Wide Face Research Articles

MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES AND THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GIRLS OF YOUTHFUL AGE OF THE REPUBLIC MORDOVIA

Students belong to a group of high health risks, since during this period of development, young people are under the influence of the inevitable processes of active physiological restructuring of the body and intensive socialization of the individual. The purpose of the study is the anthropometric indicators and indices of physical development of 1648 girls aged 17-21 of the Republic Mordovia. Anthropometric measurements included the determination of the following parameters: body weight, standing and sitting body length, circumference of the chest, shoulder, forearm, wrist, thigh, abdomen, buttocks, lower leg, ankles. The comprehensive research program was designed in such a way that it was possible to calculate body surface areas, weight and height values, body strength indices and body proportionality indices. It was found that in the studied population, girls have a wide face, a narrow long nose, and a medium-sized skull. The majority of the population is characterized by the absence of excess body weight. Girls have a normosthenic type of constitution, have an average level of physical development, an average level of body density. Among female students, a mesomorphic type of physique is common with proportional body development, a normal proportion of the bone component and a slightly increased proportion of fat and muscle components. The inversion and dysplasia of sexual dimorphism revealed in the course of the study may be a response of a more labile female body to the negative influences of social and environmental factors.

Shielding Effect of (RE)Ba2Cu3O7-d-Coated Conductors on Eddy Current Loss of Adjacent Metal Layers Under AC Magnetic Fields With Various Orientations

(RE)Ba <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> -d (REBCO) coated conductors are becoming a preferred wire choice for many potential high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, where additional metal layers are usually attached to the REBCO conductors to improve reliability and stability. In such cases, the eddy current loss in the metal layers is affected by the magnetic field shielding by adjacent REBCO coated conductors. Here we present the ac loss measurement and simulation results in three copper-superconductor stacks comprising a 10-mm-wide Fujikura-coated conductor with one, two, and four 0.1-mm-thick, 10-mm-wide copper strips, under various applied magnetic field angles (defined by the angle between the applied magnetic field and the wide face of the superconductor) from 15° to 90° at 77 K. The amplitude of the magnetic field is up to 100 mT. The shielding effect, which reduces the eddy current loss in the metal layers stacked with a superconductor layer, increases with decreasing field angles, due to the change of the effective penetration field at the different field angles. The eddy current loss in the copper strips in the copper-superconductor stacks under the magnetic fields with various orientations is dominated by the perpendicular magnetic field component.

REGRESSION MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL LINEAR DIMENSIONS NECESSARY FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CORRECT FORM OF DENTAL ARCH IN YOUNG WOMEN WITH A WIDE FACE, DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES OF ODONTOMETRIC AND CEPHALOMETRIC INDICATORS

The purpose of the study: build and analyze the regression models of computed tomographic parameters necessary to determine the correct shape of dental arches, depending on the odontological and cephalometric parameters for girls with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion and a wide type of face.&#x0D; Materials and methods: for 20 girls with normal occlusion close to the orthognathic bite and with a wide face type, in the license package "Statistica 6.0" developed regression models of linear sizes necessary for constructing the correct shape of dental arches, depending on odontometric and cephalometric indicators.&#x0D; Results: thus, in girls with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion, having a wide type of face, all 18 possible reliable regression models (with a coefficient of determination from 0.620 to 0.973) of the reproduction of individual computed tomographic characteristics of the dental arches of upper and lower dental jaws depending on odonto- and cephalometric parameters were developed and analyzed.&#x0D; Conclusions: the results obtained indicate the need to take into account the type of face when calculating the parameters of dental arches.

In-plane anisotropy in BSCCO superconducting tapes: Transport and magnetometric criteria

Here, the anisotropy between the longitudinal and transverse directions of multi-filamentary Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x tapes (“in plane” anisotropy) is studied by transport and magnetization measurements. By minimally manipulating experimental data, we quantify it using one number associated with transport measurements, and two numbers based on magnetization curves. We propose that the simplest and most reliable number is that based on the magnetization loop width. We propose that the best way to evaluate the in-plane anisotropy is to measure the vertical width of the M vs. H loop, where H is applied along two mutually perpendicular directions lying on the wide face of the tape.

Rb9–xAg3+xSc2(WO4)9: a new glaserite-related structure type, rubidium disorder, ionic conductivity

A new triple tungstate Rb9-xAg3+xSc2(WO4)9 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) synthesized by solid state reactions and spontaneous crystallization from melts presents a new structure type related to those of Cs7Na5Yb2(MoO4)9 and Na13Sr2Ta2(PO4)9. The title compound in centrosymmetric space group Cmcm contains dimers of two ScO6 octahedra sharing corners with three bridging WO4 tetrahedra. Three pairs of opposite terminal WO4 tetrahedra are additionally linked by AgO2 dumbbells to form {Ag3[Sc2(WO4)9]}9- groups, which together with some rubidium ions are packed in pseudohexagonal glaserite-like layers parallel to (001), but stacking of the layers is different in these three structures. In the title structure, the layers stack with a shift along the b axis and their interlayer space contains disordered Rb+ cations partially substituted by Ag+ ions. Almost linear chains of incompletely filled close Rb3a-Rb3d positions (the shortest distances Rb-Rb are 0.46 to 0.64 Å) are found to locate approximately along the b axis. This positional disorder and the presence of wide common quadrangular faces of Rb2 and Rb3a-Rb3d coordination polyhedra favor two-dimensional ionic conductivity in the (001) plane with Rb+ and Ag+ carriers, which was confirmed with bond valence sum (BVS) maps. Electrical conductivity measurements on Rb9Ag3Sc2(WO4)9 ceramics revealed a first-order superionic phase transition at 570 K with a sharp increase in the electrical conductivity. The conductivity σi= 1.8 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 690 K is comparable with the value of 1.0 × 10-3 S cm-1 (500 K) observed earlier for rubidium-ion transport in pyrochlore-like ferroelectric RbNbWO6.

Gorlin-like phenotype in a patient with a PTCH2 variant of uncertain significance

Gorlin syndrome, also known as Nevoid Basal-Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS), is an autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndrome that presents early in life with characteristic congenital malformations and tumors. This syndrome most commonly results from germline mutations of the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene, which shows high penetrance and great intra and interfamilial phenotypic variability, as well as the SUFU tumor suppressor gene. Recently, the PTCH2 gene has also been implicated as a cause of Gorlin syndrome. Notably, these patients displayed milder phenotypes of Gorlin syndrome when considered against PTCH1 and SUFU-related disease. We report a patient with a novel PTCH2 mutation inherited from his father. The proband displays several minor diagnostic features of Gorlin syndrome, supporting the pathogenic role of this gene. Features in the proband include macrocephaly, a wide face, prominent forehead, hypertelorism/telecanthus, large eyes, cleft lip and palate, thin vertical palmar creases, penoscrotal inversion, and a hyperpigmented spot on his penis. His father displays macrocephaly, several nevi on his back and shoulders, and a single palmar pit on his left hand, raising suspicion for Gorlin syndrome. Whole exome sequence (trio) found that the proband and father are heterozygous for NM_003738.4:c.3347C>T;p.(Pro1116Leu) in exon 21 of PTCH2, found also in his mildly affected brother. This semi-conservative amino acid substitution has been reported in the literature, but its significance is unclear. Notably, the proband, brother, and father do not meet clinical criteria for Gorlin syndrome. However, the clinical findings described in this family support the association between PTCH2 mutations and Gorlin-like phenotypes.

Numerical analysis of local heat flux and thin-slab solidification in a CSP funnel-type mold with electromagnetic braking

In this article, based on the actual monitored temperature data from mold copper plate with a dense thermocouple layout and the measured magnetic flux density values in a CSP thin-slab mold, the local heat flux and thin-slab solidification features in the funnel-type mold with electromagnetic braking are analyzed. The differences of local heat flux, fluid flow and solidified shell growth features between two steel grades of Q235B with carbon content of 0.19%C and DC01 of 0.03%C under varying operation conditions are discussed. The results show the maximum transverse local heat flux is near the meniscus region of over 0.3 m away from the center of the wide face, which corresponds to the upper flow circulation and the large turbulent kinetic energy in a CSP funnel-type mold. The increased slab width and low casting speed can reduce the fluctuation of the transverse local heat flux near the meniscus. There is a decreased transverse local heat flux in the center of the wide face after the solidified shell is pulled through the transition zone from the funnel-curve to the parallel-cure zone. In order to achieve similar metallurgical effects, the braking strength should increase with the increase of casting speed and slab width. Using the strong EMBr field in a lower casting speed might reverse the desired effects. There exist some differences of solidified shell thinning features for different steel grades in the range of the funnel opening region under the measured operating conditions, which may affect the optimization of the casting process in a CSP caster.

Quench Experiments of Conduction-Cooled Coated Conductors With Various Copper-Stabilizer Thicknesses

We experimentally studied the quench properties of REBa2Cu3Oy (RE-123) coated conductors with various plated-copper thicknesses (20 and 40 μm). A short sample of coated conductors was conduction-cooled to 45 K, a magnetic field (μ0H, up to 2 T) was applied perpendicular to its wide face to control the critical current, an operating current was supplied, and subsequently quench was initiated using a small heater. Normal zone propagation velocities (NZPVs) were measured at various operating currents, and the NZPVs of coated conductors with various copper thicknesses were compared with each other. To understand the impact of the copper stabilizer on quench protection, hot-spot temperatures were measured during the processes that simulate quench detection using voltage taps and protection using dump resistor. The maximum hot-spot temperatures were plotted against the operating current as well as the overall current density, and the impact of the thickness of the copper stabilizer on hot-spot temperature was examined. The impact of the initial temperature on hot-spot temperature was also studied.

Simulation of bubbles behavior in steel continuous casting mold using an Euler-Lagrange framework with modified bubble coalescence and breakup models

A mathematic model considering the interaction of bubbles was developed to simulate bubbles behavior in a continuous slab casting mold. The flow of molten steel is calculated with an Eulerian model coupled with a Lagrangian model for bubbles. Modified bubble coalescence and breakup models are established as user-defined functions of FLUENT software. Collisions between bubbles are described by means of hard-sphere model. The break-up mold is implemented with a break-up constrain based on the critical Weber number augmented a model for daughter bubble size distribution. The daughter bubble fraction is calculated with a tanh function, which has a U-shape distribution with lower bounds. Small bubbles were produced by the breakup of large bubbles. The predicted size and number of captured bubbles obtained with the mathematic model agree well with the plant measurements. The size and number distributions of small bubbles near the advancing solidification shell were obtained with simulation results. The results show that the bubble size and number at both the narrow and wide faces decrease with the increase of distance from the meniscus, and they get close to a constant in the deep region. Meanwhile, the initial bubble size has no obvious effect on the bubble distribution in the mold at the operation conditions in the present work.

Craniology of Ancient Rus Burials near Hushchyn Village

The article deals with the features of human skulls of 10—12 cent. from a mound burial ground in Hushchyn village (Chernihiv region). The author has studied 19 skulls found during the excavations in 1872 and 1983. The male series are mesocranial according to cranial index in the mean. The otic height is moderate. The face is mesognatic, moderately wide and relatively low according to absolute measurements, highly profiled horizontally on upper and middle levels. The upper facial index indicates that it belongs to mesen. The orbits are moderately wide and low, moderate according to the index (mesoconchia). The nose is moderately wide with big projection angle and moderately high nasal bridge. Its index relates to mesorhynia. The male series from Hushchyn belongs to mesodolichocranic class with moderately wide face together with Polians of Chernihiv, Pereiaslav and Kyiv. Female series is mesocranic. The longitudinal diameter of brain case is big. The transversal diameter is moderate. The forehead is straight and moderately wide. The face is orthognatic, moderately wide, highly profiled horizontally. Its upper height is small. The orbits are moderately high. The nasal foramen is moderately wide. The nose protrudes strongly and has high nasal bridge. Female series belongs to mesocranic class with moderately wide face together with Poliany from Kyiv. Therefore, craniological type of women and men from the probed rural group is similar. The male group from Hushchyn is partially similar to the population of Southern Rus from Avtunychi, Zhelny and Halych.

Heat transfer behaviour of funnel mould copper plates during thin slab continuous casting and channel structure optimization

ABSTRACT The heat transfer in funnel mold during thin slab continuous casting is rather complex and sensitive that the flow and temperature of cooling water as well as the roughness of channel walls may have significant influences on it. Herein, a 3-D heat transfer model of funnel copper plates coupling with the flow of cooling water in the channels was developed with the consideration of the fluid-solid interaction. The results show that the interfacial heat flux between the copper plate and cooling water decreases significantly with the increase of distance from channel root, and the temperature distribution of mold lower part is more uneven than that of the upper part. According to the magnitude and distribution of mold temperature, structure of mold copper plates like fillet radius and depth of concave channel, length of circular channels in wide face and roughness of channel wall were optimized.

Inter-strand resistance and AC loss in resin-filler impregnated ReBCO Roebel cables

In the frame of the EuCARD2 collaboration, aimed at developing the technology for 20 T class accelerator magnets, several demonstrator dipole magnets are being built using high critical current density and fully transposed ReBCO tape-based Roebel-type cables. In accelerator magnets the dynamic magnetic field quality is one of the key parameters, which is affected by the effective inter-strand resistances in the cables. For this reason, measurements of the inter-strand resistances on ReBCO Roebel cables were carried out at 4.2 and 77 K. Acquiring these data is also essential for input of cable simulation models. The cable samples are impregnated with epoxy resin to reduce the effect of transverse stress degradation due to Lorentz forces acting on the strands in the Roebel cables. The measured inter-strand resistance is used to estimate the AC coupling loss in different magnetic field orientations. Moreover, the contributions of diverse interface contact resistances to overall inter-strand resistance of Roebel cables were determined using a novel theoretical model. For validation, the AC loss of cables were examined in various orientations of applied field at 4.2 K. With three analytical models the hysteresis loss was calculated and compared to the measured data. The average inter-strand resistance of the cable samples impregnated with the unfilled epoxy CTD-101K range from 3 to 16 μΩ at 77 K and 1.5 to 9 μΩ at 4.2 K. Between the tapes the copper to copper interface resistance dominates the inter-strand resistance of impregnated Roebel cables. The calculated and measured AC loss for the CTD-101K impregnated Roebel cable lead to equivalent conclusions that the coupling loss is lower than the hysteresis loss within the range of the experiment. These observations substantially differ from earlier results extracted from a similar cable but impregnated with the alumina-filled epoxy resin CTD-101G, which showed considerable coupling loss when exposed to magnetic field parallel the wide face of the cable.

Quantifying knots by image analysis and modeling their effects on the mechanical properties of loblolly pine lumber

Automated grading machines that quantify knots are increasingly deployed by lumber mills, however their use in mill studies that assess lumber quality have been limited. The objective here was to develop a method to evaluate the knots of loblolly pine lumber using image analysis and to develop models to predict modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) from 171 pieces of dimension lumber. Lumber was photographed on the wide faces and individual knots were identified using the k-means clustering algorithm. The percentage of wood made up of knots on the wide faces (Knot%) was calculated by summing the individual knot areas over the total surface area, as well as on a sub-section of the lumber span which was optimized separately for MOE (Knot%MOE) and MOR (Knot%MOR). Models were built using the knot measurements and compared to models built using specific gravity (SG) and acoustic velocity squared (AV2). Knot% explained 30% of the variation in MOE and 39% of the variation in MOR. Incorporating Knot%MOE into a model with SG and AV2 did not appreciably improve model performance (R2 = 0.75, RMSE = 1.1 GPa) over the base SG and AV2 model (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 1.2 GPa). Incorporating Knot%MOR into a model with SG and AV2 significantly improved the prediction (R2 = 0.65, RMSE = 7.2 MPa) compared to the base SG and AV2 model (R2 = 0.56, RMSE = 8.0 MPa). This study demonstrates the feasibility of using image analysis to assess knot information in lumber to improve predictions of mechanical properties.

En-Bloc U-Shaped Osteotomy of the Mandible and Chin for the Correction of a Prominent Mandibular Angle With Long Chin.

Lower face contouring surgery has become a popular aesthetic surgery in East Asian countries. Various surgical methods have been used to improve lower face aesthetics. When a patient has a wide as well as long lower face, procedures like chin polishing or T-type osteotomy are traditionally performed, but these surgical methods have several disadvantages. The authors devised a simple and reliable method to correct the wide and long lower face, without the complications associated with the traditional methods. From July 2015 to January 2018, 30 patients with a prominent mandibular angle, long chin, and no malocclusion underwent en-bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy through an oral incision, in order to shorten the mandibular angle, body of the mandible, and the chin, and to improve the facial contour. The authors assessed the effectiveness of surgery through comparisons between pre- and postoperative radiographs, patient satisfaction, and surgical complications in the postoperative period. It was observed that all oral incisions healed by primary intention, and did not develop hematoma, infection, or osteonecrosis. Lower lip numbness occurred in 16 patients. After 6 to 12 months, all patients showed complete recovery from the numbness. All the patients were satisfied with their appearance after surgery. En-bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy is an improved form of mandibular surgery. The osteotomy line involves the whole mandible, which makes the length and width of the mandible considerably smaller. This surgery can effectively correct a prominent mandibular angle with long chin.

Motivation of Owners to Purchase Pedigree Cats, with Specific Focus on the Acquisition of Brachycephalic Cats.

Simple SummarySelective breeding of domestic cats (Felis catus) has resulted in a variety of temperaments, body shapes, facial features and, in particular, coat types and colours. There are now over 70 recognised cat breeds, created over 150 years. Many cat owners select their cat for features that appeal to them, so cat breeders primarily focus on these aesthetic traits, changing cat features to their concept of beauty or appeal. Unfortunately, these changes can impact heavily upon cat health and welfare, as inbreeding and breeding for extreme physical conformations has become prevalent. Particular concern focuses on brachycephalic (BC) cats with wide flat faces (e.g., Persians and Exotic Shorthairs). Using a questionnaire for cat owners, we identified marked differences in how owners went about acquiring their cats when we compared owners of BC cats, pedigree (P), (but not BC) cats and non-pedigree (NP) cats; 1367 responses (BC n = 85, P n = 400, NP n = 882). Owners of BC cats were less likely to undertake significant research before buying their cat (e.g., not looking into management requirements or potential health problems associated with the BC face-shape and/or Persian coat) compared to P owners. Once owned, they did not consider their cat as healthy (especially related to eye and skin conditions) compared to P owners. BC owners were also less likely to recommend their breed to others, possibly reflecting poor health experiences and/or management issues.Background: Cats are globally popular pets and pedigree cats are increasingly prevalent, with brachycephalic breeds being the most registered breeds. How owners decide upon and acquire their cats is poorly understood. Moreover, there are growing concerns about the health and welfare of brachycephalic (BC) dogs and recent studies are raising the awareness of health and welfare problems in BC cats. Methods: An online survey investigated owners’ motivations, perceptions and behaviours prior to, during and following acquisition of non-pedigree (NP), extreme brachycephalic pedigree (BC; i.e., Persian and Exotic Shorthair) and mild to non-BC pedigree (P) cats. Results: The survey received 1367 valid responses (NP n = 882, P n = 400, BC n = 85 (6.2%)). There were marked differences between NP, P and BC owners’ perception of their cats’ health and welfare, reason(s) for acquisition and its process. Owners of NP were less influenced by appearance, behaviour and other features than P or BC owners. In contrast, P and BC owners were highly influenced by appearance, with P owners also placing greater importance on good breed health than BC owners. BC owners were less likely to recommend their breeds to prospective cat owners, apparently concerned by high maintenance requirements. Conclusion: Further research is needed to determine how decision-making is constructed and how it may be improved, especially in respect of welfare outcomes for extreme BC cats given the increased weighting given to appearance over health.

Modeling by regression analysis of the transverse dimensions of the upper and lower jaws and sagittal characteristics of the dental arch in young women with a very wide face, depending on the features of the odonto- and cephalometric indicators

Providing maximum individual orthodontic care to the patient is impossible without the use of modern instrumental methods of research and considering odontometric and cephalometric characteristics of representatives of relevant populations of different sex and age. The purpose of the study is to develop and analyze regression models of computed tomography sizes necessary to construct the correct form of dental arches in young women with a very wide face, depending on the characteristics of odonto- and cephalometric indicators. Primary computed tomographic indices of tooth size and cephalometric parameters of 50 young women with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion were obtained from the data bank of the scientific-research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Face type was determined using the Garson morphological index. The following distribution is established: with a very wide face – 21, with a wide face – 20, with a medium face – 6, with a narrow face – 3, with a very narrow face – 0. Therefore, only young women with a wide and very wide face were selected for further modeling. The development of regression models of linear dimensions necessary for the construction of the correct form of dental arches, depending on the features of odonto- and cephalometric indicators in young women with very wide faces, was carried out in a licensed statistical package “Statistica 6.0”. It is established that young women with a very wide type of face with normal occlusion have built all 18 possible reliable models (with a coefficient of determination from 0.863 to 0.962) of linear computed tomography sizes used to construct the correct form of dental arches of the upper and lower jaws in depending on the features of odontometric and cephalometric indicators. Built models in young women with a very wide face type included more often odontometric (73.0 %) than cephalometric (27.0 %) data. Among the odontometric indicators, the most frequently included models are: width of crowns of teeth in mesio-distal direction (20.7 %); width of the teeth at the level of the anatomical neck in the mesio-distal direction (14.4 %) and width of the crowns of the teeth in the vestibulo-oral direction (10.8 %); and among the cephalometric indicators – the greatest length of the head (3.6 %); average width of face and height of lower lip (2.7 % each). Thus, in young women with a very wide type of face with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion, all 18 possible reliable regression models of reproduction of the individual characteristics of the dental arches of the upper and lower jaws depending on the odonto- and cephalometric parameters were developed and analyzed.

Effect of the mold corner structure on the friction behavior in slab continuous casting molds

The friction behavior between strands and molds plays a significant role in the surface quality of strands, especially around the strand corner. Herein, the friction behavior in slab molds with different corner structures (right-angle, big-chamfer, multi-chamfer, and fillet) was investigated. The temperature distribution of the slab was calculated through a three-dimensional mold model that couples the fluid flow and heat transfer. Then, the friction behavior was analyzed using a friction model, which was modified via a solid slag fracture model. The results show that an air gap is formed around the slab corner because of the disappearance of the liquid slag and the fracture of the solid slag. The slab friction stress on the wide face exponentially increases from the meniscus to the mold exit, while that on the narrow face is much lower. The friction stress distribution around the slab corner in the chamfered mold is more uniform than that in the right-angle mold, especially in the fillet mold. Employing a chamfered mold allows reducing the friction stress around the slab corner. The mold friction stress on the wide face increases quasi-linearly from the meniscus to the mold exit while that on the narrow face is similar to that of the slab friction stress. In addition, the oscillation parameters have a great effect on the friction behavior.

THE POPULATION OF VOYIN TOWN (13th - 14th CENT.) ACCORDING TO CHRONOLOGICAL DATA

The article deals with the history of studies at the ancient Russian hill Fort and burial ground of the annalistic town Voyin. The author analyses the remains of people buried in Voyin during 13th - 14th cent. compares the morphological complexes from this series mainly to the Eastern European Slavs of 10th - 14th cent. It is possible to make the conclusion that the mail mesocranic series is related to the skulls from Stara Riazan and probably to Slovenes from Novgorod according to craniometrical data. According to the skulls’ classification by T. Aleksieieva, the mail selection belongs to mesodolychocranic type with merely wide face along with Tivertsi, Ulichs and Drevlians. According to typology by V. Diachenko, the mail group is a part of Neopolissian anthropological type with certain reservations. The female mesocranic selection is statistically close to Kyivan Polyany and Kryvichs. According to the scheme by T. Rudych, the female series belongs to mesocranic craniological type with the moderately wide face together with Kyivan Polyany after a sort. Key words: craniometry, cranioscopy, anthropology, Voyin, Central Dnieper Ukraine.

Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy for Classifying Lumber Species Using Their Near-infrared Spectra

This paper examines the classification of five coniferous species, including larch (Larix kaempferi), red pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), and cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), using near−infrared (NIR) spectra. Fifty lumber samples were collected for each species. After air−drying the lumber, the NIR spectra (wavelength = 780−2500 nm) were acquired on the wide face of the lumber samples. Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) was performed to classify the five species using their NIR spectra. Three types of spectra (raw, standard normal variated, and Savitzky−Golay 2nd derivative) were used to compare the classification reliability of the SIMCA models. The SIMCA model based on Savitzky−Golay 2nd derivatives preprocessing was determined as the best classification model in this study. The accuracy, minimum precision, and minimum recall of the best model (PCA models using Savitzky−Golay 2nd derivative preprocessed spectra) were evaluated as 73.00%, 98.54% (Korean pine), and 67.50% (Korean pine), respectively.

THE ENTOMBMENTS OF THE 2ND HALF OF 12TH – THE 1ST HALF OF 13TH CENTURY NEAR THE CAVES MONASTERY IN BAKOTA

The article deals with the results of protective archaeological studies near the Rocks-Caves Monastery in Bakota. In April 2017 members of architectural-archaeological expedition cleared up a double entombment of the women with the child and searched out a contour of the immersed building. These objects were placed in the section of the hill flank on the hiking trail between the wellsprings № 2 and № 3. The funerary implements, the buried woman pointing and her limbs position are typical for the Christian necropolises of the Middle Transnistrian Ancient Rus. Furthermore, the series of Ancient Russian entombments were examined on the South-Eastern outskirt of the monastery during previous years. There were some double entombments among them. It’s possible to conclude that the women with the child were buried in the 2nd half of 12th – the 1st half of 13th ct. on the base of the ceramic fragments in the funerary filling, wire-woven and similar with finger-ring temporal rings as well as of the cross worn next to the skin. The ruins, founded near the wellspring № 3 also belong to this period on the base of the fictile ware rims. Such anthropological methods as craniometry, cranioskopy, craniophenetic and osteometry were applied to the Ancient Russian entombments from Bakota for the 1st time. According to craniological data the well preserved skull belonged to the women of 20–30 years, its cranial index is mesocranic. The face is mesognathic, its absolute width and absolute length are moderate, its superior facial index is mesen. The face is strongly profiled on the upper as well as on the middle level. The general facial index is mesoprosopic. The orbits are wide and moderately high, they have a moderate height according to the index (mesoconchy). The nose is moderately high and narrow its relatival width is leptorhynic. The nasal bridge is considered as high. The nasal projection angle is big. The skull as well as the skulls of Kyivan Polans belongs to the series of mesocranic craniological types with moderately wide faces according to the table of T. Rudych. Key words: entombment, Bakota, cave monastery, Christianity, repoussage, anthropology, craniology, osteometry.