Whitish Vaginal Discharge Research Articles

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON SHWETA PRADARA

The term "Shweta pradara" refers to whitish vaginal discharge, with "Shweta" meaning white and "pradara" meaning discharge. While the term is not found in the primary classical texts, it has been used by commentators such as Cakrapani on the Charaka Samhita and Vrinda Madhava. White vaginal discharge is a common symptom in various gynaecological disorders linked to imbalances in kapha or vāta-kapha. It is a cardinal symptom in conditions such as Atyānanda, Karnini, Acarana, Aticarana, Slesmala, Upaplutā, and Prasramsini. It is prevalent among women of reproductive age and is often caused by infections. In the perimenopausal group, Shweta pradara warrants careful investigation to exclude dysplasia or malignancy. Proper treatment protocols and maintaining hygiene can effectively manage and alleviate this condition.

A Comparative Study to Assess Knowledge and Perception Regarding Leucorrhoea among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected Rural and Urban Areas of Ludhiana, Punjab

Leucorrhoea is a thick, whitish vaginal discharge. It is a symptom, not a disease. Subjectively and objectively it is an expression of some underlying disorder, either functional or organic. A comparative study was conducted to assess the knowledge and perception regarding leucorrhoea among 100 women of reproductive age group by using convenience sampling technique. The finding of the present study revealed that highly positive co- relation was found between knowledge and perception regarding leucorrhoea, r = 0.8 for rural area and r= 0.9 for urban area, indicated the highly positive co- relation between knowledge and perception regarding leucorrhoea. Hence it is further recommended to this study on large sample for better generalization. Similar study can be conductedby using qualitative approach using in-depth interviews and on OPD patients i.e. with leucorrhea.

CASE REPORT: A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR CYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE IN A DAIRY COW

A 5-year-old multiparous lactating Holstein cow was reported to have cystic ovarian disease with a history of whitish vaginal discharge on the 80th day postpartum. On the 83rd day postpartum, transrectal ultrasonography revealed a thick-walled cystic structure with visible cobwebs in the cavity, measuring 4.2[Formula: see text]cm × 3.4[Formula: see text]cm in diameter on the right ovary. The serum progesterone (P4) concentration was 6.82[Formula: see text]ng/mL, leading to a diagnosis of luteinized follicular cyst. Transvaginal aspiration of the cyst was performed to decrease the compression of ovarian stroma by the cyst, followed by intramuscular administrations of cloprostenol and buserelin. A 1.9[Formula: see text]cm diameter corpus luteum was detected on the right ovary nine days after aspiration, with a serum P4 concentration of 1.29[Formula: see text]ng/mL. Continual hormone treatment was followed, consisting of an injection of buserelin and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device inserted for seven days. After seven days, two corpora lutea were noted on the right ovary with an average diameter of 2.8[Formula: see text]cm and 1.8[Formula: see text]cm, respectively. The device was removed and the cow showed a P4 concentration of 11.22[Formula: see text]ng/mL on that day. Estrus induction was conducted with two low doses of cloprostenol followed by an injection of gonadorelin, to induce a complete luteolysis and the following ovulation to fit a fixed-timed artificial insemination (AI). Pregnancy was confirmed 33 days after AI. Although the number of days open was 102 in this case, it took a total of 19 days from treatment to pregnancy.

Colposcopic Findings for Detecting Pre-invasive Lesion of Cervix Among Visually Inspected Acetic Acid Positive Cases

Background: Cervical cancer-a preventable disease, is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among women of developing countries. Paps smear is the gold standard screening method worldwide. But a low-cost test, visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA) has been emerged as an alternative for use in lowresource settings. VIA is simple and easy to perform by auxiliary health professionals. Colposcopy is an essential procedure in the evaluation of screen positive cervix though it requires considerable training and experience. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the VIA positive cases by colposcopy, colposcopy guided biopsy and histopathological examination. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted among 100 VIA positive cases attended at GOPD of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2014 to December 2014. Colposcopy was performed in all VIA positive cases. Subsequent biopsy and histopathological examinations were done for those with colposcopic abnormal findings. Results: The mean age of the study population was 37.9±9.3 years. Among VIA positive cases 66.0% had complaints of whitish vaginal discharge. Among the study population, colposcopically 46.0% had healthy cervix (normal) and 54.0% had abnormal findings. Colposcopy guided biopsy was taken from those with abnormal findings. Histopathological findings were normal in 38.9% cases, chronic cervicitis in 20.37% cases, squamous cell metaplasia in 3.7% cases, CIN I in 16.7%, CIN II in11.11%, CIN III in 5.6% and 3.7% cases were carcinoma cervix. True positive value was 20, false positive value 34 and positive predictive value of colposcopy was 37.03%. Conclusion: This study concluded that VIA is effective in detection of CIN and invasive carcinoma of cervix. It also suggests the role of colposcopy in the evaluation of CIN and other cervical diseases in screen positive cases. VIA can be used as a screening tool in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh, not only in rural areas and small health centres, but also in hospitals, cancer institutes, and other health facilities with better resources. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2022; 48(1): 27-32

Young Female With Lower Abdominal Pain

A 17-year-old female patient without systemic disease presented to the emergency department because of lower abdominal pain for 1 day. Intermittent vaginal spotting was noted for 2 months. On physical examination, she was afebrile, with a pulse rate of 86 beats/min and blood pressure of 118/72 mm Hg. Whitish vaginal discharge without active bleeding was found on pelvic examination. Laboratory tests showed a positive urine pregnancy test result and an elevated serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 225,000 mIU/mL.

Клинический случай: на приеме пациентка с вульвовагинальным кандидозом

Case study of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis treated with medication containing dequalinium chloride as an active ingredient has been reported. Patient A. aged 26 complaining of vaginal and perineal burning, itching, as well as of profuse white, whitish vaginal discharge, was under observation. Vulvovaginal candidiasis was diagnosed based on the laboratory tests. After verifying the diagnosis the patient was prescribed a medication containing dequalinium chloride, with beneficial effect. No vaginal dysbiosis was reported after exposure to medication.

Perception about bacterial vaginosis: a common vaginal infection

The objective of the study was the perception of Bacterial vaginosis amongst female residents of Lagos State Nigeria Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection found in women of reproductive age caused by an imbalance in the natural vaginal flora women participated in the study of which women representing of the participants have experienced Bacterial vaginosis at some point women had symptoms ranging from smelly vagina discharge after sexual intercourse to grey or whitish vaginal discharge The women identified vaginal douching as the major risk factor of Bacteria vaginosis of the participants responded to have treated Bacterial vaginosis using Metronidazole Flagyl

Hubungan Karakteristik dan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil dengan Perilaku Hygiene Tentang Keputihan (Flour Albus) di Puskesmas Kalumpang Kota Ternate Tahun 2013

Abstract : Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013
 Whiteness or Flour Albus is an abnormal vaginal secretion in women. Many women are not aware that they regard whitish vaginal discharge as common and trivial. Survey of health workers at the Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Incidence of Flour Albus / Whitish in pregnant women and pregnant women about the knowledge of flour albus / whiteness, from 100% of pregnant women around 55% of women do not know flour albus / discharge is physiological and pathological. The purpose of this study is to reveal Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013. The study design was descriptive correlational, design is cross sectional survey, with 30 samples of working mothers. The statistical analysis use in this study was bivariate.The results Relations knowledge of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013, Based on the results showed a significant association (p = 0.036 ). Based on the Knowledge relations of pregnant women with the hygiene behavior about flour albus in Puskesmas Kalumpang Ternate Oktober 2013, can be considered in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the area of sex organs.

A case report of Tubo-ovarian abscess caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei

BackgroundMelioidosis, the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic in the Northeastern part of Thailand, South-East Asia, and Northern Australia. The pelvic involvement of disease is rare even in an endemic area. Therefore, we describe in this report the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of the patient with primary tubo-ovarian abscess due to melioidosis.Case presentationA 31-year-old Thai cassava farmer woman presented with fever and abdominal pain at left lower quadrant for one month. She also had pain, swelling, and redness of the genitalia without any ulcer. She had odorless whitish vaginal discharge. The pelvic examination revealed excitation pain on the left side of her cervix. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a large left tubo-ovarian abscess size 9.4 × 4.8 cm located at anterior of the uterus. Urgent exploratory laparotomy revealed left hydrosalpinx with a large amount of pus. The pus culture grew Burkholderia pseudomallei. The computer tomography of the abdomen revealed multiple hepatosplenic abscesses. The patient underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy and pus drainage. The pathological examination of excised left adnexa revealed chronic and acute suppurative inflammation with necrotic tissue. She was given intravenous ceftazidime for one month, and her clinical symptom improved. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at this visit and treated with insulin injection. She continued to take oral co-trimoxazole for 20 weeks. The final diagnosis was disseminated melioidosis with left tubo-ovarian abscess and hepatosplenic abscesses in a newly diagnosed morbidly obese diabetic patient.ConclusionBurkholderia pseudomallei should be considered as the causative organism of gynecologic infection among patient with risk factor resided in an endemic area who do not respond to standard antibiotics. The pus culture from the site of infection is the only diagnostic method of pelvic melioidosis, appropriate antibiotics, and adequate surgical drainage were the components of the successful outcome.

Incidence and Speciation of Candida Species among Non-gravid young Females in Ilorin, North Central, Nigeria

This study investigated the incidence and speciation of Candida species among non-gravid young females, using commercially available chromogenic Candida speciation media (CHROM agar) for the identification/speciation of medically important yeast and yeastlike organisms in a routine clinical mycology laboratory. High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were randomly collected from consenting non-gravid-young females for the study. The participants also completed a structured questionnaire assessing demographic data, symptoms, and risk factors of candidiasis. A total of 120 females between the ages of 17 and 31 years were randomly recruited for the study. Standard microbiological techniques such as Gram’s stain, wet mount and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and CHROM agar were used to analyze the swabs. Candida species was isolated from 64 of the 120 females, representing 53.3%. The highest incidence rate of 25.0% was recorded in the 23-25 years age group, followed by 12.5% in the 26 28 years while the lowest incidence (1.7%) was observed in the 17-19 years age group. Candida albicans (35.0%) was the most common Candida species , followed by C. tropicalis (8.3%), C. glabrata (6.7%) and C. krusie (3.3%), whereas, non-Candida infection constituted 46.7% (Negative cultures). Vaginal discharge (85.5%) and itching (52.5%) recorded the high values, with respect to symptoms. The prevalent risk factors associated with vaginal candidiasis in this study were washing of vagina with soap (Vaginal douching) (72.5%) and unprotected casual sex (16.7%). Whitish vaginal discharge (78.3%) was most prevalent followed by creamish vagina discharge (56.7%). In addition to Candida albicans , non-albicans Candida spp were isolated from HVS specimens; therefore, public health education is vital. CHROM agar is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method with good sensitivity and specificity for identification and speciation of Candida species thus, allowing an early and appropriate antifungal therapy. The results of the study will eliminate the ambiguities concerning Candida identification in this country and will contribute to better management and proper treatment of patients. Keywords: Candidiasis, vulvovaginitis, Incidence, Speciation, CHROM agar, Risk Factors

Do female patients with nonpathological vaginal discharge need the same evaluation as for Dhat syndrome in males?

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the concept of female Dhat syndrome characterized by the complaint of nonpathological vaginal discharge in association with somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.Materials and Methods:A total of 26 female subjects with nonpathological vaginal discharge along with depressive and somatic complaints were assessed on a self-rated questionnaire modified from Comprehensive Questionnaire for Assessment of Dhat Syndrome designed for males. They were also assessed for psychiatric comorbidity as per ICD-10.Results:All female subjects received an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, with somatoform/dissociative disorder (57.7%) being the most common. The mean age of onset of vaginal discharge was 24.6 (standard deviation - 7.0) years, noted every day or for 2–3 times per week by more than two-third of the participants. Two-fifth (61.5%) of the women described it as a milky discharge. The most common reason reported for passage of vaginal discharge was that of urinary infection or problems of urinary tract infections (42.3%) followed by vaginal infection/disease (34.6%). More than half (53.8%) of the subjects considered vaginal discharge to be responsible for weakness in the body, weakness in stamina and thinness of physique, while slightly more than two-third (69.2%) of them reported bodily weakness and sleep disturbances. Overall the clinical picture in females was similar to male patients with Dhat syndrome on most of the account.Conclusions:Subgroup of patients with vaginal discharge attribute their somatic and mental symptoms to the passage of whitish vaginal discharge and are distressed due to the same. The clinical picture is similar to Dhat syndrome in males. There is a need to recognize female variant of Dhat syndrome as a culture-bound syndrome. Identification of the same may help in managing this subgroup of patients seeking help from the gynecologists for their nonpathological vaginal discharge or from mental health professionals for their symptoms of common mental disorders.

Chronic vaginal discharge due to vesicovaginal fistula.

We would like to report an additional case of a supratrigonal vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) characterized by long-term misdiagnosis, ultimately resolved through the use of computed tomography (CT) and cystoscopy. A 42-year-old woman presented with a case of dysuria and chronic vaginal discharge, which had begun 6 years previously, following a routine total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) performed to treat a myoma. The patient had frequently sought treatment at a variety of local clinics, with her symptoms generally diagnosed as either chronic cystitis and vaginitis or pelvic inflammatory disease, despite the absence of abnormal urine or vaginal cultures. Following referral to our hospital, we performed a pelvic examination, revealing a whitish vaginal discharge emanating from an area deep in the upper vagina. Cystoscopy of the affected area revealed the presence of a chronic foreign material in the bladder (Fig. 1). These findings were confirmed by CT, revealing a metallic substance lodged within the bladder. We examined the patient and repaired the vagina in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia. First, we inserted a guidewire into the pinpoint fistula in the upper vagina and into the bladder, with the assistance of cystoscopy (Fig. 2). We removed the foreign body from the bladder by cystoscopy with grasping forceps. The histopathology revealed that the foreign body was non-absorbable suture material. Upon removal of the object, we performed vaginal repair of the VVF in a manner similar to that of Rajamaheswari et al. [1]. The metallic foreign body removed from this patient is thought to have been left behind following TAH, ultimately penetrating the bladder owing to the nature of the substance.

Pattern of Vaginal Discharge and Associated Demographic Characteristics among Female Patients Seen at a Gynaecology Clinic in Northern Nigeria

Background: Vaginal discharge is a common gynecological symptom seen among women provoking anxiety and fear of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: This was a hospital based retrospective study done from November 2008 to March 2013. Records of 969 patients presenting to the gynaecology clinic with symptoms of “vaginal discharge” were retrieved and relevant data on demographics, discharge characteristics and frequency, associated risk factors and symptoms, as well as investigations were retrieved. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software, version 15. Relevant descriptive and bivariate analysis was done. Level of p Candida species in 252 patients (26%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.6%) and Streptococcus species (0.8%). When compared, those with additional symptoms were more likely to present with whitish vaginal discharge, candidiasis and recurrence of symptoms (p

Females too suffer from Dhat syndrome: A case series and revisit of the concept.

Dhat syndrome as a clinical entity has been rarely described in females. Ethnographic studies suggest that as in males, whitish vaginal discharge in females is also associated with depressive and somatic symptoms and many women with symptoms of whitish discharge attribute their depressive and somatic symptoms to the whitish discharge. In this report, we describe two female patients who presented with psychiatric manifestations also with somatic symptoms and attributed their somatic complaints to whitish vaginal discharge. In this background, we discuss whether this entity requires nosological attention and what criteria can be used to define the same.

P3.294 Association of Mycoplasma Genitalium with Cervicitis in North Indian Women Attending Gynecologic Clinics

BackgroundThe aetiology of mucopurulent cervicitis is not known in 50% of cases and cannot be attributed to the known cervical pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital Mycoplasmas are such organisms...

Medicinal plants used against leucorrhea in several regions of bogra district, Bangladesh

Leucorrhea denotes a thick, whitish vaginal discharge, which can result from inflammation of the vaginal mucosa or can arise due to various diseases including sexually-transmitted diseases. Leucorrhea is highly prevalent amongst the rural women of Bangladesh. They usually rely on traditional medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes), who administer various decoctions prepared from medicinal plants to treat this ailment. The objective of this study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey amongst the Kavirajes of several regions of Bogra district, Bangladesh to collect information on medicinal plants used to treat leucorrhea. Plant specimens as collected from the Kavirajes were identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. A total of 12 plant species were found to be used by the Kavirajes. These plant species (with family name and plant parts used given in parenthesis) included Hygrophila spinosa (Acanthaceae, whole plant), Leea indica (Leeaceae, leaf, seed and fruit), Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae, leaf, seed and fruit), Punica granatum (Lythraceae, leaf, seed and fruit), Piper betle (Piperaceae, leaf, stem and root), Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae, whole plant), Glycosmis pentaphylla (Rutaceae, whole plant), Sida cordifolia (Malvaceae, leaf, stem and root), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae, tuber), Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae, leaf, seed and fruit), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae, leaf, bark and fruit), and Aerva sanguinolenta (Amaranthaceae, whole plant). Since most rural women are not able to afford allopathic medicinal treatment, Kavirajes play a vital role in providing the necessary health care to treat leucorrhea.

Delayed Recurrence of Cervical Cancer After Radical Hysterectomy for Carcinoma In situ

Cervical cancer is the leading gynecologic cancer in Taiwan. For the early stage of this cancer, aggressive treatment, i.e. radical hysterectomy, is performed with a very good prognosis. After years of promoting the necessity of Pap smear examinations, the early detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) has been made much easier, and the incidence of these cases has increased yearly. In this stage of disease, conservative treatment with a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization can eradicate the lesion successfully, with good control of the disease. However, 20–30 years ago, carcinoma in situ (CIS) was treated as an early stage of cancer, and simple abdominal hysterectomy, or even radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, was sometimes performed. Logically, it should result in a complete cure. However, we have a patient who had a recurrence of cervical cancer 27 years after an extended operation. This case is described below. A 71-year-old woman, gravida 6, para 4, abortus 2, was admitted to our hospital in November 2006 because of the finding of a vaginal cuff mass. This patient’s medical history revealed that she underwent a radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for cervical CIS at Taipei Medical University Hospital 27 years previously. After that, she received regular gynecologic follow-up. Her latest Pap smear was done at Mackay Memorial Hospital in December 2005, with normal cytopathologic findings. However, she had a small amount of whitish vaginal discharge for 1 month, but no unpleasant scent, bloody discharge or bowel/urinary problems were noted. By colposcopic examination, a vaginal cuff mass measuring about 2 cm in diameter was found. A vaginal cuff biopsy was done, revealing the presence of squamous cell carcinoma. Hence, with a diagnosis of vaginal cuff carcinoma and possible recurrence of her cervical cancer, she was admitted for further cancer work-up. Pelvic magnetic resonance image, cystoscopy and rectoscopy were performed. No bladder or rectal invasion was noted, but two ovoid, enhanced, welldefined solid tumors of 3.5 cm and 4.5 cm were located between the urinary bladder and rectum, in the left pelvic cavity. Laparotomy with partial vaginectomy for excision of the mass in the vaginal cuff was performed on November 16, 2006. The peritoneal cavity was explored thoroughly, and no metastatic tumor was found. The vaginal apex was exposed, and the mass was located at the vaginal apex, just between the bladder and the rectum. No serosal involvement was found (Figures 1 and 2). The whole mass with the surrounding tissue was grasped with Allis clamps and excised completely (Figure 3). The vaginal edges and the peritoneum were sutured with 2-0 Vicryl. After thorough hemostasis,

Serological and clinical correlates of gonorrhoea and syphilis in fertile and infertile Nigerian women.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that infertile Nigerian women have higher serum levels of antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoea and Treponema pallidum compared with fertile controls. DESIGN: The prevalence of serum...