Wi-Fi Technology Research Articles

IoT based Biomedical Intelligent System in Agriculture

Farming is one of the conventional occupations in Goa. The predominant livelihood relies upon farming and agriculture. However, the principal hassle faced by farmers right here is deteriorated health due to untimely knowing in their health status when working in farming or agricultural field. Hence, in this paper, IoT based biomedical real-time data acquisition system, as well as communication of detected health parameters using wireless technology, is proposed. The received parameters are then examined and analysed by officials of rural health centre for providing necessary medical help for farmers. Same will also be displayed on IoT based cloud server. The analysis of received health parameters is executed using soft computing technique called fuzzy logic. The predominant concern for existing Wi-Fi technology is weak and interrupted wireless transmission of data in terms of speed, bandwidth and availability of lesser frequency bands. Hence, subsequently, we have proposed a high performing multi-frequency band microstrip square patch antenna design at a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz for fast and efficient wireless communication of data and also applicable for various advanced wireless technology such as Wi-Fi 5, Wi-Fi 6 and beyond. The proposed antenna offers effective S-parameters, desired standing wave ratio, good bandwidth, and a good amount of radiated power at multiple frequencies in the frequency band of 1 GHz- 10 GHz.

Hybrid Machine Learning Classifiers for Indoor User Localization Problem

Wi-Fi technology is now everywhere either inside or outside buildings. Using Wi-fi technology introduces an indoor localization service(s) (ILS). Determining indoor user location is a hard and complex problem. Several applications highlight the importance of indoor user localization such as disaster management, health care zones, Internet of Things applications (IoT), and public settlement planning. The measurements of Wi-Fi signal strength (i.e., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)) can be used to determine indoor user location. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid model between a wrapper feature selection algorithm and machine learning classifiers to determine indoor user location. We employed the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) algorithm as a feature selection to select the most active access point (AP) based on RSSI values. Six different machine learning classifiers were used in this work (i.e., Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Ensemble-Bagged Tree (EBaT), and Ensemble Boosted Tree (EBoT)). We examined all classifiers on a public dataset obtained from UCI repository. The obtained results show that EBoT outperforms all other classifiers based on accuracy value.

A Kalman‐filter‐based fusion method for accurate urban localisation

The outage and degradation of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals caused by the multipath phenomena reduce the location accuracy of these systems in urban environment. Hence, integrating an additional localisation technology with the GNSS, so that each technology complements the weakness of the other one, is an efficient solution to improve this accuracy. The widespread availability of the Wi-Fi technology makes it the most appropriate additional technology. In this work, a fusion algorithm based on a Kalman filter is used to integrate the GPS localisation with Wi-Fi fingerprinting localisation in urban environment. The fusion algorithm uses the positions delivered by these two systems to achieve an accurate estimation of the mobile position. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed fusion method is more accurate than those of the individual methods and other fusion methods from the literature.

Coordinated Allocation of Radio Resources to Wi-Fi and Cellular Technologies in Shared Unlicensed Frequencies

Wireless connectivity is essential for industrial production processes and workflow management. Moreover, the connectivity requirements of industrial devices, which are usually long-term investments, are diverse and require different radio interfaces. In this regard, the 3GPP has studied how to support heterogeneous radio access technologies (RATs) such as Wi-Fi and unlicensed cellular technologies in 5G core networks. In some cases, these technologies coexist in the same spectrum. Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS), which has already been proven to increase spectrum efficiency in licensed bands, can also be applied to this scenario. In this paper, we propose two solutions for mobile network operators (MNOs) or service providers to dynamically divide (multiplex) the radio resources of a shared channel between a Wi-Fi basic service set (BSS) and one or several carriers of scheduled wireless networks, such as cellular technologies, with a configurable level of sharing granularity. These solutions do not require modifications to the current commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) end devices. We adapt the existing IEEE 802.11 procedures to notify the Wi-Fi stations that they must share channels with different access networks. We demonstrate that our dynamic sharing proposals are also advantageous over direct coexistence and evaluate each of them quantitatively and qualitatively to determine when one or the other is preferable. The evaluation is particularized for IEEE 802.11ac and long-term evolution (LTE) license assisted access (LAA), but the solutions can be easily extended to 5G new radio-unlicensed (5G NR-U) or to any other wireless technology in which the network side schedules end device transmissions.

NB-IoT and Wi-Fi Technologies: An Integrated Approach to Enhance Portability of Smart Sensors

The Internet of Things paradigm has expanded the possibility of using sensors ubiquitously, particularly if connected to a cloud service for data sharing. There are several ways to connect sensors to the cloud: wearable or portable devices often lean on a smartphone that acts as a gateway, while other sensors, such as smart sensors for continuous monitoring (e.g. fall detectors) are connected through wireless networks covering a limited area (e.g. ZigBee or Wi-Fi). Their functionality can be improved using them in both outdoor and indoor environments without other devices. NB-IoT is a recently introduced wide-range protocol with a good compromise between low power, low deployment costs, payload length, and data rate. Traditionally, sensor nodes rely on only one type of radio: an innovative solution could be a sensor node exploiting a combination of different transmission technologies with the aim of achieving higher portability. In this paper, a hybrid solution based on NB-IoT/Wi-Fi is presented. The Wi-Fi connection is primarily selected due to its lower power consumption (compared to NB-IoT), while NB-IoT is activated only when a Wi-Fi network is not available. This study aims to evaluate the power consumption of the proposed solution with respect to single radio NB-IoT technology. Test boards have been implemented, and several data transmission tests have been carried out with both NB-IoT and Wi-Fi radios. Different received powers and payload lengths have been considered to analyze the impact on the energy profile of smart sensors. It has been demonstrated that using NB-IoT for both indoor and outdoor leads to an acceptable battery discharge time, with a strong dependence on the payload length. Under certain conditions, the proposed hybrid solution results in a battery duration up to two times higher than single-radio NB-IoT.

Location-Based Vertical Handovers in Wi-Fi Networks With IEEE 802.11ah

IEEE 802.11ah is a new sub-GHz Wi-Fi technology that provides several advantages over traditional Wi-Fi such as a higher communication range, enhanced scalability, and lower energy consumption, however at the cost of substantially lower throughput. With the aim of simultaneously benefiting from multiple Wi-Fi technologies, recent proposals suggest combining a number of these technologies into a single device. This, however, compromises the energy efficiency of the device, as it implies concurrent utilization of different radio access interfaces. To mitigate this issue, the device should utilize the interface of a certain technology only when there is a high probability of establishing communication over that technology. Traditional vertical handover algorithms are not designed for this purpose as they rely on continuous beacon listening or active probing, even if the device is not in the range of a given technology. To address this issue, vertical handover algorithms based on the combination of devices’ physical locations and either Radio Environmental Maps (REM) or propagation modeling have been proposed. Moreover, their suitability and encouraging performance have been demonstrated for a number of the established Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. However, their appropriateness for Wi-Fi-based networks with IEEE 802.11ah is currently unknown, which provides the main motivation for this work. Specifically, we carry out an extensive experimental performance evaluation of two location-based vertical handover algorithms in the context of Wi-Fi-based networks with IEEE 802.11ah. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of location-based handovers in this context. We base our findings on the fact that location-based algorithms can maintain comparable data communication quality as the beacon listening-based baseline, while simultaneously reducing the utilization of the IEEE 802.11ah and IEEE 802.11n radio access interfaces by a factor of 2 and 10, respectively.

Detection Technique and Mitigation Against a Phishing Attack

Wireless networking is a main part of our daily life during these days, each one wants to be connected. Nevertheless, the massive progress in the Wi-Fi trends and technologies leads most people to give no attention to the security issues. Also detecting a fake access point is a hard security issue over the wireless network. All the currently used methods are either in need of hardware installation, changing the protocol or needs analyzing frames. Moreover, these solutions mainly focus on a single digital attack identification. In this paper, we proposed an admin side way of detection of a not real access point. That works on multiple cyber-attacks especially the phishing attack. We shed the light on detecting WI-phishing or Evil Twin, DE authentication attack, KARMA attack, advanced WI-phishing attack and differentiate them from the normal packets. By performing the frame type analysis in real time and analyzing different static and dynamic parameters as any change in the static features will be considered as an evil twin attack. Also, providing that the value of the dynamic parameters surpasses the threshold, it reflects Evil Twin. The detector has been tested experimentally and it reflects average accuracy of 94.40%, 87.08% average precision and an average specificity of 96.39% for the five types of attack.

A New Design of IoT-Based Network Architecture for Monitoring and Controlling Power Consumption in Distribution Grids

Nowadays, the electric power sector is accomplishing many essential improvements on power networks to respond to power supply reliability and energy consumption demand as well as to exploit effectively distributed generators integrated into the networks. The smart grid, a new modern solution for future power networks, uses digital technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to intelligently respond and adapt to changes in the power networks. This paper develops a new design of IoT-based network architecture applied for measuring, monitoring, and controlling substations on low-voltage distribution networks. In this proposed system, transmitting and receiving measurement data from the substations is based on the IoT platform via the LoRaWAN and WiFi communication technologies. This aims to increase the reliability and accuracy of the communication system. Once access permissions for the system are established, network operators and managers can easily monitor all electrical measurement parameters and control circuit breakers at the substations using smartphones or personal computers. The obtained experimental results in this paper show that the proposed system is a low-cost and feasible design for applying to future power networks.

Enhanced exploration of chronic cough using Improved Convolutional Neural Networks and remote monitoring harnessing Internet of Things (IoT)

Cough detection is a promising technology in detecting every pathology severity in respiratory diseases. The development of an automated cough detection system will serve as the best tracking tool in early diagnosis. An accurate, reliable lab-free, long term, patient-centric, and remote cough severity monitoring will be a game-changer in healthcare infrastructure since many approaches have been developed over the past few decades in telemedicine and remote caring. In this paper, we present a methodology for analyzing the cough audio signals for the occurrence of asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough using Improved Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Herein, the preprocessing using Butterworth High Pass Filter and feature extraction using MFCC is carried out. Furthermore, using the training data sets of cough features, the classification of cough sounds using Improved CNN is accomplished. Using the Thing Speak IoT-cloud site, the corresponding labels are sent to clinician practitioners and caretakers via Wi-Fi communication technologies. Based on the proposed model, a dataset of 20 cough sounds is tested using simulation tools, and the labels are ascertained. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the existing cough detection models in terms of F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy.

Design and implementation of a low-cost IoT-based agroclimatic monitoring system for greenhouses

<abstract> <p>Climate change is one of the main factors causing environmental variations that affect the crops in agriculture worldwide. These variations are expected to not only continue, but also to increase, putting future agricultural production and food security at risk. In this work, an agroclimatic monitoring system for greenhouses composed of three main parts: monitoring stations, a wireless communication network, and a data processing and visualization platform is proposed. The aim of this work is to provide a technological solution based on the Internet of Things (IoT) that helps the agricultural sector to avoid crop losses due to climate change. The proposed system consists of several monitoring stations inside and outside the greenhouse, with multiple sensors to measure temperature, relative humidity, soil humidity, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, radiation, pH, and electroconductivity. The information generated by the sensors is pre-processed and temporarily stored in the LinkIt Smart 7688 Duo microcontroller. Then, this information is sent via wireless through the inbuilt Wi-Fi module of the stations to the Thinger.io platform, where the data is processed, analyzed, and presented in real time in graphical form. Authorized users have access to this platform and can visualize the collected data from any electronic device with Internet access, following protocols to guarantee the security of the system. Using open hardware and open-source tools, and based on the IoT concept, a low-cost greenhouse monitoring system with six internal monitoring stations, one external monitoring station, and one portable monitoring station, that costs US, 180.00 was implemented. The results show that the total energy consumption of the system is approximately 20W, with a very good performance in terms of sampling time. This system was implemented in a 5000 square meter greenhouse with melon crops, where tests to evaluate the network performance within each zone in the greenhouse allowed us to consider WiFi technology to improve network coverage. Also, maximum, minimum, and average measurement values were evaluated to determine the critical levels recorded by the different sensors of agroclimatic variables during the period of study. The proposed system demonstrated to provide the agricultural sector with a low-cost, efficient, and easy-to-use tool to monitor agroclimatic variables in greenhouses that can help to prevent undesired climatic variations in advance, thus guaranteeing adequate conditions and reducing losses in production.</p> </abstract>

The New TCP Modules on the Block: A Performance Evaluation of TCP Pacing and TCP Small Queues

Google and the Bufferbloat community have designed several solutions to reduce Internet latency in recent years, involving different TCP-IP stack layers. One of these solutions is named TCP Small Queues (TSQ) and reduces a TCP flow latency by controlling the number of packets that each TCP socket can enqueue in the sender node. It works in conjunction with TCP Pacing (TP), which affects the actual TSQ size as a function of the TCP rate. This paper analyzes TSQ and TP’s performance through real-system tests over different networks’ bottlenecks, emphasizing Wi-Fi technologies, where their behavior strongly affects the Wi-Fi frame aggregation mechanism.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ОСВІТИ

The article examines the development trends of information and communication technologies in education as the basis for the formation of an information society. The stages of development of information technologies from manual information to network technology are described. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current trends of the use of information technologies in educational institutions. General scientific methods were used during the research, in particular: analysis and synthesis, comparison, analysis of time series, graphical method, etc. The meaning of information and communication technologies is revealed, as well as the regulatory and legal framework for their development and implementation in the educational process in Ukraine is indicated. Comparison of government forms of statistical reporting is carried out in terms of the use of modern information technologies, namely, the expansion of the ZNZ-1 form with the following indicators: about the technology and speed of the Internet, the availability of Wi-Fi technology, the availability of modern printing devices (including 3D printers by type), educational software used in the educational process and are on the balance sheet of the institution, etc. The current state of the provision of general secondary education institutions with an Internet connection was investigated (less than 100 institutions do not have such a connection, which is less than 1% of the total number). The level of provision of schools' connection to a high-quality Internet network (with a data transfer rate of more than 30+ Mbit/s), as well as the number of students per one stationary or laptop computer by regions, are described.

Adaptiveness of Traditional Judicial Systems to Digital Forms of Evidence

“Digital India” scheme announced by current administration initially had many detractors. But with its finger on the correct pulse of Young, Emergent India, much facilitations were provided with the sole aim to bridge technology with the masses. Hence today smart phones, laptops and computers have become house-hold names even in previously inaccessible areas. But on the down-side we also see a severe increase in crimes committed using computers and internet. Technology is an ever-changing phenomenon. It keeps changing, updating and even reviving itself. Crime has parallelly evolved with the evolution of newer technologies and high-end equipments and tool. With the metamorphosis of criminal-activities from physical world to digital realm, a perpetrator can easily plan, execute and accomplish a crime without being actually physically present at the site of crime, thus making it difficult for investigators, law enforcement officials and traditional legal systems completely depending on physical evidence to recognize the real culprit or to determine guilt and decide the degree of punishment. Using a desktop system or a laptop or even a Smartphone, the criminal can exploit the power of internet, Bluetooth ,Wi-Fi technologies , 4G data-transfer speeds and web-servers to execute an unlawful act sitting miles away from the place where the actual crime happens thereafter leaving absolutely no physical trail of the execution of the offence. Under these conditions, it becomes imperative to utilize digital footprints as they are the only way to determine the factuality of execution of an unlawful act and to identify the real culprit. As the guiding principle of IPC goes "Innocent until proven guilty", digital footprints have to be given their rightful due in the existing Judicial system to help in confirming execution of an unlawful act, detecting the actual culprit and determining the amount of punishment. This paper attempts to highlight the significance of digital footprints and usage of the same by the existing Justice Systems to corroborate, attest and substantiate the execution of an unlawful act.

Performance Evaluation of 5G/WiFi-6 Coexistence

The fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G) is the promising technology nowadays to provide not only a higher speed compared to 4G but also a revolution of services to cover different industrial sectors such as health, production, energy, and many. WiFi-6 is a new wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that is suitable to work in an office, home, and dense areas. As a new technology, 5G has some limitations concerning coverage and capacity. To overcome these limitations, one possible solution is to use the free unlicensed spectrum available in Wi-Fi technology, therefore, a complement solution of 5G/WiFi-6 coexistence is proposed to make both technologies complement each other in providing a better quality of service for the end-user concerning a higher speed, low latency, and higher capacity. According to OFDM modulation, the proposed model divides the cell into two virtual zones, the inner zone represents WiFi-6 technology surrounded by 5G technology. All resources will be shared between the two technologies taken into consideration that more bandwidth should be given to the most inner zone with high intensity of traffic. The call admission control algorithm will be based on a minimum bit rate to be given to each zone that should be satisfied to admit the call. The model is solved using MOSEL-2 simulation language, to study different performance parameters such as BER, utilization, blocking probability, latency, throughput, and aggregate average bit rate in both zones. The simulation results show that coexistence causes some degradation in 5G performance, however, a positive effect on the overall cell performance is achieved by balancing the load all over the whole cell.

A Framework for a Low Power on Body Real-Time Sensor System Using UHF RFID

This article details the use of an acceleration measuring system which can transmit in real-time sensor data through UHF RFID to a computer. Existing methods of real-time transmission of sensor data rely on power-intensive Bluetooth or Wi-Fi technologies which result in devices that require large bulky batteries, this causes the overall device size to be high and thus can potentially cause issue during use. By harnessing status flags within a specific UHF RFID chip and custom reader software conforming to the EPC GEN2 standard, continuous streaming data rates of 5.2KBps were achievable. These enhanced data rates were shown to be reliable up to a range of 2.4M with above 99.99% data integrity. The power consumption of this methodology was found to be below 2mW during full power continuous transmission. In summary this article outlines and lays the foundation for the use of UHF RFID to deliver sub-2mW low latency, high reliability streaming methods within the domain of on body transmission.

WITHDRAWN: Design strategies and model analysis of power amplifier using various simulators for 5.5 GHz Wi-Fi technology

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn as part of the withdrawal of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering (ICMSTE2K21). Subsequent to acceptance of these Proceedings papers by the responsible Guest Editors, Dr S. Sakthivel, Dr S. Karthikeyan and Dr I. A. Palani, several serious concerns arose regarding the integrity and veracity of the conference organisation and peer-review process. After a thorough investigation, the peer-review process was confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Materials Today: Proceedings. The veracity of the conference also remains subject to serious doubt and therefore the entire Proceedings has been withdrawn in order to correct the scholarly record.

A Review on MIMO Wireless Signals over Fibre for Next Generation Fibre Wireless (FiWi) Broadband Networks

Next-generation access/mobile networks have set high standards in terms of providing wireless services at high data rates in order to keep up with the vast demands for other mobility and multiple services. Wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) technology, also known as fibre-wireless (FiWi), has uncovered incredible opportunities for the future of next-generation networks because it gets the best of both domains: huge bandwidth provided by the optical fibre and high ubiquity of the wireless domain. The objective of FiWi networks is to integrate the high data rate and long reach provided by optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless networks, with the target to decrease their expense and complexity. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) is an inevitable technique for most of the new mobile/wireless networks that are driven by the huge data rates required by today’s users. Consequently, to construct any FiWi system for next-generation (NG) access/broadband networks, an MIMO technique has to be considered. This article presents a comprehensive, contemporary review of the latest subsystems, architectures and integrated technologies of MIMO wireless signals backhauling using optical fibre or fibre access networks, such as passive optical networks (PONs). An overview for FiWi, PONs and MIMO wireless systems is provided. In addition, advanced techniques of accommodating the MIMO wireless signals over optical fibre are explained and compared. Different types of wireless MIMO signals over fibre, such as 5G, WiFi and related transport technologies, are reviewed. Moreover, future research trends are also discussed.

A SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK WITH AN INFINITE 
 OF NODES WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF CHANNELS 
 IN THE NODES AND A LIMITED QUEUE

Self-organizing dynamic networks (SDN) or Ad-hoc networks are widely used in emergency communications systems and combat operations. Based on technology Wi-Fi, Bluetooth SDN are formed in the picocell. However, the analysis of the functioning of such networks is very difficult due to the randomness of their topol-ogy. In this work, we study networks using the previously proposed method of analysis based on the theory of Queuing.

Wi-COVID: A COVID-19 symptom detection and patient monitoring framework using WiFi.

The current SARS-CoV-2, better know as COVID-19, has emerged as a serious pandemic with life-threatening clinical manifestations and a high mortality rate. One of the major complications of this disease is the rapid and dangerous pulmonary deterioration that can lead to critical pneumonia conditions, resulting in death. The current healthcare system around the world faces the potential problem of lacking resources to assist a large number of patients at the same time; then, the non-critical patients are mostly referred to perform self-isolation/quarantine at home. This pandemic has placed new demands on the health systems world, asking for novel, rapid and secure ways to monitor patients in order to detect and quickly report patient's symptoms to the healthcare provider, even if they are not in the hospital. While tremendous efforts have been done to develop technologies to detect the virus, create the vaccine, and stop the spread of the disease, it is also important to develop IoT technologies that can help track and monitor diagnosed COVID-19 patients from their homes. In this paper, we explore the possibility of monitoring respiration rates (RR) of COVID-19 patients using a widely-available technology at home – WiFi. Using the at-home WiFi signals, we propose Wi-COVID, a non-invasive and non-wearable technology to monitor the patient and track RR for the healthcare provider. We first introduce the currently available applications that can be done using WiFi signals. Then, we propose the framework scheme for an end-to-end non-invasive monitoring platform of the COVID-19 patients using WiFi. Finally, we present some preliminary results of the proposed framework. We envision the proposed platform as a life-changing technology that leverages WiFi technology as a non-wearable and non-invasive way to monitor COVID-19 patients at home.

Evolution and Impact of Wi-Fi Technology and Applications: A Historical Perspective

The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local area networking (WLAN), commercially known as Wi-Fi, has become a necessity in our day-to-day life. Over a billion Wi-Fi access points connect close to hundred billion of IoT devices, smart phones, tablets, laptops, desktops, smart TVs, video cameras, monitors, printers, and other consumer devices to the Internet to enable millions of applications to reach everyone, everywhere. The evolution of Wi-Fi technology also resulted in the first commercial piloting of spread spectrum, high speed optical communications, OFDM, MIMO and mmWave pulse transmission technologies, which then became more broadly adopted by cellular phone and wireless sensor networking industries. The popularity and widespread Wi-Fi deployment in indoor areas further motivated innovation in opportunistic cyberspace applications that exploit the ubiquitous Wi-Fi signals. The RF signal radiated from Wi-Fi access points creates an “RF cloud” accessible to any Wi-Fi equipped device hosting or supporting these opportunistic applications. Wi-Fi positioning and location intelligence were the first popular opportunistic applications of Wi-Fi’s RF cloud. Today, researchers are investigating opportunistic applications of Wi-Fi signals for gesture and motion detection as well as authentication and security. This paper provides a holistic overview of the evolution of Wi-Fi technology and its applications as the authors experienced it in the last few decades.