WHO Drinking Water Quality Research Articles

Analysis of Spatial Bacteriological Quality Variation of Domestic Water Source Points in Mbarali District, Tanzania

This study assessed the bacteriological quality of water source points for domestic use. The study was conducted at Mbarali District, which is found in the Mbeya region of Tanzania. Eight wards were selected for water sampling, which were Mawindi, Ubaruku, Rujewa, Chimala, Ihahi, Mapogoro, Igurusi, and Mahongole. The eight wards were chosen because their waters are highly polluted. All samples were properly sampled and transported the same day to the TARI Uyole Laboratory for chemical and biological analysis. In-situ physical parameters were tested in the field using multiparameter equipment. Using GIS software, a spatial bacteriological quality variation of domestic water source points was analyzed and presented. For testing Escherichia coli (E. coli), Total Coliform, and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), 60 samples of water were taken from 8 wards and put through a membrane filtration method. 75% of the water source points found to be less than 20 meters away from residential areas were observed to be associated with bacterial contamination. The mean concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, and THB were 2.5 CFU/100 ml, 10.36 CFU/100 ml, and 70 CFU/100 ml, respectively. There was a significant difference between CFU of total coliforms in samples collected (p = 0.026). About 80% of the samples collected and analysed for water quality parameters did not conform to the TBS and WHO drinking water quality guideline value of no detection per 100 ml. The study concludes that domestic water point sources found in Mbarali District are located less than 20 meters away from residential areas, with significant unpaved areas and the presence of septic tanks and pit latrines that may lead to water pollution. Unsafe drinking water in Mbarali District is the primary route for waterborne disease transmission. Therefore, we recommend treating the water from dug wells and rivers/streams in Mbarali District before drinking it.

Modeling on comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality status using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI): a case study of Bahir Dar City, Amhara, Ethiopia

Abstract Groundwater is the most important natural resource, and many people throughout the world rely on it for drinking, particularly in rural areas. The present study was carried out to assess the status of groundwater quality and to check its suitability for domestic purposes in urban centres of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Twelve shallow wells were selected for sampling. The sampled water was taken during the dry and summer seasons of the year 2019/2020. pH, turbidity, EC, TDS, chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO4−3), total hardness, and Escherichia coli were measured for the suitability analysis. Comparison of measured results with those of WHO and Ethiopian drinking water quality standards was done. Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) data analysis techniques were applied in order to investigate the groundwater quality. The spatial distribution map showed that the city's core area had the poorest groundwater quality status. The WQI result obtained from the analysis showed that 41.67, 33.33, and 25% of the sampled groundwater has low, extremely poor, and unsafe quality for drinking purposes, respectively. The present study revealed that anthropogenic activities have a great impact on the quality of groundwater in the area, necessitating immediate mitigating actions.

Physicochemical Analysis of Surface Water in Rohri Canal from Sukkur Barrage to Mehrabpur

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of domestic and industrial waste discharge on the surface water quality of Rohri Canal in the stretch of the canal from Sukkur Barrage to Mehrabpur town. Eight sampling points were selected along the canal focusing on canal locations near major settlements. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids and suspended solids, chlorides, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and E-coli. The average value of BOD and COD at the sampling stations were recorded as 212 mg/L and 423 mg/L respectively, which exceed the permissible surface water limits for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results indicate significantly higher value of BOD in sampling locations where there are major settlements and there is a continuous inflow of untreated sewage into the canal. The pH values at all the sampling sites were found within the drinking and irrigation water quality standards whereas the TDS values at only sampling stations (3 and 4) exceeded these limits. The turbidity values of the samples ranged from 237 to 821 NTU, exceeding the WHO drinking water quality standards for this parameter. The values of the water quality parameters including hardness (range 146 to 300 mg/L), chlorides (range 36 to 103 mg/L) and alkalinity (range 120 to 230 mg/L) were found well below the limits of WHO drinking water quality standards. The turbidity values of the samples ranged from 237 to 821 NTU and exceeded the WHO drinking water quality standards for this parameter. At all the sampling sites located near major settlements low levels of dissolved oxygen and the presence of E.coli were recorded. The results revealed that the continuous inflowing of untreated or un-treated sewage and industrial effluents into the canal has changed its physicochemical and biological characteristics, which make it unfit for human consumption and can have long-term irrevocable ecological threats if left unmanaged

Developing a safe water atlas for sustainable drinking water supply in Sonargaon Upazila, Bangladesh

Bangladesh has been relying heavily on groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes since the 1960s. The access to safe drinking water has always been a challenge for Bangladesh due to the geogenic contamination in shallow aquifers. The objective of this study was to identify the depth for extracting safe water and to develop a safe water atlas for different unions of Sonargaon Upazila to ensure a year-round safe water supply. The concentrations of Arsenic, Iron and Manganese in groundwater were measured from 63 random water samples and compared with WHO and national drinking water quality standards. A lithological profile of the study area was developed to validate the indigenous knowledge of targeting safe depth based on sediment color. To address the challenges of groundwater depletion and contamination, the study identified and developed the technique of preparing safe water atlas for a specific region in Bangladesh, serving as a decision-making tool for households. The atlas identifies depths at which tube-wells can be installed to obtain uncontaminated groundwater, helping people make informed choices and avoid potential health risks. Additionally, the safe water atlas can support the development of safe drinking water distribution plans and assist local drillers and residents in decision-making processes.

Hydrochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Kakarveni River Basin, Vikarabad District, Telangana, India

Abstract: This study aims to assess the hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in the Kakarveni river basin in Vikarabad district, Telangana, India. Groundwater is a vital natural resource for human, agricultural, and ecological needs. Understanding hydrochemistry and groundwater quality is essential for identifying potential contaminants for selecting water treatment and agricultural management practices. The study will analyse hydro-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and major ions, and collect water samples from different locations to assess permeability index, Kelly’s index, magnesium hazard, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, or Eaton's index. The research methodology involves field sampling and laboratory analysis to ensure accurate and reliable results. The study area is about 192 sq. km and includes agricultural fields, forests, and human settlements. The geology and hydrology of the area are crucial for sustainable development and effective water resource management. The study found significant variations in measured parameters between pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, with slightly acidic pH levels and higher electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids during the post-monsoon season. The study analyses water samples during the pre-monsoon and postmonsoon periods and compares them with the WHO's drinking water quality standards. The study computes the findings and arrives at the suitability of groundwater for irrigation.

A fluorescence and colorimetric bifunctional probe for recognition of Al3+ and Cu2+ and its applications in cells and environmental water systems

A highly sensitive bifunctional probe (1) for Al3+ and Cu2+ by the reaction of 2-hydroxyl-1-naphthalene formaldehyde with indole-3-formyl hydrazine was synthesized. In THF-H2O (v/v = 3:7) solution, 1 only shows fluorescence enhanced recognition for Al3+ in 17 common metal ions, which shows that 1 can be used as a highly selective fluorescence enhancement probe for Al3+. When the concentration of Al3+ is 20.0 µM (1.0 equivalent), the fluorescence intensity of 1 is increased by 195 times, and the detection limit of 1 for Al3+ is calculated to be 3.8 nM, which shows that 1 is fluorescence probe for Al3+ with an ultra-high sensitivity. Trace Al3+ (For example, the WHO drinking water quality standard 7.4 μM) can be clearly observed by the fluorescence test paper covering 1 through the change of fluorescence color. In addition, the vivo-detection ability of 1 is verified by detected the Al3+ in living GS cells of epinephelus coioides. Furthermore, 1 can also be used as a high selective and sensitive colorimetric probe for Cu2+. In THF-H2O (v/v = 3:7) buffer solution (pH = 7.0), the addition of Cu2+ results in a 69 nm red shift in the UV–visible absorption spectrum of 1 solution, causing the color of 1 solution to change from colorless to yellow. In addition, 1 shows a low detection limit of 39.3 nM, a fast response time, excellent recyclability and anti-interference for Cu2+. Therefore, 1 can be used for fluorescence detection of Cu2+ in environmental water systems.

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Urban Water Supply Systems: The Case of Hawassa City, Ethiopia.

In many developing countries, such as Ethiopia, water quality and the risk of water-related diseases are serious public health issues. The present study goal was to assess the drinking water quality from source to household tap water. To characterize and analyze drinking water quality parameters, 21 water samples were collected, of which 11 water samples were collected from sources (spring, borehole, and river), 4 from service reservoirs, and 6 from tap water. The mean values of the parameters were as follows: total dissolved solids (TDS) (142.79 mg/L), temperature (22.08°C), turbidity (9.49 NTU), electrical conductivity (EC) (250.14°μS/cm), pH (7.45 mg/L), fluoride (1.15 mg/L), nitrate (NO3-) (2.91 mg/L), total hardness (TH) (57.45 mg/L), calcium (41.7 6 mg/l), magnesium (10.74 mg/L), phosphate (0.44 mg/L), sulfate (3.99 mg/L), residual chlorine (1.53 mg/L), alkalinity (196.39 mg/L), and microbiological (total coliform and coliform/CFU) which were the main physiochemical parameters analyzed for the study. The findings revealed that the majority of the water quality parameters tested were within the WHO and National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). However, some of the parameters such as temperature, turbidity, fluoride, and residual chlorine did not meet the standards. The mean temperatures at the source, reservoir, and tap water were 22.01°C 22.5°C,and 21.83°C, respectively. Turbidity levels in source samples ranged from 10 to 45 NTU, with a mean of 24.5 NTU, exceeding the WHO's recommendation of less than 5 NTU. The Boko Alamura well had a high fluoride content (3.9 mg/l), which was above the WHO and NDWQS permissible limits. There was no free residual chlorine in the tap water sample. The results show that the Hawassa drinking water supply did not contain total or fecal coliform in any of the samples tested. The overall WQI for the water source, reservoir, and tap water was also determined to be 89, 71, and 69.7 points, respectively. Therefore, based on the WQI result, Hawassa drinking water quality is good for the source, reservoir, and tap water.

Assessment of ground water quality using water quality index and GIS

Ground water demand in India has significantly increased as a result of the country's fast population development, industrialization, and urbanization. Using a water quality index, or WQI helpful numerical instrument for deriving complex information from any water body and for reporting and analyzing it. WQI is essentially a mathematical method for calculating a single value from a set of test results. Any WQI model can explain the degree of water contamination with a single number, depending on several of water quality indicators at a particular place and time. In this work, an effort has been made to understand whether ground water is fit for human consumption. The study area included various residential and industrial areas that do get their water from groundwater resources. This study evaluates When compared to WHO drinking and residential water quality criteria (WQI), the physical, chemical, and biological properties of various groundwater samples taken from various sites are examined. The spatial evaluation of several groundwater quality parameters in this investigation has been done using the GIS approach. The study's goal is to determine the WQI of ground water determine if it is fit for human consumption in the study area using the GIS technique.

The Impact of the Surrounding Land Uses on Water Quality of Some Selected Cascade and Perennial Tanks in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka

The present study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of the inlet, irrigation outlet, and edges linked to Nuwarawewa reservoir, Mahakanadarawa reservoir, Hurulu wewa reservoir, Sangilikandarawa reservoir, and Nachchaduwa perennial reservoir in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Water samples were taken from a designated position of each inlet, irrigation output, and edges in the second inter-monsoon, northeast monsoon, and first inter-monsoon seasons. Water quality indicators such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Na, K, Ca, Mg, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), NO3- -N, NH4+-N, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, and Hg) concentrations were measured in each water sample. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistica software. Considerable temporal fluctuations in water quality indicators were detected in inlets, irrigation outflows, and edges over the research period. The findings revealed that NO3- -N, NH4+-N, and DRP in Sangilikandarawa reservoir during the northeast monsoon were close but not above the FAO (1985) maximum levels guidelines for irrigation water. pH, EC, TDS, and heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, and Hg) in all the other tanks were within permitted values according to WHO drinking water quality standards and FAO (1985) guidelines for irrigation water. This finding further demonstrated that the consequences of surrounding land use on water pollution in inlet water canals linked to Sangilikandarawa and Nuwarawewa are greater. It could be concluded that a pollution management plan needs to be implemented in order to stop further pollution.

Hydrogeochemical and biological assessment of spring and stream water quality for its suitability for drinking in Kanglung locality, Trashigang, Bhutan

Abstract Springs are important water sources for domestic and agricultural uses in eastern Himalayas. This study describes the water quality scenario and major geochemical processes of the springs utilized for drinking in Kanglung locality, Bhutan. Water samples were collected at two end-user taps and three spring sources from October 2020 through April 2021 for laboratory analyses. Water samples analyzed met the WHO drinking water quality standard except for turbidity and thermotolerant coliform in some samples. The Water Quality Index (WQI) values of the spring water ranged from 5.75 to 41.64, majority falling under excellent class demonstrating potability of springs tapped. The order of anion and cation chemistry were HCO3− >Cl− >SO42−, and Na+ >Ca2+>Mg2+>K+, respectively. The scatter diagrams and molar ratios of major ions indicated silicate and carbonate weathering controlling the spring water chemistry. The piper diagram indicated that springs are predominantly Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl types. Gibbs diagrams inferred that spring/stream chemistry is mainly controlled by rainwater followed by water-rock interaction. Statistical analyses indicated different sources of dissolved ions including carbonate and silicate weathering, atmospheric precipitation, dissolution of sulphate minerals, and oxidation of sulphides.

The monthly variation tendency of microcystin-LR levels in the Huangpu River (China) by applications of ELISA and HPLC.

In this study, the contents of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures in the laboratory and natural water samples from the Huangpu River in different seasons were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Excellent correlation between the two methods was obtained (R2 > 0.99). ELISA was a reliable and simple method with high reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 25%) and satisfactory recovery for the monitoring of low levels of MC-LR. MC-LR concentrations in Huangpu River varied with the seasonal variation, which peaked in August with the temperature over 30°C and then gradually declined with the decreasing temperature after August. The highest MC-LR concentration in the Huangpu River was below the WHO drinking water quality standard (1µg/L). These results indicated that warm temperature accelerated the MC-LR synthesis and release, and it is necessary to regularly monitor the MC-LR levels, especially during the high algae period in summer. ELISA can be applied to detect the low levels of MC-LR in the field without complex treatment, avoiding the samples from denaturation and degradation during the transportation. Hence, ELISA is a better alternative of HPLC when HPLC is unavailable, especially when rapid testing is required in routine MC-LR analysis.

Assessment of ground water from some agrarian communities of South Eastern Nigeria

ABSTRACT Drinking water samples were collected from natural sources (groundwater and surface water) in rural villages in southeastern Nigeria, and the results were compared to WHO and Nigerian drinking water quality criteria. To meet the study’s goal, 21 drinking water samples were collected from sparsely populated rural settlements in Ebonyi State (Ugwulangu, Okposi, and Uburu). pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, and metals were all measured in the water samples. This study looked at eight metals: Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Ni. Except for turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, Pb, and Ni, all metrics were found to be within allowed ranges. The metal concentrations followed the order: Ca > Mg > Pb > Fe > Zn > Ni > Mn > Cr. Metal index, degree of contamination, and hazard index were all calculated using the metal concentrations. The metal index and degree of contamination results showed that the water sources were safe to drink. The hazard index assessed children’s and adults’ chronic risk levels. By ingesting metals in water samples, the Hazard Index assessed the risk that users of water are prone to. Children are more at risk than adults from drinking untreated water from Ugwulangu, Okposi, and Uburu, according to the findings of a hazard index study. To safeguard children’s health, it is strongly advised that they be provided with alternative drinking water.

Groundwater Geochemistry and Saltwater Intrusion in the Dakar Coastal Area, Senegal

Groundwater levels and water samples were collected from 20 drinking water pumping and piezometer wells in the urban area of Dakar coastal region in the year 2019. The pH-value, electrical conductivity, as well as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and nitrate concentrations were measured to assess the hydrochemical quality of the infrabasaltic aquifer in the area. The present work carried out a hydrochemical analysis to interpret the groundwater chemistry of the aquifer. The results of this chemical analysis indicate that Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ was the most dominant cation sequence in the groundwater, while Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- was the most dominant one for anions. The chemical analysis of our samples showed, that the Cl-Ca-Mg facies was dominant in the aquifer, while Cl-Na-K and HCO3-Na-K facies represent 20% and 10% of the groundwater sampled, respectively. A comparison of the measured groundwater quality in relation to WHO drinking water quality standards revealed that 80% of the water samples are suitable for drinking purposes. Ca enrichment, Simpson ratio, ratio of sodium chloride, and calculating Base Exchange (BEX) indices for the samples revealed that the groundwater is mainly affected by three factors: seawater intrusion due to aquifer overexploitation on one hand, and freshening processes and nitrate pollution, on the other, mainly caused by the groundwater flow from the unconfined aquifer.

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Chak Karstic Sedimentary Basin, Wardak Province, Afghanistan

The research focused on assessing groundwater quality in Jawharkel, Ghanikhel, Chak, Mandukhel, Dawrankhel, Noorkhel, Baba Qala, Sanikhel, Muhkumkhel, and Rasheeddan villages, and specifically intended to measure groundwater physical and chemical parameters in the mountainous areas of the Chak Karstic Sedimentary Basin in Chak District, Wardak Province, located in Afghanistan’s central part. The analyzed parameters included electric conductivity, pH, turbidity, odor, taste, color, hardness, as well as chloride (Cl2), nitrogen (N), fluoride (F), iron (Fe), arsenic (Ar), ammonia (NH3), and sulfide (SO4) content. All the analyzed chemical and physical parameters were found to be within acceptable limits. The results obtained were compared with the WHO drinking water quality standards. The study revealed that the values of physical parameters such as color, taste, odor and turbidity fell within the acceptable (recommended standard) limits; that the examined samples demonstrated no toxic elements and/or components; and that the analyzed chemical parameters were likewise within the permissible limits recommended by WHO and ANSA. Water quality in the target rural area proved to be better compared to the concerns of its residents and households, and that local water posed no threat to residents’ health and survival. The article emphasizes the importance of properly applying water quality indicators previously not adequately explored in the target area.

EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY: EKOLE CREEK, NIGERIA

Water is essential part of ecosystem, so its quality must be ascertained for use especially in Ekole creek of Nigeria where dredging activities is heavy, hence this study examined the dredging effect on the downstream water quality of Ekole creek. Water samples were collected from four points which are; Upstream, Dredge I, Dredge II, and Downstream points. The parameters of the water quality determined showed that Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were higher at the Downstream point with values of 31 NTU and 1664 mg/l respectively; pH was also slightly acidic (6.61); but low in Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity, Nitrate (NO3) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), as compare to the Upstream. The values of the heavy metals like Pb (3.845 mg/l), Cr (0.612 mg/l) Ni (0.104 mg/l) and Cu (0.128 mg/l), at Downstream point, were above Pb (3.0605 mg/l), Cr (0.0 mg/l), Ni (0.017 mg/l) and Cu (0.102 mg/l) of the Upstream point,before the Dredging points I and II, that have correlative matrix of(Pb&gt;Fe&gt;Mn&gt;Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Ni&gt;Cr) and Pb&gt;Fe&gt;Cr&gt;Mn&gt;Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Ni Downstream point. Is discovered the Downstream water is slightly acidic, high in Turbidity and TSS, but low in TDS, EC, NO3 and DO, as against the WHO drinking-water quality, due the effect of dredging on the water quality of the Ekole Creek. It is inferred that the dredging activities have negative effects on the water quality, which can be hazardous to the health of downstream user, and distort the ecosystem; therefore the commercial dredging activities should be checked in Ekole creek.

Groundwater Chemistry at Deep Aquifer in Koyra: Khulna, Bangladesh

Koyra (Khulna District) is the coastal Upazila of Bangladesh and is very susceptible to salinity intrusion. The surface and shallow tube well water in the Upazila is naturally saline. The quality of subterranean tube well water in the deliberate area is hardly presented for different Unions of Koyra. Dakshin Bedkashi Union of Koyra is very saline prone. Therefore, the groundwater chemistry of Dakshin Bedkashi Union was determined to legalize if the groundwater is fit for drinking and irrigation or not. Spatially dispersed 30 water samples were collected from the deep aquifer (550 to 700 feet depth) in December, 2016 and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The outcomes were compared with WHO, USEPA and BBS drinking water quality standard and with FAO standard for irrigation purpose. The pH varied from 6.73 to 8.33, indicating that the water samples were within the WHO drinking water quality standard. The TDS showed a long range variation (230.5 to 2052.0 ppm) with an average of 841.23 ppm, of which 33% of water sources exceeded BBS standard value. The mean value of salinity was 0.65 (±0.43) ppt and EC was 1,400.9 (±904.18) µS cm-1. The loads of key ions were ranked as Na+&gt; Ca2+&gt; Mg2+&gt; K+ and HCO3-&gt; Cl-&gt; SO42-&gt; NO3-&gt; PO4-. The Piper diagram demonstrated that the existing hydro-chemical facies of groundwater were Na+-Cl--HCO3- and Na+-Ca2+-HCO3- type. The Gibbs diagram illustrated that the chemical arrangement of groundwater is mainly misrepresented by rock weathering. Silicate weathering was the profuse process along study area. The Wilcox diagram proved that the greater water sources were allowable to suspicious for irrigation. The core component analysis ensured that rock suspension and sea water intrusion was the primary source of ions in groundwater. The controlling factors of groundwater chemistry were typically related to geologic factors, while the anthropogenic factors have not any momentous effects.

Drinking water quality assessment from water dispensers in an educational institution

Abstract Water dispensers are commonly used in educational institutions in developing countries. Assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality from this source is important due to its potential to cause waterborne diseases and other health risks. This study aimed to assess microbial contamination and the factors affecting drinking water quality from water dispensers at Walailak University, Southern Thailand. Drinking water samples from 60 water dispensers of different type-brands were collected and tested for physicochemical and microbiological parameters by following WHO Drinking Water Quality guidelines. Also evaluated by questionnaires were hygienic standards and maintenance of water dispensers. The physicochemical analysis of all water samples did not exceed the reference values of the drinking water standard; the hardness value in only 13.3% of samples was slightly higher than the reference limit. The microbiological results indicated that total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria were found in 16.67% and 8.33% of total samples, respectively. Escherichia coli was not detected in any of the water samples. The assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality, location and pathogen source around water dispensers, hygienic environment, and maintenance of water dispensers had a significant effect on drinking water quality.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Area of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: The Case of Mecha District

This study was conducted to assess the drinking water quality of north Mecha district, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. 26 drinking water samples were collected from the water points of the dweller community in the dry seasons of 2020 and subjected to the analysis of physicochemical parameters, bacteriological parameters, and the level of trace metals. The analysis of physicochemical parameters and the trace metals was carried out following the standard procedures of the laboratory, and the bacteriological water qualities were measured using the membrane filtration method. The F−, NO3−, SO42−, and Cu levels of the water samples were within the permissible limits of the WHO and compulsory Ethiopian standard (CES). Depending on turbidity, 61.54% of the tested water samples crossed the WHO limit of drinking water quality, and 100% of the samples surpassed the limits of EPA. Based on iron and ammonia levels, 38.46%, and 100% of the studied water samples violated the environmental protection agency (EPA) guidelines; 23.07%, and 3.84%, of the samples surpassed the WHO and CES drinking water quality standards. In view of pH, 23.07% of the tested water samples were not within the safe limit of the WHO and CES. 92.31% of the studied water samples were not potable as coliform bacterium (thermo tolerant indicator bacterium) growth was detected. The study revealed that the water sources of the study area are not safe for drinking unless appropriate treatment measurements are taken. Higher values of water quality parameters for the water samples from Koga irrigation site than the values for the water samples from the study sites found out of the irrigation site indicated the pollution load of Koga irrigation on the water quality of the area.

Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation in Bishan Guracha Sub-City in West Arsi Zone

It is well known that water is a natural resource without which all living things cannot exist. It is a natural requirement for all living things to have access to water if they have to be alive. It seems so why the 70 percent of our planet, earth, covered by water though the world population is facing water scarcity. Such scarcity of water is urging people to use water from unprotected sources which the world urban poor and rural population are highly affected by. As it is known ‘water is life’ because it gives life for all, on the contrary many are dying as a result of unsafe drinking water. The objective of this study was to assess the water supply and sanitation situation in the Bishan Guracha. By conducting an assessment one can determine water supply and sanitation coverage and identify water supply and sanitation problems in the sub-city and then propose solutions to improve water supply and sanitation coverage. In this research finding the main defined objective ideas are current water supply coverage, distribution system, water quality, demand analysis at present and future forecasting, analysis the sanitation status, and finally sate the solution for every weak part of the research results specifically. Water supply coverage status 20% water supply fulfills from the water points and the rest 80% of water supply requirement is fulfilled by hand dug well and in some extent rain fall collecting. The quality condition of water supply as WHO and Ethiopian drinking water quality standard both water points and hand dug well water are evaluated. Sanitation coverage is defined as the percentage of the population with access to adequate (improved) sanitation facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Keywords: Design period, population forecasting, peak demand, peak hour DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-4-03 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in Three Upazilas of Noakhali District in Bangladesh

This study was driven for analyzing the drinking water quality of three upazillas at Noakhali district in Bangladesh. Nine different areas drinking water samples were collected from three upazilas (sadar-upazila, kabirhat upazila, Chatkhil upazila). Physical & chemical parameters of the collected samples like pH, electrical conductivity, salt, TDS, chloride-ion, iron content were measured and microbial parameters like Total Viable Bacterial Count (TVBC), Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter aerogenes were also detected. All the parameters were compared with WHO drinking water quality standard ranges to understand the condition of drinking water in these areas. This study showed the pH of Chatkhil upazila was comparatively lower (6.18) than other upazilas. Electrical conductivity was also lower (252.1 μS/cm) in Chatkhil than other upazilas. Salt volume was comparatively higher (554.33 ppm) in sadar upazila sample than in others. TDS of all upazila samples were in an acceptable range. Chloride-ion was very much higher (7326.33 mg/L) in upazila-sadar. Iron content was mostly (3 mg/L) in Chatkhil upazila. Total bacterial load was comparatively higher (7.13 × 106 CFU/mL) in Kabirhat upazila. Most Probable Number (MPN) of Coliforms were comparatively higher (24.67 number of coliforms/100mL) in upazila-sadar than others. This study also showed the water samples that were collected almost all were contaminated by E. coli bacteria without supply water in upazila-sadar. As a result, water was not suitable for drinking. Water purification is very urgently needed for saving people from water-borne diseases. So necessary steps should immediately be taken for purifying the sources of drinking water.