows superior performance under partial shading, while its performance is comparable to the conventional local maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under regular operation. The case studies are compared in terms of harvested energy, MPPT efficiency, and converter efficiency. The latter allows for better comparison as the partial shading could result in operation at a reduced input voltage with a measurable efficiency drop.

A Closed-Loop High-Frequency Current Shaping Method to Achieve Trapezoidal Transformer Current in a Current-Fed Dual Active Half-Bridge Converter for Minimum RMS Current and Wide-Range ZVS

This article proposes the use of primary and secondary side duty ratio control along with the phase shift control in a current-fed dual active half-bridge (DAHB) converter to achieve trapezoidal transformer current, which results in zero voltage switching (ZVS) of all the switches and minimum rms current even at light loads, for a wide range of input voltage. The high-frequency transformer current is directly sensed at specific transition instants by a delay-adjusted sampling strategy to be used as control variables in a current control structure. This is better because the voltage control of capacitor voltages would have required more expensive sensors. A simple and accurate small-signal model of the converter is developed, and the relevant transfer functions are derived. The controller design details are provided. Finally, experimental results on a 1-kW laboratory prototype demonstrate the effectiveness of the closed-loop duty ratio control in achieving trapezoidal transformer current resulting in improved efficiency and ZVS of the switches, compared to a simple phase shift control.

A Multimode Control Scheme for Output Regulation and Voltage Balancing in a Stacked-Switch Resonant Converter With Extended High Efficiency for Wide Gain Range Applications

In this article, a new hybrid comprehensive multimode control system is proposed for a stacked-switch bidirectional CLLC resonant converter for wide voltage gain applications. By configuring the presented leg with different switching patterns, the presented leg in the converter can operate in different modes: full-wave (FW), half-wave (HW), or voltage-doubler (VD) through the converter’s built-in circuit redundancy. The proposed hybrid control scheme consists of different control modes: variable frequency modulation, pulse-width modulation (PWM), and asymmetric PWM (APWM) control. Correspondingly, four voltage gain curves are derived from the proposed converter. With the proposed approach, the converter is able to achieve constant voltage regulation while constraining the range of switching frequency, allowing very high efficiencies to be realized for a wide range of input voltages. Soft-switching is achieved for all the semiconductor devices for the entire operating range. The steady-state and dynamic performances of the proposed hybrid comprehensive control system are verified through a proof-of-concept 400-V <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim ~1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -kV/ 700-V, 1-kW laboratory prototype. Results confirmed that the efficiency is maintained between 95.03% and 96.97% throughout the specified input voltage range.

Optimum Phase Count in a 5.4-W Multiphase Buck Converter Based on Output Filter Component Energies

This article presents an analysis of low-power, multiphase interleaved buck converters to illustrate the extent to which adding more phases is beneficial for reducing the passive components’ sizes. The analysis focuses on a typical converter application with a wide operating duty cycle range and requires good load transient. It is shown that by restricting the phase current ripple, the theoretical reduction in total inductor peak energy predicted for increased phase numbers is limited. The article assesses the benefit of inductor coupling and presents guidelines for coupling factor selection to avoid steady-state inductance roll-off over the wide input voltage range. Standard printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing design rules are shown to place a practical phase count limit considering the reduction in total inductor size. PCB integrated, air-core solenoid and spiral inductors are implemented in both single- and two-phase 5.4 W, 20 MHz buck converter prototypes. When compared with single-phase designs, two-phase spiral inductors are 44% smaller, and the two-phase solenoid has a 54% lower loss. The two-phase prototype converter achieves better overall efficiency and peaks at almost 90% at <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V_IN</i> = 4.5 V, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V_OUT</i> = 1.8 V, and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F_SW</i> = 20 MHz.

Wide Voltage Input Full Bridge(FB)/Half Bridge(HB) Morphing-Based LLC DC–DC Converter Using Numerical Optimal Trajectory Control

Full-bridge/half-bridge (FB/HB) morphing topology is very suitable to be used in a wide input voltage range for an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> dc–dc converter. To improve the dynamic performance in facing the input voltage variation, a numerical optimal trajectory control is presented. The power circuit considering its parasitic parameters is simulated first and the simulated data can be stored in DSP memory. These discrete data can be used to obtain the accurate gain-frequency curve versus different loads by numerical methods. The proposed numerical optimal trajectory (OTC) can achieve a very fast and smooth transition between FB/HB in facing the input voltage variation. A 640 W 220–760 V input/400 V output <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> resonant converter is built. The effectiveness of the proposed numerical OTC has been verified by the simulation and experimental results.

Design of a Wide Input Voltage Low Quiescent Current LDO

A low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) with wide input voltage range, wide output voltage range and low quiescent current power consumption is proposed, which is applied to the switching power supply chip to power the internal module of the switching power supply chip. The low-dropout linear regulator is based on a P-type PowerFET design consisting of an error amplifier, a Bandgap reference. The circuit was designed and implemented by SMIC 0.18um BCD process, simulated and verified using Spectre software. The simulation results show that the linear regulation is 0.04mV/V in the input voltage range of 3.5-30V, and the load regulation is 1mV/mA in the output load current range of 10uA to 10mA, and the quiescent current is only 10uA.

A new modulation strategy on isolated battery charger with wide input and output voltage range

AbstractA new wide voltage operation range isolated battery charger, which is composed of an asymmetric T‐type AC–DC power rectifier and a modified re‐configurable half bridge DC–DC power converter, is proposed in this paper. The asymmetric T‐type rectifier adopts different modulation strategies under different AC bus voltage amplitudes and different battery voltages for increasing power conversion efficiency. As the isolated DC–DC power stage, a modified re‐configurable half bridge converter applies a three‐winding transformer to achieve a wide output operation range. The proposed battery charger operates over a wide AC input voltage range and wide DC output voltage range. A 3.2 kW hardware battery charger prototype is built to adapt AC voltage between 85 and 265 V. Both constant current and constant voltage modes are implemented experimentally to charge the battery up to 6.5 A from 50 to 500 V. The experimental results prove that the proposed asymmetric T‐type rectifier adopts different modulation strategies under different AC bus voltage amplitudes and different battery voltages can increase the power conversion efficiency, the proposed DC–DC converter can output the DC voltage from 50 to 500 V and the proposed battery charger can achieve around 94% efficiency.

Switched-capacitor voltage buck converter with variable step-down and switching frequency controllers for low-power and high-efficiency IoT devices

This paper proposes a switched-capacitor voltage buck converter (SC-VBC) with variable step-down controller (VSC) and switching frequency controller (SFC). The VSC and SFC change the step-down ratio and switching frequency of the SC-VBC in accordance with the input voltage and load current, respectively, enabling the converter to operate efficiently with a wide-ranging input voltage and load current. Measurements of a prototype chip demonstrated that our SC-VBC achieved a wide input voltage range and high efficiency of 1.3–2.6 V and 69%, respectively.

Integrated Asymmetric Half-Bridge Converter With Boost Operation for Wide Input Voltage Range

A conventional asymmetric half-bridge (AHB) conve rter with zero dc offset current of the transformer at any operating points was proposed. It has low-voltage stresses on the two diodes that are clamped to the output voltage. However, for a wide input voltage range, it can have a small nominal duty ratio that causes to large conduction loss at the maximum input voltage. Moreover, it has high-voltage stress on one of the secondary diodes that leads to high power loss. In order to improve these problems, in this article, an AHB converter with an integrated boost converter is proposed. The proposed converter has identical operation to the conventional one as well as boost operation for the wide input voltage range. Thus, it has a large nominal duty ratio and low-voltage stress on the secondary diode at the maximum input voltage. Moreover, it has zero dc offset current of transformer and higher efficiency over the entire input voltage range compared with the conventional converter. The proposed converter has been verified for a laboratory prototype with 200–400 V input and 50 V/300 W output.

Resonant hybrid flyback: A novel topology with wide voltage range for DC microgrid applications

DC microgrids are becoming very popular due to the increasing deployment of distributed power generation systems. This presents new challenges for power converters, including how to achieve a wide range of input and output voltages in a small volume. State-of-the-art solutions include flyback-based and LLC-based converters. The first ones are bulky due to the large size of magnetic required to store the energy and their efficiency is limited by their capability to recycle the energy from parasitic elements. The second ones offer good efficiency but a limited range for input and output voltage, and may involve a large number of semiconductors. This paper studies the application of a novel topology, the asymmetrical half-bridge flyback, whose hybrid operation principle combines the advantages of forward and flyback converters while keeping a small number of switches. A design process to accomplish the outstanding requirements with the topology is presented. The theoretical analyses are supporter by a 240 W DC–DC prototype with an input range of 320 V–400 V and an output range of 5 V–24 V. A peak efficiency of 97.6 % is measured. The achieved power density of the converter is 65 W/inch3 uncased. Finally, a comprehensive numerical comparison with the LLC and flyback converters in the state of the art is carried out to show the potential of the proposal.

A combined capacitor current balancing method with weighting factor control for multi‐string LED drivers

AbstractA multi‐string LED lamp driver is presented involving a boost converter and a multi‐output CLL resonant converter as the first and second stages, respectively. The CLL resonant converter works in a fixed resonant frequency, and output currents are controlled by the boost converter regulated by the Weighting Factor control method. Also, the boost converter improves and controls its input voltage. Since CLL resonant converters operate at fixed resonant frequency, primary‐side MOSFETs can achieve zero voltage switching, while secondary‐side rectifier diodes achieve zero current switching. A prototype of the proposed system was constructed to verify the theoretical results by practical implementation. Also, the general features of the proposed structure were compared with some other similar works. Results confirmed the accuracy and favourable performance of the proposed system. In fact, the proposed LED driver achieved good current balancing in a wide range of input voltage and unbalanced loads making the structure potentially suitable for application in solar home systems (SHS).