Whole Soybean Research Articles

Apparent total tract digestibility and palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of whole soybeans by dogs.

Fat has high energy density and is considered one of the primary energy sources for dogs, however, increasing fat level in dry dog food has been challenging due to the lubrication and limitation of the coating system. The objective was to determine the effect of whole soybeans (WSB) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability by dogs. The corn gluten meal, chicken fat, and brewers rice were replaced by WSB at 10, 20, and 30% (WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively) in the base diet (WSB0). Twelve beagles were randomly assigned. The digestibility trial was duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design where dogs were allowed a 9-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Least-square means were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test by 20 beagles for 2 d with each WSB diet compared to the WSB0. First choice preference between two diets and total food consumption were recorded. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake) for each dog. First choice (FC) was analyzed by a Chi-square probability, and the diet consumption was compared by a Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way analysis of variance. Fecal moisture, output, and defecation frequency increased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dogs fed the increased level of WSB. The fresh fecal pH in dogs decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB content increased. The acetate, propionate, and the total short-chain fatty acid concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05) while the total branched-chain fatty acid concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Dogs had greater (P < 0.05) FC for WSB diets than WSB0, but there was no difference among treatments for diet consumption and IR. In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility of WSB. The stool quality and palatability were not affected, and fermentation in hindgut increased by WSB by dogs.

Extrusion and product parameters for extruded dog diets with graded levels of whole soybeans

Increasing the fat amount of the ration during extrusion can negatively affect product density and product expansion. Ingredients, like whole soybeans (WSB), which are high in fat may increase energy density while avoiding production issues. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of WSB on extrusion and product characteristics of dry expanded dog food. Experimental diets were extruded with 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/kg, as fed WSB. The processing conditions during extrusion were kept constant across all treatments. Processing outputs, trypsin inhibitor, urease, and phytic acid concentrations were analyzed. Single degree of freedom contrasts were used for statistical analysis and significance at α = 0.05. As WSB increased, the extruder load, die pressure and temperature, and specific mechanical energy (SME) decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The bulk density of the products increased linearly (P < 0.05) while the kibble sectional expansion index (SEI) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as WSB increased. Post-extrusion, trypsin inhibitor and urease activity decreased, but trypsin inhibitor was not eliminated. In conclusion, the increased inclusion level of WSB changed processing conditions and outputs as a result of the intrinsic and intact fat content. Increasing energy input in processing may destroy anti-nutritional factors completely when WSB are included in diets.

111 Organic Matter Disappearance and Production of Short- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids from Whole Soybeans and Selected Fiber Sources Used in pet Foods by a Canine in Vitro Fermentation Model

Abstract Soluble fiber can be fermented by microflora in the colon resulting in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. SCFA can be used as an energy source for the host, enterocytes, colonocytes, and immune cells, supporting cell differentiation and gut health. An in vitro model has been used to predict the colonic fermentability of fibers. Whole soybean (WSB) contains oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides that may behave as beneficial fermentable substrates. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of WSB oligosaccharides on in vitro fermentation using dog feces as inoculum. Treatments included total dietary fiber residues from WSB, soy hull (SH), pea fiber (PF), beet pulp (BP), soybean oligosaccharides (WSBOS), and raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose (WSBRSV). The fecal samples were collected from three Beagle dogs and maintained in anaerobic conditions until dilution and substrate inoculation. Test tubes containing enzymatic pretreated fiber sources and inoculum were incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours at 39°C. Organic matter disappearance (OMD), pH, and SCFA were determined for each fiber source and time point. The data were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear model procedure (SAS, v 9.4). Least square mean differences were assessed using Tukey’s post hoc test. WSBOS and WSBRSV had greater OMD and butyrate than BP (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 43.59 and 60.18% vs 40.96% OMD; 293.33 and 266.67 vs 130umol/g, respectively). BP and WSBRSV had the lowest pH (6.66 and 6.74, respectively) at 12 h (P &amp;lt; 0.05). WSB had similar butyrate compared with BP (average 118umol/g). PF and SH were poorly fermented with the least OMD (18.59% and 20.45%, respectively) and butyrate (46.67umol/g and 66.67umol/g, respectively) compared with other fiber sources. In conclusion, soybean oligosaccharides were highly fermentable and produced the greatest amount of butyrate, and WSB was moderately fermentable compared to the BP.

PSV-B-22 Evaluation of whole soybeans as an ingredient in dog diets: Canine palatability of extruded diets with graded levels of dehulled whole soybeans

Abstract Increasing the amount of liquid fat in the ration during extrusion can negatively affect product density and product expansion. High-fat ingredients, such as whole soybeans (WSB), may increase energy density while avoiding production issues. In a preliminary extrusion project, the addition of graded levels of WSB on food processing was evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of incremental addition of whole soybeans in dry dog food on palatability. Experimental diets were extruded with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% WSB (WSB0, WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively). Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test by beagle dogs (n = 20) for 2 days with each WSB diet compared to the WSB0. First choice preference and total food consumption were recorded for each dog. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake). First choice (FC) was analyzed by a Chi2 probability, and the consumption of each diet was compared by a Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way analysis of variance (2-way ANOVA). Dogs had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) first choice for WSB diets relative to the WSB0, but there was no significant difference among treatments for the food consumption and intake ratio. When comparing WSB0 to WSB10, FC occurred in 13/40 occasions (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The FC for WSB0 occurred in 12/40 occasions compared to WSB20 and in 11/40 occasions compared to WSB30 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Overall, dogs favored WSB diets over the control diet showing a higher score in the indication of aroma, but this did not result in higher consumption. In conclusion, palatability was not affected by the inclusion of WSB in the dry dog food.

PSV-B-21 Evaluation of whole soybeans as an ingredient in dog diets: Apparent total tract digestibility and stool quality of extruded diets with graded levels of dehulled whole soybeans by dogs

Abstract Increasing the amount of liquid fat to the ration during extrusion can negatively affect product density and product expansion. Ingredients, like whole soybeans (WSB), which are high in fat may aid increased energy density while avoiding production issues. In a preliminary extrusion project, the effects on the process of foods were evaluated, followed by animal evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dehulled WSB on nutrient digestibility and stool quality by dogs. Experimental diets were extruded with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% WSB (WSB0, WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively). Seven castrated male and three spayed female Beagles of similar age (6.25 ± 0.452 years) were individually housed and fed the experimental diets. The study was designed as replicated 4 × 4 Latin square where dogs were allowed 9-d adaptation followed by 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets (0.4%) to serve as an indigestible dietary marker to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Least-square means of fecal parameters and ATTD were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. There was no difference among treatments for food intake or fecal scores. However, there were linear increases (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in DM fecal output, as is fecal output, fecal moisture, and defecation frequency stools/day as WSB increased in the diets. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and gross energy decreased linearly as dogs were fed increasing levels of WSB in the diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility, although stool quality was not affected by the inclusion of WSB.

Bioactive compounds, biological activity, and starch digestibility of dried soy residues from the soybean oil industry and the effects of hot-air drying.

Soybean residue is a by-product from the soy industry. It is rich in protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and bioactive compounds but it is still underutilized as a food ingredient. The aim of the present study was to investigate the bioactive components, biological activity, and starch digestibility of soybean residues collected from the soybean oil industry (SOI) and the laboratory (SOL), and the effects of hot-air drying on the treated residues. The predominant phenolic acids were protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, and the major flavonoids were rutin, daidzein, and genistein. After hot-air drying, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and isoflavone content of dried SOI and SOL increased significantly, in comparison with untreated whole soybean (WSB), SOI, and SOL. Daidzein of dried SOI and SOL increased from 63 to 510 mg kg-1 dry weight. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values increased almost twofold in comparison with SOI and SOL. The antioxidant compounds in untreated and treated soy-residue extracts were the most efficient in inhibiting α-amylase. The phenolics and flavonoids caused starch digestion to reduce from 6.6% to 2.7%. The correlations, involving phenolic compounds (including phenolics, flavonoids, and isoflavones), demonstrated that the different phenolic extracts showed different antioxidant properties, which played an important role in soy oil-residue phenolic fractions. We suggest that soy oil residues could be used as ingredients in functional foods because of their health-promoting attributes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Consecutive soybean (Glycine max) planting and covering improve acidified tea garden soil.

Planting soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in tea gardens decreased soil pH in theory but increased it in practice. This controversy was addressed in this study by treating the tea garden soil consecutively with different parts of a soybean cover crop: aboveground soybean (ASB) parts, underground soybean (USB) root residues, and the whole soybean (WSB) plants. In comparison with the control, the soil pH increased significantly after the third ASB and WSB treatments, but there was no significant change in the soil pH in the USB treatment. Concordantly, the soil exchangeable acidity decreased significantly and the soil exchangeable bases increased significantly in the ASB and WSB treatments. The exchangeable acidity increased in the USB treatment, but the amount of the increased acidity was less than that of the increased bases in the ASB treatment, resulting in a net increase in the exchangeable bases in the WSB treatment. Soybean planting and covering also increased the microbial richness and abundance significantly, which led to significantly more soil organic matters. Exchangeable K+ and Mg2+, and soil organic matters played significantly positive roles and exchangeable Al3+ played negative roles in improving soil pH. Our data suggest that consecutive plantings of soybean cover crop increase the pH of the acidified tea garden soil.

Protected or Unprotected Fat Addition for Feedlot Lambs: Feeding Behavior, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality

Simple SummaryThe use of lipids in ruminant diets aims to increase energy density without affecting the animal’s performance; however, its use can be toxic to the ruminal microbiota, which can be avoided with the use of protected fats. Diets with the inclusion of different fat sources (whole soybean grain, corn germ, calcium salt of fatty acids, and soybean oil) were tested to evaluate the effects of unprotected or protected fats on feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, and quality of the meat of feedlot lambs. The use of calcium salts from fatty acids in feedlot lambs’ diets improves the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass and meat.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of protected or unprotected fats in the diet of feedlot lambs on feeding behavior, productive characteristics, carcass traits, and meat quality. Forty male Dorper × Santa Inês lambs (22.27 ± 2.79 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted of five diets: no added fat (NAF), whole soybeans (WSB), calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA), soybean oil (SO), and corn germ (CG). The total intake of dry matter (DMI) (p < 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) (p = 0.010) were higher in the CSFA and NAF diets. Feeding behavior, morphometric measurements, physicochemical characteristics, and centesimal composition of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were similar between treatments (p > 0.05). The CSFA diet provided higher production (p < 0.05) and better-quality carcasses. The inclusion of fat sources increased the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). The use of calcium salts of fatty acids in feedlot lambs’ diets provides better quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the meat and carcass.

Effect of soybean oil availabilities on rumen biohydrogenation and duodenal flow of fatty acids in beef cattle fed a diet with crude glycerine

ABSTRACTSoybean oil with different ruminal availability (whole soybeans (WS), soybean oil (SO) and calcium salts (CS)) was used to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) intake, rumen biohydrogenation (BH) and duodenal flow of FA in Nellore steers fed diets with crude glycerine (CG). Eight castrated Nellore steers were fitted with a ruminal and duodenal silicone cannula, and distributed in a double, simultaneous, Latin square 4 × 4 design with four diets and four experimental periods. Concentrates contained ground maize, urea, mineral salts, CG (100 g/kg DM) and soybean products with different availability of soybean oil: (1) no additional fat (CO), (2) WS, (3) SO or (4) CS. Fat supplementation was fixed to obtain 50 g ether extract/kg DM. Experimental treatments had no effect on DM intake, DM duodenal flow or ruminal turnover rate of C:16 FA. However, fat addition increased C:18 and turnover rates of total FA rumen (p < 0.05). CS resulted in lower C:18 turnover rates and lower ruminal BH of monounsaturated and unsaturated FA (UFA) than WS (p < 0.05). SO resulted in a greater duodenal flow of C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:1t-11 (vaccenic acid) and saturated FA than the WS and CS diets (p < 0.05). CS resulted in a higher duodenal flow of C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid) than WS (p < 0.05). The association of CG and calcium salts in Nellore steers was the best nutritional strategy to increase duodenal flow of healthier UFA, which may increase the deposition of these FA in meat. However, SO associated with CG association increased the duodenal flow of vaccenic acid, which is main precursor of endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids in tissues.

Characteristics of carcass and meat of heifers finished on pasture amended with different supplement frequency and soybean oil source

Our objective was to investigate the effects of supplements with soybean oil source, administered either daily or three times per week, on meat quality and carcass characteristics of heifers finished on pasture. Forty-two crossbred heifers aged 17 ± 3 mo with an initial mean body weight (BW) of 297.1 ± 13.5 kg were selected for pasture finishing. The animals were randomly assigned to six treatments. Each treatment consisted of two feeding frequencies, daily (DAI; seven times per week, supplemented at 0.75% BW) or alternating (MWF; three times per week, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, supplemented at 1.75% BW on each day), and three different soybean oil sources: soybean oil (SO), rumen-protected fat (RPF), and whole soybean (WS). There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between the feeding frequencies and soybean oil source on meat quality and carcass characteristics. Supplements with WS resulted in a greater C18:0 concentration in the longissimus muscle compared with those with SO or RPF (P = 0.02). Supplem...

Supplementation with lipid sources alters the ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow of fatty acids in grazing Nellore steers

Lipid supplementation may adversely affect rumen fermentation, microbial abundance, nutrient utilization and the duodenal flow of fatty acids (FA). In a 5×5 Latin square design, 10 Nellore steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas (292±28kg BW) were fed one of the five following dietary lipid sources in the concentrate, as follow: (1) no additional fat (WF); (2) palm oil (PO) derived from the Palmaceae plant Orbignya oleifera; (3) linseed oil (LO); (4) protected fat (PF); and (5) whole soybeans (WS). The dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for the animals supplemented with WF than for those supplemented with PO, PF, and WS. The DM digestibility was 11% greater for the animals in the WF group than for those in the PO group. The animals in the PO group had greater duodenal flows of capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) saturated fatty acids (SFA) than did animals in the other groups. The amount of flows of vaccenic acid and total unsaturated acids (UFA) was greater with LO supplementation. The unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biohydrogenation ratio was greater in the animals supplemented with WS than in those supplemented with PO, LO, and PF. The acetate: propionate ratio was lower in the animals supplemented with PO and LO, at 2.9 and 3.0, respectively. The ruminal flow of particles and rate of fiber degradation were lower with PO supplementation. The proportion of archaea was reduced with the inclusion of PO, LO and PF. PO supplementation resulted in lower total apparent NDF digestibility than did WF, PF, and WS supplementation. Therefore, LO, PF and WS can be used as dietary supplements for grazing cattle without impairing fermentation. The inclusion of PO in the diets of grazing cattle may reduce the number of methanogens and alter fiber utilization.

Effects of whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of lactating dairy cows

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows (133.0 ± 53.1 days in milk, 585.2 ± 54.2 kg of BW and 32.22 ± 5.32 kg/day of milk) were used in six 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-day periods. The cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets: control (CT), diet without oilseed inclusion; whole soybean (WS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole raw soybean (diet DM basis); and whole cottonseed (WCS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole cottonseed (diet DM basis). Dietary supplementation with WS or WCS had no effect on milk yield and composition. DM and non-fibre carbohydrate intake were decreased in cows fed WS and WCS when compared with CT; however, WS and WCS increased ether extract intake and digestibility. The WCS decreased DM, crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrate intake when compared with WS. Cows fed WCS had higher ruminal pH than those fed WS or CT. Cows fed WS showed higher propionate concentration than cows fed WCS. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased when cows were fed WS compared with those fed CT or WCS. The partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with WS or WCS in diets of mid-lactating dairy cows decreased DM intake and altered ruminal fermentation, but did not affect milk yield and composition.

Effect of Lipid Sources with Different Fatty Acid Profiles on Intake, Nutrient Digestion and Ruminal Fermentation of Feedlot Nellore Steers.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight±27 kg) were distributed in a duplicated 5×5 Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

Processed whole grain and soybean byproducts in diets for broiler chickens

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaca e cortes nobres, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e viabilidade economica em racoes para frangos de corte no periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, alimentados com dietas contendo oleo de soja degomado, soja integral extrusada e soja semi-integral extrusada. Foram utilizados 360 frangos de corte, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (racao controle; racao com adicao de oleo de soja degomado; racao com adicao de soja integral extrusada; racao contendo soja semi-integral extrusada), cinco repeticoes e 18 aves por boxe. Na fase de 22 a 33 dias de idade, as aves alimentadas com racoes contendo soja semi-integral extrusada, apresentaram o menor ganho de peso e indice de eficiencia produtiva. No periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, aquelas que receberam a racao controle e racao contendo oleo de soja degomado obtiveram melhor conversao alimentar. Aos 42 dias de idade, os frangos alimentados com a racao controle, tiveram maiores pesos absolutos da carcaca e menor porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Em racoes para frangos de corte no periodo de 22 a 42 dias de idade, a utilizacao da soja integral extrusada aumenta a gordura abdominal, e a soja semi-integral extrusada prejudica a conversao alimentar, com menor peso absoluto de carcaca e margem bruta. O uso do oleo de soja degomado proporciona melhor conversao alimentar e menor custo de producao das aves, o que viabiliza sua inclusao em racoes para estes animais.

Effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and methane emissions of feedlot Nellore steers1

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lipids with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and enteric CH4 emission of Nellore steers. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial BW of 419 ± 11 kg (at 15 ± 2 mo) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a DM basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without additional fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The lipid source significantly affected (P < 0.05) nutrient intake. The greatest intakes of DM, OM, and CP were observed in the animals that were fed the WF or PF diets, and the lowest intakes were observed in the animals that were fed the PO diet. Intake of NDF decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of PO. Enteric methane emission (g/kg DMI) was reduced by an average of 30% when the animals were fed diets containing WS, LO, and PO (P < 0.05), and these diets caused a larger reduction in the energy loss in the form of methane compared to those without added fat and with added PF (3.3 vs. 4.7%). The different fatty acid profiles did not affect the backfat thickness or the loin eye area of the animals (P > 0.05). However, animals fed PO displayed lower daily weight gain (0.36 kg/d), feed efficiency (0.08 kg ADG/kg DM), HCW (245 kg), and hot yield percentage (52.6%) compared to animals that were fed the other diets. Therefore, PO compared to the other lipid sources used in this study reduces intake, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass yield. Therefore, PO is not suggested for feedlot-finished animals.

The Effect of Soy Protein Beverages on Serum Cell Adhesion Molecule Concentrations in Prehypertensive/Stage 1 Hypertensive Individuals

Objective: Prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals are at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), in part because hypertension contributes to endothelial dysfunction and increased cell adhesion molecule expression. Soy protein and isoflavones may favorably alter CVD risk factors, and hence the aim of this study was to determine whether intake of cow's milk compared with soy beverage prepared from whole soy bean (WSB) or soy protein isolate (SPI) would lower soluble cell adhesion molecule concentrations as a means of decreasing CVD risk.Methods: We enrolled healthy prehypertensive/stage 1 hypertensive men (n = 60; 18–63 years) and premenopausal women (n = 8; 20–48 years). Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 8 weeks: cow's milk (600 mL/d), SPI beverage (840 mL/d; 30.1 mg total isoflavones/d), or WSB beverage (840 mL/d; 91.4 mg total isoflavones/d). We measured soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin) concentrations at baseline and week 8.Results: Soluble CAM concentrations were not altered by treatment and did not differ between prehypertensive and hypertensive participants. However, analysis of variance indicated a treatment × gender interaction (gender effect) for ICAM-1 (p = 0.0037) but not for E-selectin (p = 0.067) or VCAM-1 (p = 0.16). Men had higher concentrations of ICAM-1 and E-selectin, respectively, at baseline (p = 0.0071, p = 0.049) and week 8 (p = 0.0054, p = 0.038) than women did.Conclusion: Neither intake of cow's milk nor soy beverage for 8 weeks altered soluble CAM concentrations in prehypertensive/stage 1 hypertensive individuals, suggesting that neither type of beverage diminished atherosclerotic CVD risk in mildly hypertensive individuals by way of improving circulating CAM concentrations.

Evaluation of the nutritional and sensory quality of functional breads produced from whole wheat and soya bean flour blends

The use of whole wheat and soybean flour blends in the production of functional breads was studied. The flour blends of whole wheat and soybean were composites at replacement levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40% while the whole wheat flour bread (sample A) served as control. The proximate composition of the various flour blends used for the preparation of the breads were determined using standard methods. The bread loaves were produced using the straight-dough procedure and were subsequently evaluated for their nutritional composition and sensory attributes. The physico-chemical analyses results obtained showed an increase in the range of 11.0% for moisture, 4.37% for protein, 2.40% for fat, 2.35% for crude fibre, 0.85% for ash and a decrease in carbohydrate and energy contents by 20.92 and 44.60% respectively. There was also a decrease in bread volume and dough expansion by 64.50 and 13.0% respectively, with progressive inclusion of the soybean flour. The sensory analysis showed that there was no significant difference observed between the whole wheat bread and the soy bread samples in the sensory attributes of crust colour and crumb appearance, While significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in texture, flavour and overall preference respectively. It was concluded that a substitution of 10% soy flour into wheat flour gave the bread with the best overall quality acceptability. Key words: Whole wheat, soybeans, composite flour, functional bread, physico-chemical composition, sensory attributes.

Effect of Soy Protein on Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive/Stage 1 Hypertensive Adults

Research is mixed on the BP lowering effect of soy protein. However, even if such effects are modest, reductions in hypertension‐related mortality and morbidity in the population could be significant. Thus, the aims were to determine if daily intake of soy milk made from whole soy beans (WSB) or soy protein isolate (SPI) for 8 weeks reduces BP compared to cow's milk (CM) and if the nature of soymilk, WSB (Silk) or SPI (8th Continent) has a bearing on the degree of effect in pre‐/Stage I hypertensives. Participants (n=68) consumed the randomly assigned beverage equal to 21 g of protein/d in this single‐blind study. BP was measured in‐house using the recommended office assessment and with a 24‐hr ambulatory BP monitor at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Data analysis shows that while baseline BP did not differ across groups, responses to treatment differed based on the method used to assess BP. In‐house data showed significant improvements in systolic BP (SBP) for all groups and in diastolic BP (DBP) for only the CM group. Ambulatory data showed a significant improvement in DBP for only the CM group. Ambulatory BP likely provides more insight about overall BP because 1) measures are taken every 15 min for 24 h and 2) it also overcomes “whitecoat syndrome” (inflation of BP due to testing environment). Overall, soy protein did not have a greater effect in lowering BP compared to milk protein, and no difference between WSB and SPI was noted.

Effect of extrusion on in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein from different feedstuffs

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effect of extruding maize, barley, whole soybean (WSB), peas, lupins and soybean meal (SBM) on their in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of the rumen undegraded protein (RUP) was studied. Two mixtures containing 0.75 WSB or lupins and 0.25 maize were also formulated.RESULTS: Extrusion of maize resulted in an increase of its effective protein degradability from 0.538 to 0.734 (P &lt; 0.001), whereas the opposite occurred with barley (from 0.854 to 0.797; P &lt; 0.001). Extrusion increased the in vitro digestibility of the RUP of both cereals, increasing therefore the amount of barley crude protein (CP) digested in the intestines (PDI) from 62 to 176 g kg−1 CP (P &lt; 0.01), whereas maize resulted in lower (332 versus 229 g kg−1 CP; P &lt; 0.01). Extrusion decreased (P &lt; 0.001) the protein degradability of the three legume seeds and increased (P &lt; 0.001) the in vitro digestibility of the RUP, resulting in a PDI increase (P &lt; 0.001), from 60 to 367 g kg−1 CP for peas, from 69 to 265 g kg−1 CP for WSB and from 107 to 205 g kg−1 CP for lupins. This effect was enhanced when WSB was extruded jointly with maize. The extrusion of SBM also resulted in an increase in the PDI from 296 to 384 g kg−1 CP (P &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSION: Extrusion decreases the rumen protein degradability of legume seeds, soybean meal and barley, and increases the digestibility of the RUP, resulting in an increase in the feed protein digested in intestine. The extrusion of soybean seeds together with maize enhances these effects. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Suplementação de lipídios em dietas para cabras em lactação: consumo e eficiência de utilização de nutrientes

O efeito de diferentes formas de suplementação lipídica sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, a produção de leite e a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes em cabras lactantes foi testado com a inclusão de óleo de soja (OS), sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (SC) e grão de soja (GS) na dieta. Foram utilizadas 24 cabras lactantes, alocadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta controle (C), com 2,2% de EE e isenta de lipídio suplementar, e de três outras dietas, adicionadas de um dos suplementos testados, contribuindo com 4,5% de EE suplementar. O consumo voluntário e a produção de leite foram monitorados diariamente no período de 51 a 138 dias de lactação. Os consumos de MS (CMS), FDN (CFDN) e NDT (CNDT) e energia líquida (CEL) foram reduzidos com a suplementação com OS e GS. Os suplementos reduziram os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MO, PB e CT. O tratamento OS reduziu a digestibilidade da FDN e o GS, a digestibilidade dos CNF. O tratamento GS diminuiu as produções de leite e dos constituintes do leite (gordura e proteína). Os suplementos reduziram a produção de lactose, mas não influenciaram as concentrações dos constituintes do leite. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os valores de eficiência líquida de uso da EM consumida para produção de leite (k l) obtidos nos tratamentos com adição de lipídios em relação à dieta controle. O balanço e a retenção de nitrogênio não foram afetados pela suplementação.