WiMAX Applications Research Articles

A Review on the Design of Inverted F-Antenna for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX and Zigbee Applications

A Review on the Design of Inverted F-Antenna for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX and Zigbee Applications

Modified Microstrip Feed Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless Tri-Band Applications

Abstract This article reports the Modified Microstrip Feed Hybrid Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA). The proposed structure has a ground plane with a plus-shaped slot on an FR4 substrate with a height of 1.6 mm and dimensions of 38 mm x 35 mm. The proposed Dielectric resonator antenna is made of a material with 10 as its dielectric constant, and the dimensions of the DR are 19 x 20 x 18 mm3. The DR is connected to a modified microstrip feed with an octagonal ring through the plus-shaped slot in the ground. The proposed structure operates in frequencies from 2.60 GHz - 2.74 GHz, 3.12 GHz - 3.37 GHz, and 4.25 GHz - 4.37 GHz. The resonant frequency of the final proposed RDRA is 2.68 GHz, 3.26 GHz, and 4.31 GHz, which covers WLAN, WIMAX and Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications (WAIC) applications, respectively. The entire structure was simulated using the CST microwave studio. The simulated results agree with the measured results and both are presented. The compact size, stable radiation pattern and reasonable gain make this antenna suitable for the proposed applications.

A Metamaterial Inspired Multiband Conformal Bandpass Filter with Improved Quality Factor for Sub-6 GHz Wireless Communication Applications

This paper deals with the design, simulation, and practical modeling of metamaterial-based multiband conformal bandpass filter (BPF) for various wireless communication applications with improved quality factors. The novel metamaterial in the form of a split ring resonator is loaded on the ground plane face of the proposed BPF. The overall dimension of the designed BPF is only [Formula: see text]. The proposed BPF is tuned initially for quality factor enhancement based on the thickness of the substrate, physical parameters of the f transmission line, ground plane, externally loaded elements, and the gap in the metamaterial loading. The suggested filter operates at triple band covering the frequency bands from 1.4 to 2.2, 3.6 to 3.9, and 4.8 to 5.9[Formula: see text]GHz, which are suitable for sub-6[Formula: see text]GHz 5G and other wireless applications. The insertion loss is observed as 1[Formula: see text]dB, which is suitable for the proposed BPF. The conformal behavior of the filter is judged through bending deformation analysis at various bending positions like (15[Formula: see text], 30[Formula: see text], 45[Formula: see text], 60[Formula: see text], and 90[Formula: see text]). The proposed BPF retains triple pass band characteristics at various bending deformations, which makes it suitable to be used in curved structures or flexible circuitry. The theory of equivalent circuits and quality factor [Formula: see text] of the designed BPF is discussed in this paper. The results are analyzed experimentally through ANRITSU-MS2037C combinational analyzer. The proposed BPF is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G, WLAN, and Wi-Max applications.

Split Ring Resonator Inspired Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WIFI, and WiMAX Application

Split Ring Resonator Inspired Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WIFI, and WiMAX Application

High gain compact wearable antenna for IoT applications

In this paper, the design of a Defected Ground Structure (DGS)-based microstrip patch antenna tailored for sub-6 GHz 5G applications is reported. The proposed patch antenna is crafted using Jeans textile material. By integrating DGS into the traditional patch antenna design, we achieve a significant reduction in size while simultaneously enhancing the antenna’s performance. The antenna features a rectangular patch shape and is powered through a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Boasting a compact size of 35.6 × 42.6 × 1.6 mm³, the antenna’s performance is further improved by incorporating DGS and etching slots on the patch. The expertly designed antenna yields a 34.87 dB return loss and a gain of 10.9 dB at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The fabricated antenna demonstrates a robust impedance bandwidth within the range of 3.41–3.606 GHz. Consequently, the proposed antenna is well-suited for applications in WiMAX and IoT technologies.

Advancements in Flexible Antenna Design: Enabling Tri-Band Connectivity for WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Applications

The use of flexible antennas has garnered significant interest in light of their wide-ranging applications inside contemporary wireless communication systems. The need for these antennas stems from the necessity for small, conformal, and versatile systems that can effectively function across many frequency ranges. The present study investigates designing and optimizing a universal triband antenna, focusing on meeting the distinct demands of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and 5G applications. The current methodologies often need help attaining maximum efficiency over a wide range of frequency bands, resulting in concerns such as subpar radiation patterns and restricted bandwidth. To address the obstacles, this research proposes a novel approach known as the Triband Antenna Design using the Artificial Neural Network (3AD-ANN) method. This method utilizes machine learning techniques to devise and enhance the attributes of the antenna effectively. The 3AD-ANN approach presents several notable characteristics, such as heightened adaptability, increased radiation patterns, and a condensed physical structure. The mean values for far-field radiation gain are around -37.4 dB in simulated scenarios and -39.9 dB in actual observations. The average return loss is roughly -23.8 dB in simulations and -25.8 dB in experimental measurements. The numerical findings illustrate the effectiveness of this methodology, exhibiting exceptional return loss and gain sizes over a range of frequencies, including WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G.

Modified E-Shape Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for Wireless Communication

A modified E-shape dual bands rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications is presented in this paper. An E-slot Microstrip patch antenna with a defective ground structure method has been proposed and getting two bands at 1.9 GHz and 2.89 GHz with S11 -10dB. Defective ground structures provide a maximum gain and low insertion loss i.e., a gain of 3.16 dB, voltage standing wave ratio less than 2, and insertion loss less than -10 dB for both bands. The size of the antenna is 46.83mm x 38.41mm x 1.676mm, which is compact in term of size. The dual band microstrip patch antenna exhibits low cost. The simulation's outcome closely resembles the actual printed antenna and applicable for WiMAX application. The antenna was designed using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software and printed on FR-4 substrate.

Miniaturized tri-band fractal antenna design for LTE, WLAN, WiMAX and C-band applications

ABSTRACT A novel compact rectangular fractal-shaped antenna for tri-band wireless communication applications is developed in this article. The proposed fractal shaped is achieved by cutting two rectangular slots in the rectangular monopole. Additionally, a stub is introduced in the bottom side of the antenna to enhance the impedance bandwidth of the acquired three bands. The developed antenna has a compact size 22 × 34 × 1.6 mm3. The CST MWS is used to design the antenna and its characteristics including S11, current distribution, radiation characteristics are exposed and analysed. To demonstrate that the simulation outcomes are reliable, the suggested antenna is manufactured and put through testing on an E5071C VNA. Additionally, the results of the experiments demonstrate that the designed antenna offers three impedance bandwidths 2.25–2.96 GHz, 3.56–4.01 GHz, and 4.6–5.86 GHz, which shields all the LTE, WLAN, WiMAX, and C-band applications. The proposed tri-band fractal antenna also provides good gain at the operating frequencies and an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

Design and Implementation of 3.2-GHz Co-Planar Miniaturized Antenna for S-Band Communication and Wireless Applications

The use of miniaturized antennas in wireless communications is very common. In the current paper, a miniature coplanar-waveguide fed-rectangular patch antenna with semicircular ground is presented. The antenna performance was studied at two different configurations; straight and bent. Cross lines were added to ensure the obtained frequency band. Different parameters were evaluated including return-loss, radiation-pattern, gain and band-width. These parameters were analyzed numerically after twisting along both X and Y axis. Additionally, a prototype of the straight structured antenna is fabricated, and compared with the simulation results. The numerical results show high return loss (− 33 dB) at the straight structure, while the measured return loss decreased to − 28 dB. The bandwidth was 0.75-GHz in case of the straight structure and the measured bandwidth 0.18 GHz. The obtained gain at the resonance frequency is − 13 dB. Moreover, the proposed antenna resonates at frequency 3.22-GHz making it suitable for wireless communications, WIMAX and microwave S-band applications.

Design of a Novel Wearable Hybrid Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMax Applications

Design of a Novel Wearable Hybrid Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMax Applications

Compact UWB Monopole Antenna with Tunable Dual Band Notched Characteristics for WiMAX and WLAN Applications

The present work shows a planar compact ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with controllable dualband-notch frequencies at 3.3 GHz for WiMAX and 5 GHz for WLAN. In the proposed antenna, the lower notchband (at a frequency of 3.3 GHz) is made by cutting a thin horizontal strip on top of the radiating patch. The uppernotch band (at a frequency of 5 GHz) is made by putting two narrow parasitic strips in the shape of an “I” oneither side of the radiating patch. The incorporation of three varactor diodes between the radiating patch and three metallic strips provides the flexibility of adjusting the notch frequencies. The notch band tunability between 3.15 GHz and 3.69 GHz and between 4.93 GHz and 5.59 GHz, respectively, is achieved by changing the bias voltageof the varactor diode between 0 V and 30 V. The gain and efficiency characteristics of the designed antenna alsoexhibit band rejection at the respective notch frequencies. The design principle is validated by fabricating andmeasuring a prototype of the proposed dual-band, notched UWB antenna. For three different bias voltages of thevaractor, the simulated and experimental findings are in reasonable agreement. The proposed works demonstratebetter-notch characteristics as compared with other reported works over the UWB range

Microstrip lowpass-bandpass triplexer with flat channels and low insertion losses: Design and fabrication for multi-service wireless communication systems

In this work, a new basic microstrip structure is proposed and analyzed to obtain a lowpass-bandpass triplexer without any extra matching networks. This is despite the fact that the number of literature on lowpass-bandpass triplexers that have been introduced so far is very low. The lowpass channel cut-off frequency is tuned at 1.85 GHz which makes it appropriate for mid-band 5G and GSM applications. The bandpass channels work at 3.25 GHz and 6.65 GHz for S-band, 5G, WiMAX and C-band applications. The designed triplexer occupies a compact area of 0.021 λg2. In comparison with the previously reported triplexers, the presented triplexer has three low insertion losses of 0.54 dB, 0.16 dB and 0.55 dB. Also, all its channels are flat with three low group delays of 0.79 ns, 0.98 ns and 0.85 ns. For verifying the designing technique and simulation results, we fabricated and measured our triplexer, where all the obtained results are close to each other.

Resonant Frequency Analysis using Perturbation and Resonant Cavity Method in Printed Dual Band Antenna for WiMAX Application

A printed dual-band antenna is designed to resonate at 3.5 GHz with the measured gain of 6.38 dBi and at 5.5 GHz with that of 5.84 dBi for the WiMAX application. The bandwidth of this antenna at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz is 8% and 5%, respectively. The radiation efficiency of 91.45% is obtained at 3.5 GHz and that of 89.56% at 5.5 GHz. A novel approach based on the perturbation technique is used to relate the resonant frequency to the electromagnetic energy stored and the volume of the proposed antenna’s structure. The dual resonant length of this antenna is determined by a parameter named as the length reduction factor, which is computed by the curve fitting method. A polynomial equation connects the length reduction factor and resonance frequency. The resonant cavity model has been used to derive the resonant frequency equations for dual bands. The simulation and measured results are used to validate the analytically predicted resonant frequency caused by the structure perturbation and cavity technique and show good agreement. This antenna is fed by a balanced parallel plane, which conveniently facilitates the PCB’s integration.

Design of High Selectivity Compact Dual-Band Bandpass Filter With Seven Transmission-Zeros for GPS and WiMAX Applications

A miniaturized Y-shaped dual-band bandpass filter with multiple transmission zeros/poles is presented in this work. The proposed filter configuration comprises series coupled lines, shunt cascaded coupled line and parallel open stubs, and stepped impedance resonators. Analysis of the proposed filter is executed using a circuit simulator, and the magnitude and bandwidth variations have been studied. Equations for transmission zero frequencies have been derived and verified based on lossless transmission line theory and even-odd mode analysis to validate the proposed filter configuration. A prototype operating at 1.38 GHz (GPS) and 3.4 GHz (Wi-Max) applications is fabricated and experimented. The final prototype occupies a compact area of 0.33λg × 0.20λg, where λg is the guided wavelength at the first band (1.38GHz). The experimental results show that the roll-off rate for the first and second passbands is 212.5 and 188 dB/GHz, respectively, indicating high selectivity. The insertion loss is better than 20 dB indicating good isolation between the two passbands.

Half mode rectangular SIW slotted antenna for multiband operations using ANN optimization

AbstractA multiband half‐mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) slotted antenna is developed for ISM/WiMAX/WLAN applications. HMSIW technique has been utilized to acquire antenna compactness. Two inverted L‐shaped slots of half wavelength are embedded onto a HMSIW rectangular cavity for attaining a hybrid mode (i.e., Half‐mode of Half‐mode of ), which induces a lower resonance at 2.4 GHz. An inverted L‐shaped slot is influenced to radiate hybrid mode at 2.4 GHz, while the innermost inverted L‐shaped slot radiates modified mode at 3.30 GHz. A multiband is obtained by amalgamation of hybrid mode (at 2.4 GHz), modified mode (at 3.30 GHz) and modified mode (at 5.38 GHz). The radiating modes are elucidated by using mode theory methodology for ascertaining the resonance characteristics of the prototype antenna. The antenna parameters have been optimized by artificial neural network technique using MATLAB. The antenna geometry possesses a shrinkage size of 30 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, which has been designed on FR‐4 substrate. To vindicate the simulated consequence, the fabricated prototype has been tested. It contributes the fractional bandwidth of 6.4% (2.09−2.23 GHz) in the hybrid mode at 2.18 GHz, 9.03% (2.89−3.17 GHz) in the half cavity mode at 3.10 GHz and 9.96% (5.11−5.65 GHz) in the half cavity mode at 5.42 GHz, respectively, which is beneficial for ISM, WiMAX and WLAN band wireless applications.

Design of Fractal-Based Tri-Band Microstrip Bandpass Filter for ISM,WLAN and Wimax Applications

The Peano fractal geometries exhibit a notable ability to space filling due to their distinctive characteristics. In this study, we introduce a Peano-based first-generation flat microstrip multi-band bandpass filter. The filter is presented as a possible solution for ISM, WLAN, and WiMAX applications thanks to its design with symmetric three coupled lines and asymmetric two coupled lines. The first version of the Peano fractal curve was used to design a bandpass filter with a satisfactory response at 2.44, 3.79, and 5.75 GHz. A substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 3.48 and a thickness of 0.762 mm was used to create the filter. The filter architectures' simulated performances were assessed using the CST STUDIO SUITE-based method of moments (MoM). The results show that the proposed filter architecture has good return loss and transmission properties, in addition to its reduced size and inexpensive cost

Design and Modelling of a Compact Triband Passband Filter for GPS, WiMAX, and Satellite Applications with Multiple Transmission Zero’s

Designing microwave filters with high selectivity and sharp roll-off between the stop and pass bands can be challenging due to the complex nature of the R.F. signals and the requirements for achieving high performance in a limited physical space. To achieve a high selectivity and sharp roll-off rate, this paper presents a compact filter with a triple passband response. The two different passbands at 1.57 GHz and 3.5 GHz are achieved using a step impedance resonator (SIR) with metallic slots perturbation added to the lower corner of the high impedance section of the SIRs, which helps to enhance the filter’s selectivity and size reduction greatly. The embedded L-shaped structure originates a third passband at 4.23 GHz, resulting in a triband response with eight transmission zeros below and above the passbands at 1.22/1.42/1.98/3.18/3.82/3.98/4.38/4.53 GHz, respectively. The prototype has low signal attenuation of <1.2 dB and high signal reflection of >25 dB for the three passbands. The fractional bandwidths achieved are 2.54%, 4.2%, and 1.65% at 1.57/3.57/4.23 GHz, respectively, with rejection levels in the stopband greater than 15 dB. Lastly, the structure is fabricated on RO-4350B PCB and observed good matching between experimental and measured results. This demonstrates that the prototype can be successfully implemented in real-world applications such as GPS, WiMAX, and Satellite systems. The area occupied by the filter on a substrate or in a circuit is 0.31 λg × 0.24 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength of the material calculated at the lowest frequency.

Design and analysis of double-layer parasitic split-ring resonator based on O-shaped engraved microstrip based radiating structure for 5G, WiMAX, WLAN and LTE applications

A novel approach of frequency tunability to cover multiple wireless applications by using four PIN diodes as a switching element is presented. Five switching modes of PIN diodes are analyzed for frequency tunability. The parasitic metamaterial superstrate achieves performance improvement shown in the design. Numerical analysis of metamaterial rings and equivalent circuit models of the SRR and PIN diode are also presented. The structure is analyzed regarding reflection response (S11), Gain, VSWR, directivity and E-field for 2 GHz–6 GHz. Computational analysis is performed by the HFSS simulator and is compared with the fabricated structure (FR-4) for verification. Copper and liquid-based material are used for performance analysis of all the models, and comparative analysis is included. Liquid-based split ring resonator provides a maximum total gain of 5.564 dB, reflection response of −43.36 dB and tunability of 510 MHz. The proposed antenna is used in 5G, WLAN, WiMAX and LTE applications.

Minaret Shape Micro-Strip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for Lower 5G and Wi-Max Applications

Antennas are a difficult component to design, yet they play critical functions in wireless transmission systems. To construct the required antenna, the antenna designer must overcome enormous challenges in getting all of the antenna's optimal qualities. Antenna designers must consider antenna factors like bandwidth, return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency, and so on, for specific applications. So keep all parameter values as optimal as possible; sometimes you may need to adjust the design of the antenna from its standard shape. The present investigation describes the development of a partial ground-plane micro-strip patch antenna in the shape of a minaret for use in lower 5G and Wi-MAX networks. A microstrip patch antenna with a minaret-shaped radiating element and a partial ground plane is suggested. The suggested antenna is simple because it does not include any unwanted components on the patch, yet the significant gain is maintained by optimizing the ground plane's dimensions and position. The proposed antenna is constructed using a Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate, the line feeding method, and 0.035 mm thick (annealed) copper for the patch and ground components. CST Studio Suite 2018 is used for layout and modelling. The antenna is 28 x 16 x 0.79 mm3 and offers a maximum gain of 2.321 dB and a maximum directivity of 2.529 dBi. The recommended antenna has a frequency range of 3.3721 GHz to 4.2382 GHz, making it usable for both low-band 5G and Wi-MAX systems.

Design and Analysis of the Hexagonal-Shaped Antenna with Multi-Band Feature for WLAN, WiMAX, and LTE Applications

Developing and researching antenna designs are analogous to excavating in an undiscovered mine. This paper proposes a multi-band antenna with a new hexagonal ring shape, theoretically designed, developed, and analyzed using a CST before being manufactured. The antenna has undergone six changes to provide the best performance. The results of the surface current distribution and the electric field distribution on the surface of the hexagonal patch were theoretically analyzed and studied. The sequential approach taken to determine the most effective design is logical, and prevents deviation from the work direction. After comparing the six theoretical results, the fifth model proved to be the best for making a prototype. Measured results represent that the proposed antenna can operate well in three bands with a return loss of -11.24 dB at 2.9 GHz, -25.99 dB at 4.9 GHz, and -21.26 dB at 5.4 GH. This type of antenna belongs to various wireless communication systems, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G.