Wide Measurement Range Research Articles

Social capital and the effectiveness of land use policies: Evidence from rural China

This paper investigates how three forms of social capital, namely, social norms, social network and trust, influences the effectiveness of land use policies. Both long- and short-term policy outcomes are considered in the proposed analytical framework. Benefiting from a comprehensive household survey dataset covering 17 provinces in China, we adopt multiple measurements for each social capital form and policy outcome in our empirical investigation. We use a specific rural land use policy (i.e. reform to confirm, register and certify rural land rights) as a natural experiment to estimate the effect of social capital. By revealing the complex relationships amongst various forms of social capital and a wide range of policy outcome measurements, our empirical findings confirm the validity, reliability and tractability of the proposed analytical framework. Policy implications are also derived regarding how to utilise social capital to improve the effectiveness of land use policies.

Liquid-like thermal conductivity in solid materials: Dynamic behavior of silver ions in argyrodites

Argyrodite-type compounds are renowned for their exceptional thermoelectric performance and ultralow thermal conductivity. While the latter is commonly attributed to the superionic behavior of cations, there has been limited research into how cations' static or dynamic behavior affects the thermal transport properties of argyrodites. To address and bridge this research gap, we employ a wide range of measurements and develop ab-initio based machine-learning interatomic potentials to perform large-scale molecular dynamics simulations on Ag8SiTe6 under different temperatures. We highlight the symmetry breaking and lattice-distortion scattering caused by chilled ions at low temperatures and the enhanced ionic diffusion behavior at elevated temperatures endowing argyrodites with superior superionicity and liquid-like thermal conductivity. Our findings also provide valuable insights into the ionic diffusion kinetics and the exotic lattice dynamics of liquid-like thermoelectrics.

Digitalization and resilience

This paper investigates the role of digitalization in improving economic resilience. Using balance sheet data from 24,000 firms in 75 countries, and a difference-in-differences approach, we find that firms in industries that are more digitalized experience lower revenue losses following recessions. Early data since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic suggest an even larger effect during the resulting recessions. These results are robust across a wide range of digitalization measures—such as ICT input and employment shares, robot usage, online sales, intangible assets and digital skills listed on online profiles—and several alternative specifications.

Enhancing betting against beta with stochastic dominance

The performance of the widely used betting-against-beta (BAB) investment strategy is improved by controlling for the stochastic dominance (SD) relation between individual stocks and the market portfolio. Dominating stocks, preferred by all risk-averse and prudent investors, are excluded from the short leg of the BAB strategy. Stocks that are dominated by the market are excluded from the long leg of the strategy. This prefiltering significantly enhances a wide range of performance and risk measures including abnormal returns relative to various factor models. The improvements are especially pronounced for the third-order SD, are robust to transaction costs and different market conditions.

High-Sensitivity and Wide-Range Flexible Ionic Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensors with Porous Hemisphere Array Electrodes.

The development of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with porous hierarchical microstructures is limited by the complex and time-consuming preparation processes of porous hierarchical microstructures. In this study, a simple modified heat curing process was first proposed to achieve one-step preparation of porous hemispherical microstructures on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. In this process, a laser-prepared template was used to form surface microstructures on PDMS film. Meanwhile, the thermal decomposition of glucose monohydrate additive during heat curing of PDMS led to the formation of porous structures within PDMS film. Further, based on the obtained PDMS/CNTs electrodes with porous hemisphere array and ionic polymer dielectric layers, high-performance ionic piezocapacitive sensors were realized. Under the synergistic effect of the low-stiffness porous hemisphere microstructure and the electric double layer of the ionic polymer film, the sensor based on an ionic polymer film with a 1:0.75 ratio of P(VDF-HFP):[EMIM][TFSI] not only achieves a sensitivity of up to 106.27 kPa-1 below 3 kPa, but also has a wide measurement range of over 400 kPa, which has obvious advantages in existing flexible piezocapacitive sensors. The rapid response time of 110 s and the good stability of 2300 cycles of the sensor further elucidate its practicality. The application of the sensor in pulse monitoring, speech recognition, and detection of multiple dynamic loads verifies its excellent sensing performance. In short, the proposed heat curing process can simultaneously form porous structures and surface microstructures on PDMS films, greatly simplifying the preparation process of porous hierarchical microstructures and providing a simple and feasible way to obtain high-performance flexible pressure sensors.

Analyzing the effect of sibling number on input and output in the first 18months.

Prior research suggests that across a wide range of cognitive, educational, and health-based measures, first-born children outperform their later-born peers. Expanding on this literature using naturalistic home-recorded data and parental vocabulary reports, we find that early language outcomes vary by number of siblings in a sample of 43 English-learning U.S. children from mid-to-high socioeconomic status homes. More specifically, we find that children in our sample with two or more-but not one-older siblings had smaller productive vocabularies at 18months, and heard less input from caregivers across several measures than their peers with less than two siblings. We discuss implications regarding what infants experience and learn across a range of family sizes in infancy.

TRADITIONAL AND NOVEL 3D MEASUREMENTS USING CONE-BEAM CT IN WEIGHT-BEARING CONDITIONS

3D accurate measurements of the skeletal structures of the foot, in physiological and impaired subjects, are now possible using Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) under real-world loading conditions. In detail, this feature allows a more realistic representation of the relative bone-bone interactions of the foot as they occur under patient-specific body weight conditions. In this context, varus/valgus of the hindfoot under altered conditions or the thinning of plantar tissues that occurs with advancing age are among the most complex and interesting to represent, and numerous measurement proposals have been proposed. This study aims to analyze and compare these measurements from CBCT in weight-bearing scans in a clinical population. Sixteen feet of diabetic patients and ten feet with severe adult flatfoot acquired before/after corrective surgery underwent CBCT scans (Carestream, USA) while standing on the leg of interest. Corresponding 3D shapes of each bone of the shank and hindfoot were reconstructed (Materialise, Belgium). Six different techniques found in the literature were used to calculate the varus/valgus deformity, i.e., the inclination of the hindfoot in the frontal plane of the shank, and the distance between the ground and the metatarsal heads was calculated along with different solutions for the identification of possible calcifications. Starting with an accurate 3D reconstruction of the skeletal structures of the foot, a wide range of measurements representing the same angle of hindfoot alignment were found, some of them very different from each other. Interesting correlations were found between metatarsal height and subject age, significant in diabetic feet for the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. Finally, CBCT allows 3D assessment of foot deformities under loaded conditions. The observed traditional measurement differences and new measurement solutions suggest that clinicians should consider carefully the anatomical and functional concepts underlying measurement techniques when drawing clinical and surgical conclusions.

Study of cryogenic temperature sensing based on an all-fiber Sagnac loop with high sensitivity and wide measurement range

Study of cryogenic temperature sensing based on an all-fiber Sagnac loop with high sensitivity and wide measurement range

РОЗВИТОК КОНКУРЕНТНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА У БУДІВЕЛЬНІЙ ГАЛУЗІ

Competitiveness is a complex field with multiple perspectives and a wide range of definitions, meanings and measurements. Therefore, creating an appropriate framework for assessing competitiveness is a challenging task in the ever-changing and evolving construction industry. The growing demand for a diverse living environment continues to be fueled by rapid economic growth and a significant increase in the standard of living of the population. As one of the five pillars of the industrial economy, the construction industry has developed more dynamically than many other industries. However, construction companies still face many challenges, such as knowledge loss, ineffective collaboration, and low competitiveness. These challenges require businesses to systematically manage their knowledge and foster collaboration between stakeholders. With an effective knowledge sharing mechanism, knowledge can be shared and improved, and construction companies can achieve higher returns by collaborating on innovative construction projects, giving them a sustainable competitive advantage. The relationship between competitiveness and sustainability of a country, industry or enterprise provides a fundamental rationale and basis for policy development and strategic change. But all necessary measures for competition in the concept, implementation and monitoring of ideas, competitiveness that can be measured and understood. The construction industry faces many challenges due to the constant progress of construction technologies and techniques. As a result, construction management theory faces new serious challenges with the integration of the global market and construction innovation. The key to solving this problem is to increase the competitiveness of competing construction enterprises. Since many enterprises find themselves in a competitive situation, they try to improve the efficiency of their activities in various areas. In a dynamic environment, it is important to understand the causal relationships between key factors and their interactions. The relationship between enterprises and organizations of the construction industry operating in the conditions of market relations is reflected.

Ayurveda Medical System in Ancient India

Ayurveda, an ancient medical system originating in India over 5,000 years ago, represents a holistic approach to health and well-being, emphasizing the balance between mind, body, and spirit. Rooted in the sacred texts known as the Vedas, particularly the Atharvaveda, Ayurveda is built upon the principles of maintaining equilibrium among the three doshas: Vata (air and ether), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (water and earth). Each individual’s unique constitution, or prakriti, is determined by the predominant dosha and guides personalized treatment and lifestyle recommendations. Central to Ayurveda is the concept of Agni, or digestive fire, which is considered crucial for overall health. Proper digestion and elimination are seen as the foundation of physical and mental well-being. Ayurvedic practices encompass a wide range of therapeutic measures, including dietary guidelines, herbal remedies, yoga, meditation, and detoxification processes such as Panchakarma. Panchakarma involves five primary procedures—Vamana (therapeutic vomiting), Virechana (purgation), Basti (enema), Nasya (nasal administration), and Raktamokshana (bloodletting)—designed to cleanse the body of toxins and restore balance. Herbal medicine is a cornerstone of Ayurveda, utilizing a diverse array of plants, minerals, and metals. Prominent herbs include Ashwagandha, Turmeric, and Triphala, each known for their multifaceted health benefits. Ayurveda also places significant importance on lifestyle practices tailored to the individual’s constitution and the natural rhythms of the environment, advocating for daily routines (dinacharya) and seasonal routines (ritucharya) to harmonize with nature. Ayurveda’s influence extends beyond medicine, permeating Indian culture and daily life. Its resurgence in modern times reflects a growing interest in natural and preventive healthcare. While contemporary scientific validation is ongoing, Ayurveda’s comprehensive and integrative approach continues to be valued for its potential to enhance quality of life and foster sustainable health practices.

Automatic fabrication system of optical micro-nanofiber based on deep learning

<sec>The wide range, high precision, and dynamic real-time measurement of micro-/nanofiber diameter are crucial for achieving low loss transmission and controlling dispersion in the preparation process of micro-nanofiber. In view of the problems of small diameter regulation range, complex operation and long-time consumption of the existing preparation methods, the automatic detection system of micro-nanofiber is realized based on deep learning neural network algorithm in this work. The image segmentation method in computer vision is used to make high-quality multi-scale micro-/nanofiber datasets, and the improved YOLOv8-FD (You Only Look Once version 8-Fiber Detection) algorithm based on small target detection is used to automatically detect the diameter of micro-nanofiber.</sec><sec>Through image segmentation and identification of the target of single pixel size in the microscopic image, the diameter detection of micro-nanofiber is finally realized. In this process, the real-time diameter of micro-nanofiber is obtained through image information, and then the micro-nanofiber small target is accurately segmented to achieve the precise detection of mAP<sup>IoU</sup><sup>=50</sup> = 0.975 and mAP<sup>IoU</sup><sup>=50—95</sup> = 0.765 on the micro-nanofiber multi-scale target dataset with extremely high accuracy. The algorithm-based construction of a high-precision micro-nanofiber automatic preparation system enables real-time accurate segmentation of fiber edges, calculation of fiber diameter, and feedback to the control system for achieving automated preparation of fibers with arbitrary diameters. Additionally, it facilitates the detection of micro-nanofiber in a range from 462 nm to 125 μm. The average response time for reasoning is 9.6 ms, and the detection error is kept below 2.95%.</sec><sec>In addition, compared with other micro-/nanofiber diameter detection methods based on optical imaging and mode cutoff, this method shows advantages of high precision, high speed and arbitrary diameter preparation for diameter detection based on deep learning neural networks. The system is very suitable for high-precision real-time measurement and automatic and accurate preparation of micro-/nanofibers, thereby providing a novel method of developing micro-nanofiber devices with low-loss transmission and adjustable dispersion. </sec>

ПРОПАГАНДА КАК ПРЕВЕНТИВНАЯ ИННОВАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ

The article deals in studying the preventive nature of positive propaganda and highlights the specifics related to the legal regulation of preventive propaganda. It reveals the preventive possibilities of positive propaganda with its inclusion in the legal field. The preventive possibilities of preventive propaganda are positively assessed by the Russian legislator, which results in the emergence of more and more varieties of such propaganda in acts of the federal and regional levels. The author emphasizes that preventive propaganda is a means of legal policy so its specific character should not be limited only to preventive measures in the context of crime prevention. Preventive propaganda includes a wide range of measures to stimulate socially useful behavior in various social spheres. There is a tendency that the development and legitimization of preventive propaganda in the norms of law often begins, as a rule, with the legislative consolidation of the prohibition, which can be traced to the institution of traditional family values.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IDEA OF SUSTAINABLE PEACE

In today's world, the idea of sustainable peace has become not only an aspiration, but also an important goal of every society. This concept is not limited to the absence of war or conflict, but also includes a state of harmony, mutual understanding and mutual respect between nations, groups and individuals. Achieving sustainable peace requires not only diplomatic agreements and international efforts, but also the active participation of citizens and the development of cultural structures designed to support peaceful coexistence. In today's geopolitical environment, characterized by conflicts and tensions at all levels, it is important to understand what concrete steps can help build sustainable peace. Institutional strategies for the development of cultural and socio-cultural activities can be one of the key components of these steps, as they aim to raise the socio-cultural level and promote mutual understanding and interaction between different groups. In particular, the development of cultural institutions that provide artistic and cultural value can help reduce social inequality and improve educational standards. Given the potential of culture to unite different social groups, the development of cultural institutions can serve as a mechanism to support social integration and mutual understanding. In addition, an important component of the institutional strategy is to support and develop creative industries, promote economic growth and create new opportunities for youth and innovation. This can play a key role in developing innovative and creative solutions to social problems, including issues of interethnic and interreligious interaction, understanding and tolerance. Another important aspect of institutional strategies is their role in creating a space for dialogue and exchange of ideas between different cultural and social groups. This can help develop shared values and lay the groundwork for joint initiatives in education, culture and the arts, thereby helping to build sustainable peace. Another key aspect of these strategies is their ability to influence the formation of public consciousness and values, which are crucial for maintaining peace and harmony. Institutional strategies for cultural development are reflected in cultural development plans and facilitate the creation of cultural products and activities that promote the exchange of experiences and mutual understanding between different cultural communities. An important component of the institutional strategy is to promote education and awareness of citizens on cultural tolerance, mutual understanding and respect for differences. This can create an enabling environment for the development of sustainable peace and promote understanding and acceptance of different cultural identities. In this context, institutional strategies for cultural development and socio-cultural activities are becoming key tools for implementing the concept of sustainable peace in Ukraine. They include a wide range of measures aimed at supporting and developing cultural institutions, creative industries, promoting cultural diversity and mutual understanding between different groups of society. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of institutional strategies for the development of cultural and socio-cultural activities is extremely important for understanding the processes taking place in society and developing effective measures to promote sustainable peace in Ukraine. Research work on this topic is relevant and important in the context of the complexity of the current political situation in Ukraine and around the world. Institutional strategies for the development of cultural and socio-cultural activities can be an important tool in supporting and promoting peace processes, but their effectiveness requires in-depth analysis and sound recommendations for further improvement.

К вопросу о ликвидации вспышки холеры в войсках Закавказского фронта в период Битвы за Кавказ (1942–1943 гг.)

Introduction. The state of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the occupied and front-line territories during the Great Patriotic War often influenced the plans of the warring parties and the course of hostilities. The massive spread of such an acute infectious disease as cholera among Soviet military personnel and the civilian population during the battle for the Caucasus could change the course of one of the main battles of the war. However, there is little information about its outbreak in open sources, and until now they have not been closely examined by specialists. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of documents from the funds of the central state archives, previously published archival materials, the results of previous scientific works that examine the situation in the adjacent territories, as well as research on this issue by specialists in the field of medicine. Analysis. The spread of cholera in the south of our country in the summer and autumn of 1942 posed a great threat to the Soviet troops defending the North Caucasus and to the local population. Due to the failure to take a number of necessary measures, the outbreak could not be controlled for quite a long time. Results. It was possible to localize and then eliminate the cholera outbreak in the first ten days of October 1942 thanks to the adoption of a wide range of measures, strict monitoring of their implementation and the dedicated work of medical specialists. Subsequent offensive actions taken by Soviet troops became possible, including due to the improvement of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the troops of the Transcaucasian Front.

Implementacija hijerarhije upravljanja otpadom - prevencija kao imperativ održivosti

This paper presents a comparative analysis of municipal waste amount generated in EU member and non EU member countries Positive experiences from developed countries show that the best results are achieved when attention is paid according to local specificity, while respecting national strategic determinations for each type of waste separately. The existing situation was reviewed, practice was analyzed and significant strategic documents and regulations were interpreted. On this basis, rational and feasible solutions were proposed, which include a wide range of measures to improve waste management, starting with the reduction of waste generation at the source, separate collection, recycling or other methods of recovering materials from waste, and ending with reliable and environmentally sustainable final disposal of waste. Also, necessary accompanying measures, educational and promotional activities, as well as monitoring of the established system were recommended. The paper focuses on municipal waste, which amounts generated per year present one of the most problematic in every country. The aim of the work is to show the trend of growth/decrease in the amount of municipal waste generated in European Union, member countries and in countries that are not. The benchmarking analysis showed a trend of decreasing amounts of municipal waste generated in developed countries, which clearly indicates successfully implemented strategies based on the Waste Hierarchy.

Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Algorithms for Phishing Email Detection

Using skewed sequential data, the study explores the effectiveness of numerous sequential models designed for binary classification tasks. The dataset under investigation consists of 5,595 testing samples and 13,055 training samples, a structure that presents significant difficulties because of uneven labelling. The researchers carefully go through pretreatment procedures, which include text data encoding and effective methods for handling missing information, in order to address this. The study employs and examines a wide range of algorithms, which reflects the heterogeneous sequential modelling environment. A variety of neural network architectures are included in the arsenal: CNN, CNN-RNN, RCNN. The binary classification job at hand is used to thoroughly assess each architecture, revealing both its advantages and disadvantages. The study's evaluation approach, which presents a wide range of measures indicating consistently excellent performance overall, is its key component. Among these algorithms stand out as the best with an astounding 97% accuracy rate on a variety of evaluation metrics. This strong performance highlights their ability to handle sequential data with unbalanced labels and establishes a standard for further work in related fields. Beyond its empirical results, the study is important because it provides a well-designed assessment approach that may be used as a benchmark by practitioners facing similar problems. Through the clarification of important concepts related to model selection and performance evaluation, the study provides professionals and academics with crucial resources to efficiently traverse the complex terrain of sequential modelling.

Противодействие распространению антиправительственных изданий на железных дорогах России в последней четверти XIX – начале XX в. По материалам жандармской железнодорожной полиции

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the historical experience of countering the spread of revolutionary and anti-war literature within the steel highways of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Based on an analysis of the records of the gendarmerie railway police, two main directions of the gendarmes’ struggle with anti-government publications were identified - supervisory activities and obtaining information from secret informants. The importance of countering the spread of illegal publications on railways was determined by the concentration of passengers within their infrastructure. This struggle took on particular significance during the First World War, when the activity of agitators was aimed at instilling pacifist sentiments among the lower ranks and officers. Through the press, revolutionaries criticized the tsarist government and the decisions it made; discredited the imperial family and the ruling dynasties of countries allied with Russia. The Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs notified the railway gendarmerie police departments (GPUZD) about the admission of representatives of public organizations and publishing houses to railway stations. The legality of the activities of literature distributors was checked by gendarmerie officials. Often, agitators resorted to subterfuge, handing over revolutionary literature under covers that did not arouse suspicion. The supervision of the gendarmerie railway police also covered events held at mobile exhibition carriages and lecture carriages. The books and brochures given to their visitors were studied. The largest number of prohibited publications was identified during inspections of library bookcases located at railway stations. To discover hidden copies, it was allowed to send informants to librarians with a request to provide prohibited literature for reading. The provision of such a service by a librarian became the basis for a careful inspection of the institution entrusted to him. The interaction of railway gendarmes with informants was not limited to the supervision of libraries. Information was received from agents among the revolutionaries about cargoes of illegal literature transported by rail. The names of such cargo in the accompanying documentation were distorted by the senders. Cases of railway employees assisting in the transportation of revolutionary literature on trains were revealed. It was concluded that the gendarmerie implemented a wide range of measures aimed at suppressing the spread of harmful literature within the railway infrastructure entrusted to them. At the same time, the depth of the socio-political crisis in Russia, which ended with the destruction of the empire in 1917, did not allow the gendarmes to radically influence the spread of revolutionary agitation.

A Wide Range Measurement of Methane Using Single Saturated Absorption Spectral Line Concentration Measurement Method

A Wide Range Measurement of Methane Using Single Saturated Absorption Spectral Line Concentration Measurement Method

A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE VIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK IN (NOT ONLY) WARTIME CONDITIONS

The purpose of this article is to explore the multifaceted dimensions of the concept of social protection and the role of social work in (not only) wartime conditions. This is necessary, because social workers are often acting “helpless” confronted with massive global crises or even wars or war-like conditions. This article tries to sharpen the possible role and position of social work and with this the expectations on the discipline and profession of social work. To reach this, this article wants to shed light on the subject and the understanding of “crisis” and the different perspectives surrounding the interdisciplinary and multi perspective concepts of social protection, social support, and resilience. This perspective allows to a better understanding of the underlying principles, challenges and potential solutions related to social protection in times of crisis. In times of crisis, ensuring social protection and social support becomes an urgent priority for affected populations and even individuals. Social protection encompasses a wide range of measures designed to protect individuals and communities from the adverse effects of crises and to provide them with the necessary resources and assistance to cope with the challenges they face. This article is on the one side a s theoretical examination of the key terms. On the other hand directly affected people have their say: The co-author as a Ukrainian narrates her migration experiences and the results of a student - peer project with affected refugees from Ukraine in Eastern Switzerland are presented. The results are concrete and surprise at some points and sharpen the task and role of social work: First, feeling safe and getting (social) support and psychological assistance in the trauma and war situation is much important even to feel welcome and resurrected. But then mobility, networks, and the change to support their families, relatives and friends at home have a great importance. It is also very important to be able to travel to Ukraine (home) from time to time and to be able to return to the host country. The task of social work is a very special one: It is not primarily the role of the benefactor and care giver, but of the professional who makes things possible and supports and empowers the people who feel it. The article also makes clear, that a one-dimensional and static understanding of crisis, flight, migration and needs no longer works in today's world global situations and crisis. Keywords: Social work, social protection, social support, crises, war in Ukraine, Ukrainian refugees, needs

ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AS A DIRECTION OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION TERRITORIES

The article discusses the problems and tasks of the environmental direction in the development of modern industrial production in the context of post-war recovery and development of the Ukrainian economy. The success of such a task will depend on the extent to which industrial policy and development strategies at the state and local levels are oriented towards modern global trends - innovative digital and production technologies and environmental standards. At the present stage, the concept of building and developing a network of eco-industrial parks is such a solution.
 Based on the analysis of the world experience in the formation and functioning of eco-industrial parks, the article presents a wide range and various combinations of environmental protection measures and approaches to managing environmental and resource problems in the structure of eco-industrial parks. The main directions of eco-innovations are highlighted: from "clean production" and "green energy" to urban-industrial symbiosis.
 The authors substantiates the relevance of ecological transformation of the domestic industrial sector at the present stage. It is important that innovative sustainable industrial development takes place as a reciprocal process, by balancing the issues of economy, ecology, society and urban planning, where all stakeholders - public and private structures - jointly develop measures for planning, designing and building a network of eco-industrial parks in the country.