Whole Cow's Milk Research Articles

Lactose hydrolysis in sheep and cow milk with varying fat levels to evaluate enzymatic production of lactulose

AbstractThis study aimed to perform lactose hydrolysis using free and immobilised β-galactosidase in cow and sheep milk with different fat levels, followed by lactulose synthesis through the isomerisation of glucose to fructose using immobilised glucose isomerase. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in lactose hydrolysis (>95%) using the free enzyme in the different types of milk. In contrast, significant differences were observed for the hydrolysis of whole cow milk (WCM) and skimmed cow milk (SCM) with the immobilised enzyme (IE). WCM required a longer hydrolysis time (43 h). Thus, the fat content may have affected the lactose hydrolysis of bovine milk with immobilised β-galactosidase. No difference was observed for whole sheep milk and skimmed sheep milk hydrolysed by IE, possibly due to the presence of smaller fat globules, which did not affect the lactose hydrolysis. No significant differences were observed for lactulose synthesis in whole milk from the different species evaluated. The lactulose synthesis in cow and sheep milk by the enzymatic route may be a promising alternative, though further studies are required to optimise the production of this prebiotic in situ.

EFFECT OF OHMIC HEATING TREATMENT ON DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF WHOLE COW MILK

Ohmic heating is a unique thermal technology in which an electrical current is passed through a food product, causing heat to be generated. This alternative heating process was investigated in terms of energy efficiency and high quality method for a batch quantity of whole cow milk. The study's major goal is to show that it is possible to develop a heater that successfully pasteurizes milk on a laboratory scale. Before and after ohmic and conventional heating procedures, chemical characteristics (such as protein, acidity as lactic acid, fat, and solid non-fat), alkaline phosphatase, and microbial counts (such as total bacteria count and E. coli) of the milk were examined. When the maximum voltage gradient (19.13 V/cm) was used, the protein content of pasteurized milk remained unaltered. The fat level remained consistent at 5.10 % across all pasteurization methods. Both conventional and ohmic heating inactivated alkaline phosphatase and microorganisms. Different voltage gradients of 6.08 V/cm, 9.56 V/cm, and 19.13 V/cm were also studied to see what effect they would have on the ohmically heated milk's electrical properties (such as electrical conductivity and current).

EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID MILK ON THE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SUCKLING BUFFALO CALVES. 2- AT POSTWEANING

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using synthetic liquid milk (LM) in combination with whole cow milk (WCM) in replacing of the whole buffalo milk (WBM) during pre-weaning on growth performance of buffalo calves during post weaning. Twelve newly born buffalo calves (9 males and 3 females) were divided randomly according to their body weight and sex into three similar groups with average body weight 42.13 kg at the beginning of the first part of this study which published by Mona et al. (2014). Mean live body weight at the beginning of the 2nd experiment was 100.51, 98.16 and 92.63 kg and aged 98, 105 and 84 days at weaning of treatments G1: 100% of allowances from WBM (control), G2: 75% of allowances from WCM plus 25% LM, and G3: 50% of allowances from WCM plus 50% LM had given during pre-weaning period in the first experimental. Over the 2nd experiment all animal groups were fed according to Kearl (1982), concentrate feed mixture (CFM 1) (16% CP and 70%TDN), berseem hay and rice straw (70: 25: 5%) from weaning weight up to 150 kg of live body weight (1st period) and fed concentrate fed mixture (CFM 2) (14% CP and65% TDN), berseem hay and rice straw (60: 25: 15%) from 150 kg up to 250 kg of live body weight (2nd period).Results indicated that during the 1st period of post weaning, G3 recorded significant higher (P<0.05) daily feed intake as DMI and TDN, digestibility of DM and CP, total gain and daily gain than those of other treatments. While those fed G3 or (G2) recorded significant higher CF digestibility than those in (G1). On the other hand, G2 showed the longest period at age during the first period. Concerning the results during the 2nd period at post weaning, there were no significant differences among treatments respecting daily feed intake, feed conversion, digestibility coefficients, live body weight and daily gain. Also, calves in G3 showed the shortest period of age in second period, while the animals fed G1 showed that the highest (P<0.05) values of total gain, and the lowest one was recorded for G2 ration. Data of economic efficiency during overall experimental period indicated that the most expensive daily feeding cost was recorded for group G3 or G1, compared with G2. While, price of daily weight gain of calves fed G3 or G1 were higher than those of G2 group. The same trend respecting relative return and economic efficiency was found. The best relative return and economic efficiency were obtained by calves fed G3, followed by G1, while G2 recorded the lowest return and economic efficiency. This may help farmers to keep up and care of suckling buffalo calves and not sell them and such regime could help to alleviate the problem of milk and beef shortage in Egypt.

Milk-induced wheezing in children with asthma

BackgroundFood allergy has been gaining increasing attention, mostly as causing gastrointestinal and cutaneous reactions. Its role in asthma seems to be under-recognised. ObjectivesThis study's aim is to explore the frequency of involvement of a common food, namely cow's milk, in childhood asthma. Methods32 children (5 months to 11 years; median 24 months; mean 34 months) with asthma and a suspected history of cow's milk allergy were studied. They underwent skin prick testing (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) testing to whole cow's milk (WCM), casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin, followed by single-blind oral milk challenge. ResultsReactions to milk challenge occurred in 12 (37.5%) including wheezing in 5 (41.7%, or 15.6% of the whole group). Children who developed wheezing at the time of challenge were younger than those who had negative challenge (23.0 months vs. 34.8 months). Challenge was positive in 33.3% of subjects who had a positive SPT, and SPT was positive in 50% of challenge-positive subjects. Regarding sIgE, challenge was positive in 26.7% of sIgE-positive subjects, and sIgE was positive in 33.3% of challenge positive subjects. Skin or serum testing with individual protein fractions did not seem to add significant advantage over testing with WCM alone. ConclusionThis study shows that cow's milk can cause wheezing in children with asthma. Although SPT seemed to be more reliable than sIgE testing, both had suboptimal reliability. It is worth considering possible milk allergy in children with asthma, particularly when poorly controlled in spite of proper routine management.

Soy milk as a storage medium to preserve human fibroblast cell viability: an in vitro study

Soy milk (SM) is widely consumed worldwide as a substitute for cow milk. It is a source of vitamins, carbohydrates and sugars, but its capacity to preserve cell viability has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of SM to maintain the viability of human fibroblasts at short periods compared with different cow milks. Human mouth fibroblasts were cultured and stored in the following media at room temperature: 10% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (positive control group); long shelf-life ultra-high temperature whole cow milk (WM); long shelf-life ultra-high temperature skim cow milk (SKM); powdered cow milk (PM); and soy milk (SM). After 5, 15, 30 and 45 min, cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-analysis using the Dunn's method (α=0.05). SKM showed the lowest capacity to maintain cell viability in all analyzed times (p<0.05). At 30 and 45 min, the absorbance levels in control group (DMEM) and SM were significantly higher than in SKM (p<0.05). Cell viability decreased along the time (5-45 min). The results indicate that SM can be used as a more adequate storage medium for avulsed teeth. SKM was not as effective in preserving cell viability as the cell culture medium and SM.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurt produce from ewe milk, goat milk and a mixture of ewe and goat milk

Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical and sensory acceptability of yoghurt produced from ewe, goat and a mixture of ewe milk and goat milk in Nigeria in order for the populace to harness the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of the milks. Methods: Samples of whole cow milk (WCM) as standard, goat milk (GM), ewe milk (EM) and mixture of goat milk and ewe milk (GM/EM) in 1:1 (v/v) ratio, obtained from a local dairy farm were used for yoghurt production. The milk samples were each pasteurized, inoculated with 5g/l of mixed cultures of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, fermented for 4h at 45oC, homogenized, before sugar and gelatin were added. The yoghurt samples were packed into sterile 200ml air tight plastic container, stored at 0oC for 24h and assayed for pH, titratable acidity, proximate composition, zinc, mg, Fe, Cu and sensory characteristics. Results: The yoghurt samples produced from GM, EM, and GM/EM had significantly (P Key words: Physicochemical and sensory characteristics, yoghurts ewe milk, goat milk, whole cow milk.

Efficacy of Meat and Iron-fortified Commercial Cereal to Prevent Iron Depletion in Cow Milk-fed Infants 6 to 12 Months of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To determine whether utilization of iron from infant cereal and pureed meat was sufficient to prevent iron depletion and/or anaemia in infants 6 to 12 months old fed whole cow milk (WCM) as their primary milk source.Six-month-old infants were randomized into a treatment group (n = 43) receiving iron-fortified infant cereal (10.2 mg iron), pureed meat (0.75-1.7 mg iron) and WCM for six months or a control group (n = 54) receiving no dietary intervention. Haemoglobin < 110 g/L or ferritin < 10 micrograms/L (measured bi-monthly), confirmed in a second blood sample, defined end-points.Proportion reaching end-point was similar between the treatment (3/43) and control infants (5/54) (p = 0.66). Infants not complying with the protocol were at greater risk of reaching end-point (p = 0.0002). Change in haemoglobin and ferritin across age was similar in both groups.Iron deficiency is not a concern in WCM-fed infants after six months of age if iron-containing complementary foods are concurrently ingested.

Gastrointestinal Blood Loss in Older Infants

SummaryConcerns that consumption of whole cow milk (WCM) by older infants may result in excessive gastrointestinal blood loss and subsequent iron deficiency led us to perform a prospective, randomized study in 104 infants. Infants were assigned to receive WCM beginning at 6 months or one of three formulas beginning at 4‐6 months of age and followed until 12 months of age. Gastrointestinal blood loss was similar for all groups, as determined by both qualitative (Hemoccult II) and quantitative testing (HemoQuant). There was no association between concentration of fecal hemoglobin and volume of WCM consumed or iron status by 12 months of age. Of eight infants (seven WCM, one formula) who became iron‐depleted, none had excessive fecal hemoglobin excretion. When pooled and analyzed regardless of feeding group, fecal hemoglobin increased with age and was greater at 11 and 12 months than at younger ages. We conclude that although infants fed WCM are at increased risk of developing iron depletion, the iron insufficiency is not due to gastrointestinal blood loss. We further conclude, based on our sample of normal infants age 4‐12 months, that fecal hemoglobin concentrations of 0.5‐0.8 mg/g stool correspond to the upper limits of normal, values much lower than in adults.

Gastrointestinal Blood Loss in Older Infants

Concerns that consumption of whole cow milk (WCM) by older infants may result in excessive gastrointestinal blood loss and subsequent iron deficiency led us to perform a prospective, randomized study in 104 infants. Infants were assigned to receive WCM beginning at 6 months or one of three formulas beginning at 4-6 months of age and followed until 12 months of age. Gastrointestinal blood loss was similar for all groups, as determined by both qualitative (Hemoccult II) and quantitative testing (HemoQuant). There was no association between concentration of fecal hemoglobin and volume of WCM consumed or iron status by 12 months of age. Of eight infants (seven WCM, one formula) who became iron-depleted, none had excessive fecal hemoglobin excretion. When pooled and analyzed regardless of feeding group, fecal hemoglobin increased with age and was greater at 11 and 12 months than at younger ages. We conclude that although infants fed WCM are at increased risk of developing iron depletion, the iron insufficiency is not due to gastrointestinal blood loss. We further conclude, based on our sample of normal infants age 4-12 months, that fecal hemoglobin concentrations of 0.5-0.8 mg/g stool correspond to the upper limits of normal, values much lower than in adults.

Comparative metabolic study of older infants fed infant formula, transition formula, or whole cow's milk

“Transition” or “follow-up” formulas are formulas distinct in composition from “starter” infant formulas and are used in feeding infants six months of age or older. We have performed metabolic balance studies in nine children between the ages of six and nine months using a randomized double blind cross- over design. Three diets were fed: a cow's milk-based “follow-up” formula (FUF), a standard cow's milk-based infant formula (IF), or whole cow's milk (WCM). Weight gain (g/day) was equivalent among the three groups. Fecal excretion of energy was higher on WCM than on the other two diets, with the only significant difference being between WCM and IF. Fecal excretion of fat was greater on WCM and FUF than IF (20.4%, 17.8%, and 8.4% respectively). Carbohydrate excretion and nitrogen retention were similar on all 3 formulas. Although always normal, serum albumin significantly decreased at the end of the FUF dietary period. Urine osmolality was abnormally high during the WCM period, but always within normal limits while on FUF or IF. Within the context of this study, the FUF had metabolic advantages when compared to WCM but not to the IF.

Whole Cow Milk Feeding Between 6 and 12 Months of Age? Go Back to 1976

In 1976, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that the non-breast-fed infant receive an iron-fortified proprietary formula during the entire first year of life.1 In 1983, the Committee on Nutrition reversed the previous recommendation and concluded, "If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods, whole cow milk may be introduced."2 The Committee, in their report, acknowledged the fact that "there are many unanswered questions concerning the use of whole cow milk in the second half year of life." I believe that we now have answers to some of these questions and that we should return to the original recommendation discouraging the use of whole cow milk (WCM) until infants have reached their first birthday. Studies performed since the 1983 report have demonstrated that the introduction of WCM prior to the first birthday is associated with an increased risk of occult gastrointestinal bleeding3 and an increased incidence of iron deficiency anemia.4,5 In addition, iron deficiency anemia in infants less than 1 year of age has been shown to be associated with cognitive and psychomotor impairment6-8; such impairment may not be correctable with iron therapy.7-9

Whole Cow Milk Feeding Between 6 and 12 Months of Age? Go Back to 1976

In 1976, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that the non-breast-fed infant receive an iron-fortified proprietary formula during the entire first year of life.1 In 1983, the Committee on Nutrition reversed the previous recommendation and concluded, If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods, whole cow milk may be introduced.2 The Committee, in their report, acknowledged the fact that there are many unanswered questions concerning the use of whole cow milk in the second half year of life. I believe that we now have answers to some of these questions and that we should return to the original recommendation discouraging the use of whole cow milk (WCM) until infants have reached their first birthday. Studies performed since the 1983 report have demonstrated that the introduction of WCM prior to the first birthday is associated with an increased risk of occult gastrointestinal bleeding3 and an increased incidence of iron deficiency anemia.4,5 In addition, iron deficiency anemia in infants less than 1 year of age has been shown to be associated with cognitive and psychomotor impairment6-8; such impairment may not be correctable with iron therapy.7-9

Cowʼs-Milk-Induced Erosive Gastritis in an Infant

A 3 1/2-month-old male infant presented with hematemesis due to erosive gastritis following whole-cow's-milk feeding. The presence of eosinophilic gastritis, the disappearance of symptoms after withdrawal of whole-cow's-milk feeding, and the association with facial eczema suggest that gastritis was induced by cow's milk. Cow's-milk intolerance should be considered in the etiologic differential diagnosis of hematemesis and gastritis in infancy.

INTESTINAL PROTEIN AND BLOOD LOSS IS INFANTS FED BREAST MILK, FORMULA, OR WHOLE COW'S MILK

"The appropriate age at which unheated, whole cow's milk (WCM) can be safely introduced into the infant diet is unknown and remains an area of controversy" (AAP Committee on Nutrition, 1983). Previous studies suggest that WCM is associated with an induced enteropathy in some infants, especially those under 6 months of age. However, the prevalence of intestinal damage which might result from WCM feedings has not been established in older infants. To examine this issue, we compared enteric protein and blood excretion in 332 healthy 6-12 month old infants fed breast milk (B), formula (F), or WCM in addition to solids. Fecal alpha-l-antitrypsin (FAlAT), a marker for enteric protein loss, and fecal hemoglobin (FH) concentrations were measured in random samples by radial immunodiffusion. Mean FAlAT (mg/g dry stool) ± SD are presented below:All above values are within the normal range (Gastroenterology 80:776, 1981). FAlAT did not change with age. Only 6 infants had measurable FH loss (≥3 mg/g dry stool). Diet was not a factor in FH loss.Although the biological significance of the differences observed in FAlAT excretion is conjectural, we conclude that subclinical intestinal damage is infrequent in WCM-fed healthy infants over 6 months of age.

Studies on iron metabolism: V. Further observations on cow's milk-induced gastrointestinal bleeding in infants with iron-deficiency anemia

By means of a sensitive radioisotopic, technique and alternating periods of controlled diet, 17 of 34 infants with iron-deficiency anemia were shown to have abnormal occult gastrointestinal blood loss which was induced by whole cow's milk (WCM), commonly associated with hypoproteinemia, and was ameliorated or, stopped by substitution of soya or proprietary milk formulas for the cow's milk feeding. In eight subjects the WCM-induced bleeding did not diminish despite iron therapy so long as WCM was ingested. Limited studies directly implicated bovine serum protein as a probable inciting agent and also demonstrated a correlation between the amount of milk ingested and the degree of bleeding. Follow-up studies on four of the subjects with previous WCM-induced bleeding suggest that the phenomenon may be transient, occurring in infancy, and likely related to development of gastrointestinal immunity. The relative incidence of such WCM-related hemorrhage has not been established, but in our over-all experience it appears to occur in approximately half of young children with iron-deficiency anemia who are ingesting a quart or more of homogenized-pasteurized cow's milk daily.