Wide Contacts Research Articles

Q.ANTUM NEO with LECO Exceeding 25.5 % cell Efficiency

In recent years, we have developed the Q.ANTUM NEO solar cell, a rear-passivated double-sided contact solar cell that achieves power conversion efficiencies exceeding 25.5 %. Our streamlined and cost-efficient process leverages the proprietary Laser Enhanced Contact Optimization (LECO) technology. The LECO process has undergone extensive optimization and has been successfully implemented in both our pilot line and mass production facilities, resulting in significant improvements in solar cell efficiency. LECO facilitates a novel formation of the contact interface between the silicon surface and metallization, leading to remarkably low j0,met values (as low as 160 fA cm−2). The contact resistivity of 20 μm wide contacts on a high sheet resistance emitter is below 1 mΩ cm2, with minimal impact on fill factor (FF) and overall cell efficiency. Rigorous reliability tests, including TC600 and DH3000, demonstrate module degradation well below 5%rel. Our champion cell conversion efficiency achieved in the pilot line using LECO technology reaches 25.6 %, accompanied by a notable open-circuit voltage exceeding 730 mV.

A SPLICS reporter reveals α\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{{{{\\boldsymbol{\\alpha }}}}}}$$\\end{document}-synuclein regulation of lysosome-mitochondria contacts which affects TFEB nuclear translocation

Mitochondrial and lysosomal activities are crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis: optimal coordination is achieved at their membrane contact sites where distinct protein machineries regulate organelle network dynamics, ions and metabolites exchange. Here we describe a genetically encoded SPLICS reporter for short- and long- juxtapositions between mitochondria and lysosomes. We report the existence of narrow and wide lysosome-mitochondria contacts differently modulated by mitophagy, autophagy and genetic manipulation of tethering factors. The overexpression of α-synuclein (α-syn) reduces the apposition of mitochondria/lysosomes membranes and affects their privileged Ca2+ transfer, impinging on TFEB nuclear translocation. We observe enhanced TFEB nuclear translocation in α-syn-overexpressing cells. We propose that α-syn, by interfering with mitochondria/lysosomes tethering impacts on local Ca2+ regulated pathways, among which TFEB mediated signaling, and in turn mitochondrial and lysosomal function. Defects in mitochondria and lysosome represent a common hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases: targeting their communication could open therapeutic avenues.

TRAINING OF FUTURE EDUCATORS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF CHILDREN OF OLDER PRESCHOOL AGE

The article reveals the problem of professional training of future preschool teachers for the development of emotional intelligence in children of older preschool age. Several definitions of the concepts of «emotions» and «emotional intelligence» are presented. It is noted that emotional intelligence is interpreted as a set of mental abilities to understand one's own emotions and the emotions of other people, as well as managing the emotional sphere. D. Goleman. The components of emotional intelligence presented by scientists are characterized, namely: awareness and recognition of feelings; the desire to understand another person; understanding emotions; managing emotions. An analysis of the emotional development of older preschool children was carried out, in particular, it was indicated that they are characterized by wide social contacts, namely parents, educators, pupils from kindergarden, friends at the place of residence, etc. As a result of the existing wide circle of communication, preschoolers are often in interaction with others, which requires from them the ability to express their own emotions and understand the emotions of other people. It is emphasized that a child of older preschool age is able to understand such emotions of others as joy, surprise, sadness, anger, irritation, fear, etc. It has been proven that the teacher plays a significant role in the emotional development of preschoolers. In order to effectively carry out the outlined activities, the training of future teachers of preschool education institutions should include the following components: cognitive (mastery of professional knowledge and competences), motivational (motivation to interact with children and the presence of a desire to implement professional activities), activity component (set of practical skills and abilities , which are necessary for successful work with preschoolers). It is noted that in order to develop the emotional intelligence of older preschoolers, it is expedient for future preschool educators to organize the following types of activities: reading the books with further analysis of the emotions and feelings of various characters; carrying out game exercises of the corresponding topic; organization of various types of theatrical activities, etc.

Resonances in a single-lead reflection from a disordered medium: [formula omitted]-model approach

Using the framework of supersymmetric non-linear σ-model we develop a general non-perturbative characterization of universal features of the density ρ(Γ) of the imaginary parts (“width”) for S-matrix poles (“resonances”) describing waves incident and reflected from a disordered medium via M-channel waveguide/lead. Explicit expressions for ρ(Γ) are derived for several instances of systems with broken time-reversal invariance, in particular for quasi-1D and 3D media. In the case of perfectly coupled lead with a few channels (M∼1) the most salient features are tails ρ(Γ)∼Γ−1 for narrow resonances reflecting exponential localization and ρ(Γ)∼Γ−2 for broad resonances reflecting states located in the vicinity of the attached wire. For multimode quasi 1D wires with M≫1, an intermediate asymptotics ρ(Γ)∼Γ−3/2 is shown to emerge reflecting diffusive nature of decay into wide enough contacts.

Machine Learning for Film Thickness Prediction in Elastohydrodynamic Lubricated Elliptical Contacts

This study extends the use of Machine Learning (ML) approaches for lubricant film thickness predictions to the general case of elliptical elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts, by considering wide and narrow contacts over a wide range of ellipticity and operating conditions. Finite element (FEM) simulations are used to generate substantial training and testing datasets that are used within the proposed ML framework. The complete dataset entails 915 samples; split into an 823-sample training dataset and a 92-sample testing dataset, corresponding to 90% and 10% of the combined dataset samples, respectively. The proposed ML model consists of a pre-processing stage in which conventional EHD dimensionless groups are used to minimize the number of inputs into the model, reducing them to only three. The core of the model is based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), a powerful ML regression tool, well-suited for small-sized datasets, producing output central and minimum film thicknesses, also in dimensionless form. The last stage is a post-processing one, in which the output film thicknesses are retrieved in dimensional from. The results reveal the capabilities and potential of the proposed ML framework, producing quasi-instantaneous predictions that are far more accurate than conventional film thickness analytical formulae. In fact, the produced central and minimum film thickness predictions are on average within 0.3% and 1.0% of the FEM results, respectively.

РЕНТГЕНОФЛЮОРЕСЦЕНТНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ИЗДЕЛИЙ ИЗ ЦВЕТНОГО МЕТАЛЛА ПРЕДТЮРКСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ, ОБНАРУЖЕННЫХ НА НЕКРОПОЛЕ ЧОБУРАК-I (СЕВЕРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ)

During excavations of burial complexes in Altai, which belong to the Bulan-Koby archaeological culture, items made of non-ferrous metal were found. However, their purposeful study has not yet been undertaken, which limits the possibilities for making the necessary scientific interpretations. This article presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of a small series of finds from the Choburak-I necropolis. This site is located in the Northern Altai and dates back to the preTurkic period. The obtained determinations of the chemical composition of simple decorations demonstrate the variety of recipes used in casting the initial materials. Of particular importance are the items made of brass. The presented variety of metal alloys can testify to wide contacts of the Altai population in the pre-Turkic period, as well as to the existence of local traditions of decoratiions making. It is important to continue the systematic study of similar and other finds from non-ferrous metal, which are in museum collections in Russia and abroad.

ID: 222279 Tight Spaced Spinal Cord Stimulator Contacts Provide Better Pain Coverage Than Wide Spaced Contacts

Spinal cord stimulators (SCS) are well known in the pain community for providing pain relief in patients who have difficult-to-treat pain, and physicians may choose a specific type of SCS depending on patient history and pain characteristics. One such choice is the type of leads that can be used for stimulation: wide spaced or tight spaced contacts. Mathematical models have shown the potential benefit for using tight spaced contacts is providing a wider area of coverage compared to wide spaced contacts (1,2). In this case report, we demonstrate the improved area of coverage and pain relief using tight spaced contacts directly compared to wide space contacts.

Cell–cell contact landscapes in Xenopus gastrula tissues

Molecular and structural facets of cell-cell adhesion have been extensively studied in monolayered epithelia. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of cell-cell contacts in a series of multilayered tissues in the Xenopus gastrula model. We show that intercellular contact distances range from 10 to 1,000 nm. The contact width frequencies define tissue-specific contact spectra, and knockdown of adhesion factors modifies these spectra. This allows us to reconstruct the emergence of contact types from complex interactions of the factors. We find that the membrane proteoglycan Syndecan-4 plays a dominant role in all contacts, including narrow C-cadherin-mediated junctions. Glypican-4, hyaluronic acid, paraxial protocadherin, and fibronectin also control contact widths, and unexpectedly, C-cadherin functions in wide contacts. Using lanthanum staining, we identified three morphologically distinct forms of glycocalyx in contacts of the Xenopus gastrula, which are linked to the adhesion factors examined and mediate cell-cell attachment. Our study delineates a systematic approach to examine the varied contributions of adhesion factors individually or in combinations to nondiscrete and seemingly amorphous intercellular contacts.

Electroplated Copper Metal Contacts on Perovskite Solar Cells

Electroplated copper contacts on small‐area single‐junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using an atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 masking layer on ITO are demonstrated for the first time. The photoconversion efficiency of ≈11% after manufacturing the Cu contacts confirms that PSCs can survive the wet‐chemical plating process. From the successful realization of plated contact fingers, the creation of an electrical contact between the Cu electrode and the ITO on the FA0.75Cs0.25Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 perovskite absorber is inferred. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis shows the formation of a compact interface between ITO and plated Cu. An additional plating approach, using self‐passivated aluminum as mask, allows to produce well‐defined 30 μm wide Cu contacts on the PSC. Such a plating process allows for plating a low‐resistive Cu grid simultaneously on both sides of a perovskite silicon heterojunction tandem solar cell with TCO, independent of substrate size.

Ivan Turgenev als Netzwerker: Digitale Kuratierung seiner europäischen, insbesondere deutschen literarischen Kontakte (am Beispiel seines Briefwechsels vom Juni 1868 bis Mai 1869)

The Russian writer Ivan Sergeevič Turgenev (1818–83), who lived in Western Europe (Germany, England, and France) during the second half of his life, is considered the most important mediator between Russia and Europe in the nineteenth century due to his wide and intensive contacts in East and West. The paper aims to trace Turgenev’s literary and cultural contacts using the epistemological model of the net and current methods of analyzing social networks on a quantitative and qualitative level. In concrete terms, Turgenev’s postal relations from a single year (from June 1868 to May 1869) are presented and evaluated in tabular form and as GEPHI graphs. Beyond the purely quantitative network visualization and viewing, the attempt is made to provide a cultural weighting of the exchange, especially of Turgenev’s German contacts. The network-specific weighting of these contacts results in a different emphasis than usual in Turgenev research, which focuses on Turgenev’s contacts with important German writers. The qualitative analysis carried out on the basis of the visualization shows that Turgenev’s contacts with literary celebrities such as Theodor Storm, Berthold Auerbach, and Paul Heyse proved to be weak ties. In contrast, his relationship with the little-known literary figure Ludwig Pietsch deserves to be called a strong tie. Turgenev’s position and agency in the network can be described with Burt as a “broker” attitude.

Spatial and Spectral Separation of Radiation Generated by Powerful Laser Diodes

A study is performed of the relationship between the number (width) of channels of unphased coherent generation and the spectral separation between these channels within the line of amplification for a powerful laser diode with wide contacts. The reasons for this separation are discussed in connection with the transformation of parameters in the active medium in proportion to the operation of the laser.

Ectoparasites and Pathogens of Kuhl's Pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): Our Own and Published Data Review.

Here we report the results of our own survey and literary published data on the ectoparasite fauna and pathogens of the alien bat species, the Kuhl’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). This bat is a host of 36 species of parasitic mites, ticks and insects (including accidental findings) and 13 species of pathogens (protozoa, bacteria, viruses). The flea Ischnopsyllus variabilis is re­corded on this host for the first time. We have found that outside of the host ancestral range, the core of the bat parasite fauna is significantly different due to the loss of host species-specific ectoparasites. Particularly, in Russia, only 6 species of parasitic arthropods have been recorded for Kuhl’s pipistrelle and all of them are host genus-specific. At the same time, the features of ecology and occasional finds of extrinsic parasites allow to suggest that P. kuhlii has wide contacts with animals which are the reservoirs of zoonotic infec­tions, that in combination with the fact of isolation of several pathogens from this species (including two coronaviruses) points to a possible medical importance of Kuhl’s pipistrelle.

Cave burial of Urd Ulaan Uneet (Mongolian Altai): рotential of cultural-chronological interpretation

The article considers the materials of the Urd Ulaan Uneet cave burial, investigated in 2015. This complex is located in the Tsagaanbulag Myangad Somon of Kobdo Aimak of Mongolia, at the altitude of 1327 m a.s.l. Pre-sented is the description of the circumstances of discovery of this important site, as well as the existing experi-ence of studying and publishing of the materials. The main objective of the study is the detailed analysis of the main categories of finds from the cave burial, the most informative of which include wooden saddle, iron bits with horn psalia, compound bow, arrowheads, leather quiver with iron hook, and wooden vessel. For the interpretation of these items, extensive archaeological sources of the Syanby-Rouran and medieval time, assembled during the excavations in various parts of the Central Asian region, were involved. Based on the results obtained, a number of conclusions have been made regarding the cultural and chronological interpretation of the site. It has been established that the Urd Ulaan Uneet complex is one of the rare objects of the Rouran time in Mongolia, and the only known cave burial of this chronological period. The monument can be confidently dated to the middle of the 4th –5th c. AD with the possible extension of the upper chronological boundary to the beginning of the 6th c. AD. This conclusion is generally supported by the results of radiocarbon analysis presented in the publications of Mongolian archaeologists. An indicative characteristic of the cave site, not revealed during the excavations of other objects of the Rouran period in Mongolia, is the accompanying burial of a horse. Obviously, this feature of the funeral rite is explained by contacts with the population of the Bulan-Koby Culture. The weighty argument in favor of the proposed possible interactions between the Altai cattle breeders and nomads of Western Mongolia in the Rouran period could be found among the investigated burials of the Bulan-Koby Culture in the Bayan-Ulgiy Aimag. The material complex found during the excavation of the Urd Ulaan Uneet cave burial reflects the very wide contacts of the population of Mongolia in various directions (Altai-Sayan Region, Trans-Baikal Region, Man-churia, East Turkestan, Central Asia) in the middle of the 1st mil. AD. In addition, the «western» relations are clearly distinguishable; these obviously demonstrate the complex migration processes of the Great Migration Period.

Film thickness build-up in zero entrainment velocity wide point contacts

Abstract In this work, elastohydrodynamic wide point contacts are studied under Zero Entrainment Velocity (ZEV) conditions. Contrary to classical rolling-sliding contacts, no hydrodynamic lift (oil wedge effect) is expected in stationary isothermal ZEV contacts. However, both experiments and numerical simulations taking into account temperature gradients in the thickness of the lubricant show the occurrence of a full-film lubrication regime over a large range of surface velocities, contact loads and external temperatures. Numerical simulations, including thermal effects but neither transient nor wall slip effects, are in good agreement with experimental film thickness measurements. They allow for both a qualitative description of the mechanisms at stake and to a first tentative minimum film thickness prediction under those specific conditions.

An atomistic view on the Schottky barrier lowering applied to SrTiO3/Pt contacts

The interface between a metal and a semiconductor is known as Schottky contact and a key factor in semiconductor technologies. Those interfaces normally build an energetic barrier, which is responsible for the exponential current voltage dependence. Analytical models often describe the right trend for the description of the Schottky barrier height, but fail to predict the barrier properties quantitatively correct. To overcome this problem atomistic and quantum mechanical approaches are required such as the here applied density functional theory combined with the non-equilibrium Greens function method. So far, these methods have rarely been applied to wide band gap metal oxides, which leads to a lack in the understanding of oxide electronics. The presented study deals with the image force induced Schottky barrier lowering of a SrTiO3/Pt interface as a model system for wide band gap metal-oxide Schottky contacts. The Schottky barrier lowering is investigated for the case of different doping concentrations/positions and for different voltages. From a defect chemical point of view, oxygen vacancies act as donors in many metal oxides and dominate the electronic conduction in oxide electronics. Consequently, we investigated the Schottky barrier lowering induced by oxygen vacancies. The second doping mechanism is achieved in the sense of classical doping using Nb impurities, which form a conventional n-type donor. The atomistic simulation reveals the Schottky barrier lowering effect for both type of dopants. The results are compared to a standard analytical model regarding the Schottky barrier lowering.

Analysis of wide EHL rolling contacts with small superimposed transverse speed oscillation

Abstract This paper theoretically investigates the lubricant film build-up in a Newtonian, isothermal wide EHL rolling contact with a small transverse oscillating speed of constant frequency and amplitude. By increasing either elliptical contact width or roller-end gap smoothness, it is found with the aid of perturbation techniques that a) film fluctuations introduced by the transverse speed become smaller in amplitude and limited to the contact edges and, b) the overall minimum film thickness position shifts from the side lobes to the centerline outlet. As a result, the central, average and minimum film thickness values might then all appear to be unaffected by the transverse speed.

On the semantic shift in the meanings of the words house, village, city in the Nenets language

The article studies the problems of a semantic shift in the meanings of the words “house”, “village”, “city” in the Nenets language. Based on descriptions extracted from dictionaries and historical and ethnographic works, it was established that the Nenets used the words “dwelling” and “settlement” exclusively for traditional tchums and campsites. During the historical processes that took place over the centuries on the territory of the Nenets, wide contacts with Russian settlers, they did not directly borrow Russian words for their language, but rather began to use Nenets words for stationary houses and villages. In these examples, we can observe how the language adapts the traditional words and concepts in a constantly changing environment. Key words: tundra Nenets, tchum, camp, house, settlement, city, semantic shift.

НОВОЕ ВО ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ОРИЕНТИРАХ ВЕДУЩИХ ПАРТИЙ ФРГ

<i>The article is devoted to the changes in the Germany&rsquo;s foreign policy views regarding the European crisis, the deterioration of transatlantic relations and the tensions between Russia and the West in the modern period. Acknowledging the pivotal role of parties in the German political system, the author analyzes their views on the future development of the EU, interactions with the United States and Russia. Study of the parties&rsquo; positions allows not only to understand the specifics of German political discussions, including on relations with the Russian Federation and the policy of sanctions, but also to predict how volatile the German foreign policy can be in the case of a new governing coalition. The research is based on the parties&rsquo; official documents and statements as well as on the author&rsquo;s own interviews with the representatives of the German leading political parties.</i> <i>Basing on an analysis of a wide range of sources, the author comes to a conclusion that the positions of the left-center and center-right parties are close in fundamental questions, which demonstrates the stability of the German foreign policy. Leading German parties, with the exception of &ldquo;AfG&rdquo;, support the deepening of European integration. Political transformations are in general supported by the centrist parties. They advocate for increasing role of the European Parliament, development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the PESCO Program and the reform of the Dublin system. But disagreements still exist regarding social and economic issues. The SPD, the Union 90/The Greens, as well as the Left Party, support the development a single social system of the EU, the CDU/CSU and the FDP strongly reject it, but advocate the introduction of measures for preventing economic crises. Almost all German parties criticize the policy of Donald Trump, but at the same time note the importance of transatlantic ties for the Federal Republic of Germany.</i> <i>The CDU/CSU, the SPD, the FDP and the Union 90/The Greens criticize the policy of Moscow in Ukraine and Syria crises, and also support the sanctions policy. The Social Democrats idea of the special soft policy towards Russia does not look consistent. Only the &ldquo;AfG&rdquo; and the Left Party advocate for lifting the sanctions and rapprochement with Russia. While the Left Party helps to convey the Russian point of view on the causes of the current crisis to the German public, wide contacts with the &ldquo;AfG&rdquo; could only discredit our country. At the same time, supporters of improving relations with Moscow also exist inside the center-right and central-left forces: usually pro-Russian views are more common among the representatives of the East of Germany, federal states with strong economic contacts with Russia and the &ldquo;older generation&rdquo; of party officials.</i> &nbsp; <i>About authors:</i> <i>Maria V. KHOROLSKAYA, </i><i>Cand. Sci. (Politics)</i><i> </i><i>Junior Researcher, </i><i>Sector of Political Aspects of European Integration, Department of European Political Studies</i><i>.</i>

СИМВОЛIЗМ ОПОВIДАННЯ В. НАБОКОВА «РIЗДВО», ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ ОСОБЛИВОСТЯМИ АВТОПЕРЕКЛАДУ ТВОРА (НА МАТЕРИЯЛI АНГЛОМОВНОЇ ТА РОСIЙСЬКОМОВНОЇ ВЕРСIЙ ОПОВIДАННЯ)

Мета дослідження – виявити роль символів і дослідити особливості перекладу оповідання В. Набокова «Різдво» на матеріалі англомовної та російськомовної версій оповідання. Порівняльний аналіз техніки перекладу Набокова, представленої англомовною та російськомовною текстовими версіями, виявляє особливості стратегії та технік перекладу Набокова як перекладача своїх оповідань. У той же час, досліджуючи техніку перекладу, використану Набоковим при створенні російськомовної версії оповідання «Різдво», ми можемо виявити глибокий філософський підтекст твору. Новинку дослідження зумовлює недостатнє вивчення автоперекладних прозаїчних текстів Набокова, представлених у порівняльному аспек-ті. Актуальність роботи обумовлена інтересом сучасних учених до літературної техніки перекладу художніх творів, тісними міжкультурними таAlena Hulevich мiжлiтературними контактами, а також появою нових підходів у сфері теорії літературного перекладу. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у тому, що техніка перекладу Набокова демонструє високий рівень художньої та перекладацької майстерності Набокова. Техніки, застосовані Набоковим при перекладі оповідань, входять у програму курсу «Художній переклад», який займає важливе місце в учбовому плані підготовки спецiалiстiв-перекладачів у вищих навчальних закладах. Оповідання Набокова «Різдво» надзвичайно символічне, тому передати при перекладі усю глибину підтексту є досить складним завданням. Літературна геніальність та художня майстерність Набокова виявилася у тому, що він зумів створити російськомовну версію оповідання, яка є семантичним i контекстуальним еквівалентом оригінальної англомовної версії. Набокову вдалося передати найменші семантичні нюанси та відтворити у перекладі інтонацію оригінальної версії завдяки тому, що він враховував особливості національного менталітету i культурного фону читача тієї мови, на яку здійснювався переклад. Набоков також зумів створити необхідне візуаль-не зображення у свідомості реципієнта перекладної версії оповідання. Набоков-перекладач застосував механізм культурної адаптації національних особливостей світосприйняття читача приймаючої культури, що забезпечило успіх оповідання. Набоков застосовував описові й пояснювальні техніки перекладу. Незважаючи на те, що оригінально версією розповіді є англомовна, коментарі та необхідні короткі текстові доповнення представлені саме в ній. Це пояснюється тим, що, оскільки дія оповідання відбувається в Росії, Набоков намагався зробити російську реальність ближче до американського читача. Можна припустити, що Набоков хотів дати західному читачеві можливість відчути національно-обумовлені особливості життя в Росії кінця XVIII в.

Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas (GWZO), Leipzig, Germany

Impressively decorated shield fibulae (Ger. Sehieldfibeln), used from phase C2 until phase C2/C3), belong to the most elaborated metal artifacts from the Late Roman Iron Age. They have been used by communities living in Scandinavia, on the Elbe lowlands as well as by society of the Dębczyno group in Pomerania and the Cecele phase of the Wielbark culture. The paper is an attempt of a thorough chronological analysis of these fibulae from the Dębczyno group along with the burial assemblages in which they had been found. It is suggested that these adornments were an element of the women dress decoration as they have been found mostly in rich burials. It is argued that presence of the shield fibulae on this territory is indicative of wide contacts of the Late Roman Iron Age elite with Scandinavia and the Elbe lowland region.