Theory Of Wholes Research Articles

THE DETERIORATION OF HERO IN WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE.

This study aimed at describing Othello’s deterioration in William Shakespeare’s The Moor of Venice through the intrinsic aspects of the drama. This study adopted structuralism approach and the theory of wholeness to answer the problem issued. This study used descriptive qualitative design that the data were taken from William Shakespeare the Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice edited by Alvin Kernan (1963). The results denote that Othello has flaws which lead to his deterioration. Gullible and excessive in loving his wife are the flaws that produce jealousy. Finally, without knowing the fact, Othello kills his wife, and he also kills himself after realizing the truth. The flaws of Othello are identified through plot, character, thought/theme, diction, rhythm, and spectacle.

Centers in the Event Domain: A Retake on the Wholeness of Urban Spaces

This article demonstrates that geometric analysis by itself is not enough to evaluate Alexander’s wholeness in public spaces and that his theories of wholeness can—and should—be extended into the realm of events. The first section provides a summary of the theory of centers and the relevance of events with regard to the theory of wholeness. In the second section, a new way to classify centers is presented, along with insights from Alexander’s works into an approach for incorporating event centers into the theory of wholeness. The final part puts these ideas to the test on a public square in Stuttgart, Germany, using a geometric analysis and an analysis of user activity to determine the performance of the square as a center. The research concludes that utilizing Alexander’s theories from an event-first rather than a geometry-first perspective is an approach especially well-suited for public spaces.

Wholes and values

Giovanni Piana’s ‘phenomenological structuralism’ is an original, deeply insightful way of making the most of phenomenological research by exploiting and developing the conceptual resources of Husserl’s theory of wholes and parts. Drawing on both Piana’s pioneering application of Gestalt theory to phenomenological aesthetics and on his life-long familiarity with the theory of structured wholes, this paper shows how phenomenological structuralism can be very fruitfully applied to general axiology and proves decisive in accounting for concrete value experience, which is not adequately conceptualized in contemporary metaethics. Far beyond Piana’s own concerns, his structuralism can provide clearer foundations for classic, Schelerian phenomenological axiology.

Christopher Alexander’s Theory of Wholeness as a Tetrad of Creative Activity: The Examples of A New Theory of Urban Design and The Nature of Order

To identify and evaluate architect Christopher Alexander’s theory of wholeness, this article draws on the work of British philosopher J.G. Bennett, who developed a conceptual method—what he called systematics—to clarify phenomena by drawing upon the qualitative significance of number. A central assumption of systematics is that there is something inherent in number itself that is fundamental to the way the world is and the way we can understand it. For Bennett, each whole number provides different but complementary modes for examining any phenomenon; thus, one-ness relates to the wholeness of the phenomenon; two-ness, to complementarity; three-ness, to relatedness, and so forth. This article draws on Bennett’s interpretation of four-ness, summarized by a diamond-shaped symbol that he called the tetrad. Bennett claimed that the tetrad provides an interpretive means for understanding any activity directed toward a focused outcome, for example, writing a book, designing a building, or planning a new city district. The tetrad is used in this article to probe and evaluate Alexander’s conceptual and practical efforts to recognize and fabricate wholeness, drawing on evidence from his Nature of Order and New Theory of Urban Design. The article first discusses the tetrad broadly and then considers how it helps to clarify Alexander’s efforts to understand and make wholeness.

Ensayo de ontología pluralista: mundo de la vida y valores

Este artículo esboza una ontología pluralista que, partiendo de una teoría de todos y partes, busca una clasificación de los todos reales en la que se evite la desmesura del idealismo, pero sin caer en posiciones materialistas, que minusvaloran la importancia de la subjetividad. Tras deslindar lo real, tanto de lo ideal como de lo irreal (a partir de la teoría de E. Husserl), se articula la realidad en cuatro tipos de todos materiales, completando para ello el esquema propuesto por el filósofo español X. Zubiri. A continuación, se insiste, frente a Zubiri, en elcarácter peculiar del hombre, que en tanto que dotado de lo que Husserl denominaba un “yo” trascendental, constituye un todo no exclusivamente material. En línea con esta recuperación de lo propiamente subjetivo,se introducen los todos con “realidad en relación”, para dar cuenta del ámbito propio del “mundo de la vida”, donde encontramos la “cosa sentido”, especialmente la “cosa sensible”. Y se plantea finalmente el problema de una ontología del valor al introducir los “todos valiosos”.

Wholeness and Life Patterning

Unitary appreciative nursing is a healing praxis that is grounded in an evolving theory of wholeness and life patterning. The theory regards people as having the potential for transforming their health through participating knowingly in change focused on appreciating their wholeness and life patterning. In unitary appreciative nursing, people generate their own knowledge through appreciation and participation in the wholeness of life patterning. This knowledge facilitates and advances their flourishing and well-being in a healing praxis. The conceptual presuppositions and theoretical propositions that were generated or affirmed arising from a healing praxis are clarified and explicated with women who have experienced abuse and despair.

The Content and Meaning of the Transition from the Theory of Relations in Philosophy of Arithmetic to the Mereology of the Third Logical Investigation

AbstractIn the third Logical Investigation Husserl presents an integrated theory of wholes and parts based on the notions of dependency, foundation (Fundierung), and aprioricity. Careful examination of the literature reveals misconceptions regarding the meaning and scope of the central axis of this theory, especially with respect to its proper context within the development of Husserl’s thought. The present paper will establish this context and in the process correct a number of these misconceptions. The presentation of mereology in the Logical Investigations will be shown to originate largely from Husserl’s implicit self-criticism of his prior views on the unity of a whole presented in his first work, Philosophy of Arithmetic.

Husserl's theory of wholes and parts and the methodology of nursing research.

Whenever the name Edmund Husserl appears in the context of nursing research, what correctly comes to mind is the phenomenological approach to qualitative methodology. Husserl is not only considered the founder of phenomenology, but his broad concept development also contributed to the demise of positivism and inspired fruitful approaches to the social sciences. In this spirit of inspiration, it must be expressed that Husserl's theory of wholes and parts, and particularly his differentiation of parts into "pieces" and "moments", is very helpful in guiding the selection of research methods across the board in nursing science. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a frame of reference for nursing researchers to use in examining the essential nature of that which is being studied. This frame of reference is the Husserlian philosophy of "pieces" and "moments" in relation to the whole. "Pieces" are independent parts of the whole that are subject to isolability in study, whereas "moments" are nonindependent parts, which cannot be detached, presented, or studied apart from the whole. The intent is to propose this frame of reference as a philosophical base from which nursing researchers may better select among paradigms and methodological approaches in regard to the essential nature ("pieces" or "moments") of that which they are researching.

HOW DYNAMIC AGGREGATES MAY ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION

Requirements for warranted identification of 'emergence' of new entities in nonlinear chemical dynamic systems are considered in terms of developments in both chemistry and in philosophy. In particular, a recently reported example of emergence of coherence in a set of electrochemical oscillators is examined. The philosophical theory of 'response dependence,' proposed as a 'third way' in the realist-antirealist controversy, and a contemporary discussion of the concept of substance are also employed. The conclusion is reached that when a set of chemical reactions achieves such closure as to generate persistent and interactive coherence (such as a limit cycle or strange attractor), properties of a test entity are altered. To the extent that this can be shown to be the case, it is appropriate to consider that a novel (emergent) entity has come into existence. Existence of the limit cycle brings about major changes in the levels (concentrations) of reactants that generate that cycle. Emergent entities of the type discussed in this paper are not adequately dealt with by the standard philosophical theory of wholes and part ('mereology'). That theory should be extended or modified.

On Husserl's Theory of Wholes and Parts

The strongly innovative theory of whole-parts relations outlined by Husserl in his Third logical Investigation—to which he attributed a basic value for his entire phenomenology—has recently attracted a renewed interest. Although many important issues have been clarified (especially by Kit Fine) the subject seems still worth being revisited. To this aim Husserlian universes are introduced. These are lower bounded distributive lattices endowed with a unary operation of defect and a binary relation of isogeneity. Husserl's contents are identified with nonzero elements of a Husserlian universe and the dependence relations among contents are defined and studied starting from the idea that the defect of xis what x needs in order to ‘exist’ i.e., in order to be ‘closed’ with respect to the closure operation defined as the sup of x and its defect. It turns out that there are (at least) eight dependence relations which are worth to be considered. Many other questions concerning the world of contents (among them the proofs of the famous Husserl's Sätze) may now be discussed and clarified. Then the theory of species and genera is developed. Ultimate species (for short: species) are identified with equivalence classes of contents modulo isogeneity, and species in general (for short: genera) are identified with arbitrary unions of species. On the basis of the relation obtaining among two contents when they are isogeneous to two contents the first of which is a part of the second it becomes possible to develop a rather satisfying interpretation of Husserl's theory of the dependencies among species and genera and of the material a priori laws. By strengthening the notion of Husserlian universe into the notion of rigid Husserlian universe, the theory of species and genera obtains a stronger version. Three models of the theory are exhibited. The first one, suggested by combinatorial-topological considerations, identifies contents with finite non-empty sets of natural numbers; the second one identifies contents with non-empty sets of formulas of a formal language; the third one (not totally ‘rigid’) identifies contents with positive integers.

From analytic psychology to analytic philosophy: The reception of Twardowski's ideas in Cambridge

Thomas Baldwin, Nicholas Griffin and Peter Hylton have done much to show in what way the idealism of T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley was an important factor in the origin of British analytic philosophy and especially in the development of Moore's and Russell's thought. Baldwin's monograph on Moore, published in 1990, and the monographs of both Hylton and Griffin on Russell, published in 1990 and 1991, show not only that Russell and Moore had been idealistic philosophers in their youth, but also that idealistic themes influenced their later, realist philosophy. There need thus be no doubt about the influence of idealistic philosophy on the origin of British analytic philosophy. Those monographs leave open a question, though: Is the reaction towards idealism purely an immanent development of British philosophy, or were Moore and Russell influenced by other, less idealistic types of philosophy? In this paper I deal with this question by studying the early writings of Twardowski, on the one hand, and those of Moore and Russell in the period from ! 899 to 1903, on the other. It may be questioned whether the theories of Moore and Russell in that period can be characterized as analytic: they are not analytic in the sense in which we call Russell's "On Denoting" (1905) analytic in so far as "On Denoting" is a paradigm of analytic philosophy as critique of language. Taking a broader concept of analytic philosophy we may call their philosophies in that period analytic, however, because at that time Moore and Russell consider analysis a fruitful method in philosophy. For them, the analysis of thought is possible through the analysis of language or through the analysis of our acts and their objects. This notion of analysis does not set off analytic philosophy against phenomenology or descriptive psychology. My aim is to show that the transition from idealism to analytic philosophy was much smoother than is sometimes believed, because the transition was prepared by continental and British theories of the mind. These theories of the mind we find both in philosophy and in psychology two fields that at the end of the nineteenth century were not separate. My thesis is historical: my aim is to show that twentieth century, British analytic philosophy emerged from a much broader field of philosophies than sometimes is believed. Contemporary philosophy can profit from the ideas in this broader field from which analytic philosophy originated, for example, in the theory of wholes and parts, in the way we think that analysis might still be a fruitful method for philosophy, and

Parts, wholes, and part-whole relations: The prospects of mereotopology

We can see mereology as a theory of parthood and topology as a theory of wholeness. How can the two be combined to obtain a unified theory of parts and wholes'? This paper examines three main ways of answering this question. On the first account, mereology and topology form two independent (though mutually related) domains. The second account grants priority to topology and characterizes mereology derivatively, by defining parthood in terms of wholeness (more specifically: connectedness). The third approach reverses the order, exploiting the idea that wholeness (connectedness) can be explained in terms of parthood along with other predicates or relations. The analysis and comparison of these strategies is mostly formal (and within the confines of standard first-order theories), but their relevance to spatio-temporal reasoning and representation is emphasized. Some more speculative strategies and directions for further research, such as the development of a unified framework based on a single mereotopological primitive of connected parthood, are also briefly considered.

The Presence of Husserl's Theory of Wholes and Parts in Heidegger's Phenomenology

L'A. mesure le role de la theorie et de la terminologie husserliennes du tout et de la partie dans le projet phenomenologique developpe par Heidegger a travers l'analytique du Dasein dans «Etre et temps» et a travers la conception structurale du temps dans les cours de Marbourg. Examinant la question concrete de l'etre, l'A. montre que la confirmation pre-ontologique du Dasein s'effectue par la reconnaissance d'un tout existentiel (l'etre-pour-le-monde) compose de moments structuraux (temporalite)

Applications and limits of mereology. from the theory of parts to the theory of wholes

Applications and limits of mereology. from the theory of parts to the theory of wholes

Sketch for a Phenomenology of Dreaming

AbstractDreaming as lived experience qualifies as intentional life, despite its strangeness. Yet the dream-phenomena themselves receive little direct clarification consistent with Edmund Husserl's major work on conscious intentionality. With fundamental accomplishments of Husserlian phenomenology in play, how could a study of these neglected appearances begin? First it is necessary to describe the essential relevant Husserlian concepts. From Husserl's descriptions in his phenomenological psychology, his analysis of internal time-consciousness, and his theory of wholes and parts in Logical Investigations, the sense of intentionality as a streaming indivisible nexus, a double continuity of inseparable wholeness, becomes evident. Immersed in this self-awareness, we do not find it difficult to access dream-appearances and account for their connection in intentional life. A claim can be made for their presentational objectivity as well as for their "gnomonic" subjectivity. A systematic sketch of their typology or fundamental structure is thus possible without reducing dream-intentionality to something other than itself. Hence, a Husserlian sense of conscious lived experience is first presented. Dream evidence is then considered, despite possible bewilderment, in order to provide a clue to an extended sense of both subjectivity and objectivity. Lines toward a development of dream typicality are thereby indicated.

DAVID BOHM, POSTMODERNISM, AND THE DIVINE

Abstract. This is an exposition and critique of physicist David Bohm's theory of wholeness and the implicate order in light of the wider emerging postmodern consciousness. Postmodernity is defined primarily as advocacy for wholistic thinking over against the alleged fragmentation characteristic of the modern mind since Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton. When Bohm attempts to unite all things in the explicate order with his implicate “multidimensional ground,” theological questions are raised and, in this article, addressed. The thesis is advanced that there is no whole which presently exists, meaning that the future is presently open, and that the unity of the cosmos awaits the eschatological act of God.

Simulation, Sensitivity, and Management Decision Rules

A WHOLE theory of business organization and communication was made unnecessary by early economists who assumed that businessmen would automatically act to minimize total costs at any level of output. This minimal concept provided later theorists with the means to build up an elaborate theory of marginal analysis upon the implicit assumption that managers know how to, and can, organize their resources efficiently at any reasonable level of output in both the long and the short run. Little attention has been paid to problems of optimal company organization in ways that take into account factor interdependence, immeasurability, incompleteness, and ineffectiveness of practical working rules, imperfect co-ordination, and so on. Here an attempt will be made to show how the uncritical use of some well-accepted management decision rules derived from economic analyses may lead to incorrect and costly actions. Practical examples will be used to show how under certain conditions the models of behavior and rough estimates of pertinent parameters can lead to suggestions that relate to the question of when to spend time and money collecting and interpreting business information.