Wide Range Of Excitation Frequencies Research Articles

An energy flow study of a double-deck tunnel under quasi-static and harmonic excitations

This paper presents a comparison between the vibration energy flow radiated by a double-deck tunnel and the one radiated by a simple tunnel when both are excited by constant or by harmonic moving loads. For both cases, the radiated energy is computed using a three-dimensional semi-analytical model of the system. The total energy radiated upwards is presented for a wide range of load speeds, when a constant moving load is considered, and for a wide range of excitation frequencies, when the excitation is a harmonic moving load. Significant differences have been obtained, first, for constant loads moving at very high speeds and, second, for harmonic loads moving at typical speeds for underground trains.

Active vibration suppression through positive acceleration feedback on a building-like structure: An experimental study

This work deals with the structural and dynamic analysis of a building-like structure consisting of a three-story building with one active vibration absorber. The base of the structure is perturbed using an electromagnetic shaker, which provides forces with a wide range of excitation frequencies, including some resonance frequencies of the structure. One beam-column of the structure is coupled with a PZT stack actuator to reduce the vibrations. The overall mechanical structure is modeled using Euler–Lagrange methodology and validated using experimental modal analysis and Fine Element Method (FEM) techniques. The active control laws are synthesized to actively attenuate the vibration system response via the PZT stack actuator, caused by excitation forces acting on the base of the structure. The control scheme is obtained using Positive Acceleration Feedback (PAF) and Multiple Positive Acceleration Feedback (MPAF) to improve the closed-loop system response. Some experimental results are included to illustrate the overall system performance.

Experimental analysis of the oscillations of a mechanical system with self-synchronized inertial vibration exciters

This article describes the results of experimental studies of oscillations in a classical singlemass oscillation system on a spring suspension with two unbalanced mass vibration generators in a wide range of excitation frequencies. The testing technique is described, and the results are analyzed in detail. It is shown that there is an effect of self-oscillatory adaptive self-synchronization of imbalances for changes in the oscillation modes of the lifting body, depending on the excitation frequency in the mechanical system.

Absorbing boundary conditions for nonlinear acoustics: The Westervelt equation

We consider the Westervelt equation in an unbounded domain and propose nonlinear absorbing boundary conditions for its efficient and robust numerical simulations. We use the theory of pseudo- and para-differential operators as well as asymptotic expansions to derive local in space and time absorbing boundary conditions of low to high orders in a consistent way. We show that the pseudo- and para-differential theories lead to essentially the same absorbing boundary conditions in terms of computational efficiency and numerical accuracy, whereas the asymptotic expansions result in exactly the same boundary conditions as the ones obtained with the para-differential approach. Moreover, we demonstrate that the use of pseudo- and para-differential operators leads to the same boundary conditions if the nonlinear function to be linearized vanishes at zero. The numerical studies demonstrate both the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed boundary conditions for different regimes of wave propagation in a wide range of excitation frequencies and angles of incidence.

Quasi-periodic vibrations in a delayed van der Pol oscillator with time-periodic delay amplitude

Quasi-periodic vibrations in a delayed van der Pol oscillator with time-periodic delay amplitude is investigated in this paper. The case where the delay amplitude in the position is modulated with a certain amplitude and a resonant frequency is considered. Application of the double perturbation method enables approximation of the amplitudes of quasi-periodic vibrations of the oscillator near a parametric resonance for which the frequency of the delay amplitude modulation is near twice the natural frequency of the oscillator. Analytical approximations supported by numerical simulations provide the regions in parameter space where quasi-periodic vibrations exist. Results show that the modulation of the delay amplitude in the position not only gives birth to quasi-periodic vibrations in a large range of parameters, but also with broadband large-amplitude covering a wide range of excitation frequency.

Electrical characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2-solar cells by voltage dependent time-resolved photoluminescence

Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) is a promising method for the investigation of charge carrier dynamics and recombination kinetics in semiconductor devices. To characterize Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells, we measured TRPL for different applied external forward voltages. We show that the TRPL decay time increases with increasing voltage in case of a high excitation intensity. This result is valid for a wide range of excitation frequencies of the laser. By simulation of the measured transients we determined semiconductor parameters which allow fitting the experimental photoluminescence transients for different voltages. The deduced quantities are the lifetime for deep defect assisted Schockley–Read–Hall recombination, doping density and charge carrier mobilities of the solar cell's absorber layer with values of 10ns, 2×1015cm−3 and 1cm2V−1s−1, respectively, for a standard CIGSe solar cell. We further studied the appearance of a photovoltage in TRPL experiments with single-photon-counting methods. By experimental results we show a dependence of the open circuit voltage on the laser repetition rate, which influences the TRPL decay.

An alternative method to remove excitation field interference from magnetic Barkhause noise

A simple method of measuring the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) in two stages was tested. The purpose of the proposed method is to remove the excitation field interference from the induced electromotive force (EMF) signal without complex adjusting analog or digital filters before the measurement. In this method, two consecutive waveforms of the EMF signal were temporarily recorded, and then they were subtracted from each other in a software. Using this method we will obtain only the stochastic component of the EMF signal–MBN. The most common parameters of the MBN obtained by this method were studied. The experiments proved that with this method we are able to remove the dominant interference from the EMF signal in a wide excitation frequency range and thus we can simplify the measurement. Moreover, we found that the two-stage method is able to remove the interference signal without significant deterioration of the MBN even at the highest excitation frequency investigated, in contrast to the classical one-stage method.

극점-영점 상쇄 기법을 이용한 광대역 압전 진동 에너지 하베스터

이 논문에서는 기존 외팔보 빔 형상을 가진 진동 에너지 하베스터의 작동 주파수 범위를 공진 주파수 이후로 확장하기 위해 새로운 형태의 진동 에너지 하베스터가 제시되었다. 압전 재료를 사용한 기존 외팔보 빔 형상의 진동 에너지 하베스터에 레버형 반공진 시스템에서 발생하는 극점-영점 상쇄 기법을 적용하여 작동 주파수 영역을 확장하였다. 간단한 이론적 해석 및 실험을 통해 제안된 광역 압전 진동 에너지 하베스터의 실현 가능성을 검증하였다. This paper presents a new design for a piezoelectric energy harvester with the potential to harvest vibration energy over a wide range of excitation frequencies, particularly beyond the resonance frequency. The piezoelectric vibration energy harvester employs the concept of pole-zero cancellation occurring in a lever type anti-resonant system. The experimental results show that the proposed energy harvester can provide the potential possibility of a broadband piezoelectric vibration energy harvester.

Dynamic response of tension leg platform with tuned mass dampers

Tension Leg Platform (TLP) is a taut-moored compliant offshore platform that deploys tethers under high initial pretension to counteract the excess buoyancy. TLPs show large amplitude responses under the encountered lateral forces, which challenges the serviceability of the platform in critical sea states. One of the passive control device i.e. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is attempted in the present study to control large amplitude motion of TLPs. In the present study, response control of TLP using single and multiple TMDs is compared. Optimized parameters of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD) are obtained using H2 optimization algorithm for the maximum control of the motion of the platform. Based on the studies conducted, it is seen that MTMD systems show better response control in comparison to the single TMD. Higher robustness of the MTMD system is also examined to highlight the use of MTMD over a wide range of excitation frequencies in extreme sea states.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v10i2.16184

Inverse Rate-Dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model for Feedforward Compensation of Hysteresis in a Piezomicropositioning Actuator

Piezomicropositioning actuators, which are widely used in micropositioning applications, exhibit strong rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities that affect the accuracy of these micropositioning systems when used in open-loop control systems, and may also even lead to system instability of closed-loop control systems. Feedback control techniques could compensate for the rate-dependent hysteresis in piezomicropositioning actuators. However, accurate sensors over a wide range of excitation frequencies and the feedback control techniques inserted in the closed-loop control systems may limit the use of the piezomicropositioning and nanopositioning systems in different micropositioning and nanopositioning applications. We show that open-loop control techniques, also called feedforward techniques, can compensate for rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities over different excitation frequencies. An inverse rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is utilized for feedforward compensation of the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities in a piezomicropositioning stage. The exact inversion of the rate-dependent model holds under the condition that the distances between the thresholds do not decrease in time. The inverse of the rate-dependent model is applied as a feedforward compensator to compensate for the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities of a piezomicropositioning actuator at a range of different excitation frequencies between 0.05-100 Hz. The results show that the inverse compensator suppresses the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities, and the maximum positioning error in the output displacement at different excitation frequencies.

Increasing the power of piezoelectric energy harvesters by magnetic stiffening

A piezoelectric cantilever beam with a tip mass at its free end is a common energy harvester configuration. This article introduces a new principle of designing such a harvester that increases the generated power without changing the resonance frequency of the harvester: the attraction force between two permanent magnets is used to add stiffness to the system. This magnetic stiffening counters the effect of the tip mass on the efficient operation frequency. Five set-ups incorporating piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers of the same type in different mechanical configurations are compared theoretically and experimentally to investigate the feasibility of this principle: theoretical and experimental results show that magnetically stiffened harvesters have important advantages over conventional set-ups with and without tip mass. They generate more power while only slightly increasing the deflection in the piezoelectric harvester and they can be tuned across a wide range of excitation frequencies.

Passive Vibration Absorption for Extremely High Density Recording

A method is proposed for passive vibration absorption in hard-disk drives during transient events such as the coming into proximity of the rotating disk within the context of thermal fly-height control nanotechnology or external shock. The method uses a nonlinear energy sink at the center of mass of the slider that can absorb energy over a wide range of excitation frequencies. Its feasibility and performance are investigated through a 4-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the head-disk interface used to predict head-disk clearance and vibrations.

Flow past a normal flat plate undergoing inline oscillations

The flow past an inline oscillating normal flat plate has been considered with the view to explore the variety of wake phenomena which arise even at the low Reynolds number (Re) equal to 100 based on the free stream velocity and the width of the plate. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were integrated in time over a wide range of excitation frequencies and amplitudes. A wake flow regime map was produced on the basis of the 24 computer simulations. For a certain excitation amplitude, the wake vortex shedding is first antisymmetric at low excitation frequencies fe. When fe is increased the wake first becomes chaotic and thereafter turns into a symmetric shedding mode, for instance the S-II mode with a binary vortex pair on each side of the wake. If fe is increased even further, more complex symmetric wake patterns may occur before the wake ultimately turns into chaos. Symmetric wakes are thus only observed in a band of intermediate excitation frequencies and then with the dominating flow frequency locked-on to fe. In one particular case, the S-II mode in the very near wake turned into what might be considered as a new S-IV mode which comprised four different vortex pairs per shedding cycle. In spite of the low Re considered, several cases exhibited distinct three-dimensionalities whereas some other cases remained strictly 2D. In some of the cases, at least, the transition from 2D to 3D wake flow was ascribed to a “mode competition.” Finally, for one of the two-dimensional cases the Reynolds number was first increased to 300 and then to 500 and a complex three-dimensional wake flow was observed. However, even at Re = 100, two-dimensional computer simulations are unable to reproduce the three-dimensional wake flow characteristics reported from the present study.

Magnetic Properties Measurement of Soft Magnetic Composite Materials Over Wide Range of Excitation Frequency

Accurate measurements of magnetic properties of soft magnetic composite (SMC) material are performed on an improved 3-D tester by means of novel precision B-H sensing coils attached to the surface of a cubic SMC specimen. By controlling the adjustable excitation topologies, magnetic properties over wide excitation frequency range from 2 Hz to 1000 Hz are acquired and analyzed. In this paper, the relationship between the magnetic flux density vector B and magnetic field strength vector H has been systematically measured under alternating and 3-D conditions, and the core loss features have been analyzed. Compared with the conventional magnetic properties only at 50 Hz, wide-range-frequency magnetic properties contribute to extending application area of the new SMC electrical machines.

An experimental study on a generalized Maxwell model for nonlinear viscoelastic dampers used in seismic isolation

Long-stroke fluid dampers may be installed under seismic isolation systems to provide supplementary damping. Due to the larger vibration amplitude and velocity, highly nonlinear viscoelastic behavior may exist in a long-stroke fluid damper. In order to accurately simulate the hysteretic behavior of such a damper, this paper presents and experimentally verifies a mathematical model called the generalized Maxwell model (GMM). Similar to the classic Maxwell model, the GMM is composed of a stiffness and a viscous elements connected in series. However, nonlinearity is incorporated into both elements of the GMM by assuming that their resistant forces are exponential functions of the relative velocity and deformation of the damper. By adjusting the two exponential coefficients, the GMM is able to simulate the more complicated viscoelastic behavior of fluid dampers. The GMM is reduced to the Maxwell model when both exponential coefficients are set to one. To verify the GMM, both an element test with harmonic excitations and a shaking table test with seismic excitations were conducted for a long-stroke fluid damper with highly nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. The result of the element test confirms that the GMM model is very accurate in simulating the hysteretic property of the fluid damper under a wide range of excitation frequencies, while the classic Maxwell and the viscous models may only be accurate under a certain excitation frequency. Moreover, the shaking table test, in which the fluid damper is used to provide supplementary damping for a sliding isolation system, demonstrates that the GMM is able to more accurately predict the amount of energy dissipation by the damper and also the peak isolator drift of the isolation system, especially for an earthquake with a long-period pulse.

Chaotic vibrations of a post-buckled L-shaped beam with an axial constraint

Analytical results are presented on chaotic vibrations of a post-buckled L-shaped beam with an axial constraint. The L-shaped beam is composed of two beams which are a horizontal beam and a vertical beam. The two beams are firmly connected with a right angle at each end. The beams joint with the right angle is attached to a linear spring. The other ends are firmly clamped for displacement. The L-shaped beam is compressed horizontally via the spring at the beams joint. The L-shaped beam deforms to a post-buckled configuration. Boundary conditions are required with geometrical continuity of displacements and dynamical equilibrium with axial force, bending moment, and share force, respectively. In the analysis, the mode shape function proposed by the senior author is introduced. The coefficients of the mode shape function are fixed to satisfy boundary conditions of displacements and linearized equilibrium conditions of force and moment. Assuming responses of the beam with the sum of the mode shape function, then applying the modified Galerkin procedure to the governing equations, a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is obtained in a multiple-degree-of-freedom system. Nonlinear responses of the beam are calculated under periodic lateral acceleration. Nonlinear frequency response curves are computed with the harmonic balance method in a wide range of excitation frequency. Chaotic vibrations are obtained with the numerical integration in a specific frequency region. The chaotic responses are investigated with the Fourier spectra, the Poincare projections, the maximum Lyapunov exponents and the Lyapunov dimension. Applying the procedure of the proper orthogonal decomposition to the chaotic responses, contribution of vibration modes to the chaotic responses is confirmed. The following results have been found: The chaotic responses are generated with the ultra-subharmonic resonant response of the two-third order corresponding to the lowest mode of vibration. The Lyapunov dimension shows that three modes of vibration contribute to the chaotic vibrations predominantly. The results of proper orthogonal decomposition confirm that the three modes contribute to the chaos, which are the first, second, and third modes of vibration. Moreover, the results of the proper orthogonal decomposition are evaluated with velocity which is equivalent to kinetic energy. Higher modes of vibration show larger contribution to the chaotic responses, even though the first mode of vibration has the largest contribution ratio.

A discrete model for response estimation of soil-structure systems with embedded foundations

The need for simplified physical models representing frequency dependent soil impedances has been the motivation behind many researches throughout history. Generally, such models are generated to capture impedance functions in a wide range of excitation frequencies, which leads to relatively complex models. That is while there is just a limited range of frequencies that really influence the response of the structure. Here, a new methodology based on the response-matching concept is proposed, which can lead to the development of simpler discrete models. The idea is then used to upgrade an existing simple model of surface foundations to the case of embedded foundations. The applicability of the model in both frequency domain and time domain analyses of soil-structure systems with embedded foundations is discussed. Moreover, the accuracy of the results is compared with another existing discrete model for embedded foundations.

A Completely Configurable Digital System for Simultaneous Measurements of Hysteresis Loops and Barkhausen Noise

This paper describes a new accurate completely digital configurable computer-aided system for the simultaneous measurements of magnetic hysteresis loops and Barkhausen noise in a wide range of excitation frequencies (from 0.01 to 80 Hz) for the purposes of inspection of material properties and microstructure characterization. The importance of the correct choice of the data-acquisition (DAQ) card to have enough resolution in both hysteresis loop and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurements is emphasized. Both the magnetic induction signal to construct the magnetic hysteresis loop and the Barkhausen noise are computed by the digital processing (numerical integration and digital filtering, respectively) of the induced electromotive force (EMF) signal. The accuracy of the hysteresis loop measurements is improved by using additional digital filters. The resolution of MBN results in simultaneous measurements is tested. Finally, some results of hysteresis loops and root-mean-square (RMS) envelopes of the MBN signal are presented to show the capability of the system to work at different excitation frequencies without changing any hardware.

The Application of Fiber Optic Gyroscopes for the Measurement of Rotations in Structural Engineering

The effects of rotations have been neglected in studies on the seismic properties of civil engineering structures in the past. This was mainly because their influence was thought to be small and there were no suitable sensors available to measure the system response of buildings to rotations properly. Only the effects of torsions caused by asymmetries in buildings, where the center of stiffness differs from the center of mass, are known from differential measurements of accelerometers. Different types of inertial rotation sensors exploiting the Sagnac effect have now reached the necessary sensitivity to be used for the investigation of rotational excitations in buildings. Because large ring lasers (Schreiber et al. , 2003, 2004) have successfully recorded signals of earthquake induced rotations from teleseismic events (Igel et al. , 2005), it is now time to study the behavior of buildings with respect to rotations. Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) are commonly used for applications in inertial navigation. They are exploiting the Sagnac effect in a passive optical interferometer design in order to measure rotations with high precision. For that reason, these gyros can measure absolute rotations and do not require a specific frame of reference. Because the concept of operation is entirely based on optical signals, there are no mechanical moving parts inside the sensor, so the transfer function is constant and the system works over a very wide range of excitation frequencies (10-3 Hz< f FOG<2 kH z ). Furthermore, one can obtain a well-defined reference to north from an FOG, which provides the additional advantage of using these sensors for the long term monitoring of structural stability. In this article we report initial measurements with an FOG on a shake table as well as results from in situ applications in very tall structures.

Tyre/road interaction noise—A 3D viscoelastic multilayer model of a tyre belt

Vehicle noise is an increasing local environmental problem. For cars, above a steady speed of 40km/h the noise produced by the interaction of the tyres with the road surface is the dominant noise source.In order to be able to predict this noise, the vibration characteristics of a stationary tyre must be determined. A multilayer viscoelastic cylindrical representation of the tyre belt, located between the sidewalls of the tyre and excluding the tread, is provided which yields the displacement and velocity response of the tyre belt when excited in the radial or tangential directions for a wide range of excitation frequencies, using only data from the design process.This model includes a representation of an air cavity and sidewalls and the response of the tyre belt is determined in both the frequency–wavenumber and time–spatial domains. The model can then be used to determine the noise of a tyre rolling on a rough road.