Incidence Of Whooping Cough Research Articles

Assessment of the epidemic situation of measles, whooping cough and mumps in the Republic of Dagestan

Epidemiological analysis of data on the incidence of measles, whooping cough and mumps in the Republic of Dagestan for the period 2010–2020. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the data on the incidence of measles, whooping cough and mumps in the Republic of Dagestan for the period 2010–2018 was carried out. Materials on the coverage of planned vaccinations are analyzed. Statistical data processing was performed using the MS Exсel 2010 software package. In 2020, in the Republic of Dagestan, the measles incidence rate per 100 thousand population was 16,43 compared to 27,0 in 2019, 79.5 % of those who were not vaccinated against measles accounted for — 53.1 % fell ill due to refusals. The peak rates of whooping cough incidence are observed in 2018–2019 (8.0 and 7.19, respectively, per 100 thousand of the population). The main contingent is children — 97.9 %, of which 96.3 % are due to parental refusal. In terms of the incidence of mumps, the Republic of Dagestan ranks first in 2017–2018 (87.15 and 45.3 per 100 thousand population), with an excess of the all-Russian indicator (2.19) by 39.8 times, that is, 68 % of those who have been ill in the country are residents of Dagestan. Among those who fell ill with mumps, the share of unvaccinated persons was 65.6 %, of which 78.4 % were children under 17 years of age with refusal of vaccination. Based on a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of measles, whooping cough and mumps in the Republic of Dagestan for the period 2010–2020, it can be concluded that the intensity of the epidemic process of these diseases has increased, which is an unfavorable prognostic sign. The main reason for the epidemiological problems and the spread of these infections among the population of the Republic of Dagestan is the increase in the number of refusals of preventive vaccinations. It is necessary to strengthen the educational and organizational activities of medical workers for the purpose of hygienic education of the population on the prevention of immune-controlled infections.

MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOOPING COUGH IN MOSCOW

The goal of the study was the identification of epidemiological features of whooping cough and assessment of economic losses due to this disease in Moscow.Materials and methods. The retrospective descriptive epidemiological research is conducted. The statistical data on incidence of whooping cough in the Russian Federation and in Moscow from 2009 to June, 2018, the reports on registration of whooping cough cases as well as the results of laboratory testing on whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 have been studied. The general losses from whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 have been calculated.Results. The whooping cough incidence in Moscow considerably influences a situation on this infection in the country in general as more than 20% of all cases of whooping cough in Russia are registered in the capital, where the incidence exceed by 1.5–2.5 times the average country level. The incidence of whooping cough among children of 7–14 years and the share of this group of population in the structure of the whooping cough cases have increased in Moscow, and outbreaks of pertussis at schools are observed. In Moscow the general losses due to whooping cough in children of 7–14 years in 2017 were estimated as 19.72 million rubles. High performance of vaccinal prevention of whooping cough is confirmed: in Moscow in 2017 the coefficient of epidemiological efficiency of vaccination among children of 6-12 months was 97.7%, among children at the age of 1 year – 82.6%, 2 years -79.9%, 3 years – 74.9%. Weighted average of direct loss from a case of whooping cough was estimated as 31182.2 rubles. The general losses due to whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 were 67.88 million rubles.Conclusion. It is necessary to take additional measures for vaccinal prevention of whooping cough at children of school age and to support the high level of coverage by timely immunization of children of the first year of life. For assessment of economic feasibility of vaccinal prevention of whooping cough it is necessary to consider the size of economic losses due to this disease.

Epidemiological and Economic Effects of Priming With the Whole-Cell Bordetella pertussis Vaccine.

Current acellular pertussis vaccines may not protect against transmission of Bordetella pertussis. To assess whether a priming dose of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine is cost-effective at reducing pertussis infection in infants. Mathematical model of pertussis transmission fit to US incidence data in a simulation of the US population. In this simulation study conducted from June 2014 to May 2015, the population was divided into 9 age groups corresponding to the current pertussis vaccination schedule and fit to 2012 pertussis incidence. Inclusion of a priming dose of wP vaccine into the current acellular pertussis vaccination schedule. Reductions in symptomatic pertussis incidence by age group, increases in wP vaccine-related adverse effects, and quality-adjusted life-years owing to changing vaccine schedule. Switching to a wP-priming vaccination strategy could reduce whooping cough incidence by up to 95% (95% CI, 91-98), including 96% (95% CI, 92-98) fewer infections in neonates. Although there may be an increase in the number of vaccine adverse effects, we nonetheless estimate a 95% reduction in quality-adjusted life-years lost with a switch to the combined strategy and a cost reduction of 94% (95% CI, 91-97), saving more than $142 million annually. Our results suggest that an alternative vaccination schedule including 1 dose of wP vaccine may be highly cost-effective and ethically preferred until next-generation pertussis vaccines become available.

Asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis.

BackgroundThe recent increase in whooping cough incidence (primarily caused by Bordetella pertussis) presents a challenge to both public health practitioners and scientists trying to understand the mechanisms behind its resurgence. Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the resurgence: 1) waning of protective immunity from vaccination or natural infection over time, 2) evolution of B. pertussis to escape protective immunity, and 3) low vaccine coverage. Recent studies have suggested a fourth mechanism: asymptomatic transmission from individuals vaccinated with the currently used acellular B. pertussis vaccines.MethodsUsing wavelet analyses of B. pertussis incidence in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) and a phylodynamic analysis of 36 clinical B. pertussis isolates from the US, we find evidence in support of asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Next, we examine the clinical, public health, and epidemiological consequences of asymptomatic B. pertussis transmission using a mathematical model.ResultsWe find that: 1) the timing of changes in age-specific attack rates observed in the US and UK are consistent with asymptomatic transmission; 2) the phylodynamic analysis of the US sequences indicates more genetic diversity in the overall bacterial population than would be suggested by the observed number of infections, a pattern expected with asymptomatic transmission; 3) asymptomatic infections can bias assessments of vaccine efficacy based on observations of B. pertussis-free weeks; 4) asymptomatic transmission can account for the observed increase in B. pertussis incidence; and 5) vaccinating individuals in close contact with infants too young to receive the vaccine (“cocooning” unvaccinated children) may be ineffective.ConclusionsAlthough a clear role for the previously suggested mechanisms still exists, asymptomatic transmission is the most parsimonious explanation for many of the observations surrounding the resurgence of B. pertussis in the US and UK. These results have important implications for B. pertussis vaccination policy and present a complicated scenario for achieving herd immunity and B. pertussis eradication.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0382-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Geographical differences in whooping cough in Catalonia, Spain, from 1990 to 2010

BackgroundWhooping cough is a communicable disease whose incidence has increased in recent years in some countries with vaccination. Since 1981, in Catalonia (Spain), cases must be reported to the Public Health Department. In 1997, surveillance changed from aggregated counts to individual report and the surveillance system was improved after 2002. Catalan public health is universal with equal coverage geographically. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in whooping cough incidence in rural and urban counties.MethodsCases in 1990–2010 were classified as rural or urban. Incidences and risk ratios (RR) between urban and rural counties and 95% CI were calculated. Associations between rural and urban counties and structural changes during the study period were analysed.ResultsTwelve years of the whole study period showed differences in incidence between rural and urban counties. The incidence was higher in urban counties in seven years and rural counties in five years. There was a positive association of whooping cough incidence in rural and urban counties in four-week periods. Structural changes were detected in the following four-week periods: 4th in 1993, 7th in 1996 and 3rd 2005 in rural counties and 5th 1993, 9th in 1996 and 8th in 2007 in urban counties.ConclusionsDifferences in whooping cough between rural and urban counties were found. In most years, the incidence was higher in urban than in rural counties. Rural and urban counties show similar cyclic behaviour when four-week periods were considered.

Acellular pertussis vaccination facilitatesBordetella parapertussisinfection in a rodent model of bordetellosis

Despite over 50 years of population-wide vaccination, whooping cough incidence is on the rise. Although Bordetella pertussis is considered the main causative agent of whooping cough in humans, Bordetella parapertussis infections are not uncommon. The widely used acellular whooping cough vaccines (aP) are comprised solely of B. pertussis antigens that hold little or no efficacy against B. parapertussis. Here, we ask how aP vaccination affects competitive interactions between Bordetella species within co-infected rodent hosts and thus the aP-driven strength and direction of in-host selection. We show that aP vaccination helped clear B. pertussis but resulted in an approximately 40-fold increase in B. parapertussis lung colony-forming units (CFUs). Such vaccine-mediated facilitation of B. parapertussis did not arise as a result of competitive release; B. parapertussis CFUs were higher in aP-relative to sham-vaccinated hosts regardless of whether infections were single or mixed. Further, we show that aP vaccination impedes host immunity against B. parapertussis-measured as reduced lung inflammatory and neutrophil responses. Thus, we conclude that aP vaccination interferes with the optimal clearance of B. parapertussis and enhances the performance of this pathogen. Our data raise the possibility that widespread aP vaccination can create hosts more susceptible to B. parapertussis infection.

Measles and Whooping-Cough Incidence before and During the Dispersal of 1939-41

Measles and Whooping-Cough Incidence before and During the Dispersal of 1939-41