Whitening Properties Research Articles

Rice (Oryza sativa) Stem Cells as a Novel Promising Active Ingredient with Anti-Proliferative Effects for Potential Skin Cancer Prevention and Skin Whitening Activity.

Rice is one of the plants proven to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and whitening properties, making it one of the most beneficial plants in this regard. This study aimed to introduce a novel natural cosmetic and pharmaceutical product based on rice callus as a source of active ingredients that can inhibit skin melanoma cell (B16F10) proliferation and brighten the skin. The 2,4-D hormone at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 1.5 µg/mL was used to induce rice callus formation. Rice callus extracts were then prepared using aqueous and ethanolic solvents, with a concentration of 1 mg/mL used for characterization tests. To determine the optimal hormone concentration, the phenols/flavonoids, antioxidant activity, proteins, and carbohydrates in the extracts were measured. The optimal concentration of the hormone was found to be 1 µg/mL. Finally, the anti-melanocyte and skin-whitening activity of the extracts was assessed through measurements of their cytotoxicity and inhibition of melanin synthesis-related enzymes. Cellular cytotoxicity measurements revealed that the ethanolic extract induced more cytotoxicity than the aqueous extract, with IC50 values of 566.3 µg/mL for the ethanolic extract and 1327 µg/mL for the aqueous extract. Skin-whitening-related tests demonstrated that the extracts were 1.7 times more effective than arbutin in inhibiting factors that cause hyperpigmentation. The aqueous extract achieved 85% inhibition of melanin biosynthesis at a concentration of 3200 µg/mL, compared to 68% for the ethanolic extract and 50% for arbutin. Based on these findings, rice callus extract can be introduced as a new, effective substance for skin-lightening and anti-melanocyte products in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations.

Skin Improvement Effects of Ultrasound-Enzyme-Treated Collagen Peptide Extracts from Flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus) Skin in an In Vitro Model.

Collagen is considered to be an intercellular adhesive that prevents tissue stretching or damage. It is widely utilized in cosmetic skin solutions, drug delivery, vitreous substitutions, 3D cell cultures, and surgery. In this study, we report the development of a green technology for manufacturing collagen peptides from flatfish skin using ultrasound and enzymatic treatment and a subsequent assessment on skin functionality. First, flatfish skin was extracted using ultrasound in distilled water (DW) for 6 h at 80 °C. Molecular weight analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after treatment with industrial enzymes (alcalase, papain, protamex, and flavourzyme) showed that the smallest molecular weight (3.56 kDa) was achieved by adding papain (0.5% for 2 h). To determine functionality based on peptide molecular weight, two fractions of 1100 Da and 468 Da were obtained through separation using Sephadex™ G-10. We evaluated the effects of these peptides on protection against oxidative stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells, inhibition of MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells, reduction in melanin content, and the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity in murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. These results demonstrate that the isolated low-molecular-weight peptides exhibit superior skin anti-oxidant, anti-wrinkle, and whitening properties.

Antioxidant and Skin-Whitening Efficacy of a Novel Decapeptide (DP, KGYSSYICDK) Derived from Fish By-Products.

The skin is vulnerable to damage from ultraviolet rays and oxidative stress, which can lead to aging and pigmentation issues. This study investigates the antioxidant and whitening efficacy of a decapeptide (DP, KGYSSYICDK) derived from marine fish by-products and evaluates its potential as a new skin-whitening agent. DP demonstrated high antioxidant activity, showing comparable or superior performance to Vitamin C (Vit. C) in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. In hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated HaCaT cells, DP increased cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, DP inhibited tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin production in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that DP reduces the mRNA expression of MITF, tyrosinase, and MC1R, thus suppressing melanin production. DP exhibits strong binding interactions with multiple amino acid residues of tyrosinase, indicating potent inhibitory effects on the enzyme. These results suggest that DP possesses significant antioxidant and whitening properties, highlighting its potential as a skin-whitening agent. Future research should focus on optimizing DP's structure and exploring structure-activity relationships.

In Silico Identification and Molecular Mechanism of Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Nacre of Pinctada martensii.

Pearl and nacre powders have been valuable traditional Chinese medicines with whitening properties for thousands of years. We utilized a high-temperature and high-pressure method along with compound enzyme digestion to prepare the enzymatic hydrolysates of nacre powder of Pinctada martensii (NP-PMH). The peptides were identified using LC-MS/MS and screened through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The interactions between peptides and tyrosinase were elucidated through enzyme kinetics, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Additionally, their inhibitory effects on B16F10 cells were explored. The results showed that a tyrosinase-inhibitory peptide (Ala-His-Tyr-Tyr-Asp, AHYYD) was identified, which inhibited tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 2.012 ± 0.088 mM. The results of the in vitro interactions showed that AHYYD exhibited a mixed-type inhibition of tyrosinase and also led to a more compact enzyme structure. The binding reactions of AHYYD with tyrosinase were spontaneous, leading to the formation of a new set of binding sites on the tyrosinase. The B16F10 cell-whitening assay revealed that AHYYD could reduce the melanin content of the cells by directly inhibiting the activity of intracellular tyrosinase. Additionally, it indirectly affects melanin production by acting as an antioxidant. These results suggest that AHYYD could be widely used as a tyrosinase inhibitor in whitening foods and pharmaceuticals.

TNF-α/IFN-γ로 자극된 HaCaT 및 IgE로 감작된 RBL-2H3 세포에서 닥나무 가지 추출물의 알러지 염증반응 억제 효과

Broussonetia kazinoki twig extract (BKT) is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-cancer effects and natural whitening properties. So, it is used as a raw material for cosmetics. B. kazinoki twig is also an edible raw material. B. kazinoki has been used in Asia for paper production and oriental medicine, has anti-diabetic effects, and contains various flavonoids and alkaloids. In this study, to evaluate the efficacy of BKT on allergic skin inflammatory responses, we investigated its effects on factors related to skin inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes and allergic responses in RBL-2H3 cells. There was no cytotoxicity of the 70% ethanol extract against HaCaT and RBL-2H3 cells. In HaCaT cells, stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) increased the production of several chemokines, including thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). However, it was observed that this elevation was notably mitigated in a concentration-dependent manner upon treatment with BKT. Furthermore, BKT treatment demonstrated a significant reduction of β-hexosaminidase and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-4 in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. Thus, it is expected that BKT can be used as a natural cosmetic and food ingredient that effectively suppresses allergic inflammatory reactions.

Cosmeceutical Activities of Essential Oils from the Rhizomes of Plants in the Zingiberaceae Family

The plants in the Zingiberaceae family are often rhizomatous annual or perennial herbs with considerable economic value. This study aimed to investigate the cosmeceutical activities of essential oils from the rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig, Curcuma caesia Roxb., and Curcuma longa L. The essential oils were obtained from hydrodistillation and subjected to investigations of antioxidant activities by 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and ferric thiocyanate assay. Furthermore, the whitening properties were investigated in terms of anti-tyrosinase inhibition, whereas the anti-skin aging activities were investigated through collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibition. The results showed that all essential oils exhibited low antioxidant, anti-elastase, and anti-collagenase activities. On the other hand, H. coronarium oil was the only essential oil in the present study, which was found to possess anti-tyrosinase activity, with the inhibition of 98.4 ± 5.5% and 30.2 ± 1.7% at the final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, when the substrate were L-tyrosine and L-DOPA, respectively. Interestingly, it was highlighted that the anti-tyrosinase activity of H. coronarium oil was stronger than that of kojic acid, a well-known whitening agent, when the substrate was L-tyrosine. Besides, H. coronarium oil and C. longa oil exhibited promising anti-hyluronidase activities with inhibition of 83.6 ± 1.0% and 82.9 ± 2.2%, respectively, which were comparable to that of epigallocatechin gallate (100.0 ± 0.0%). All essential oil induced irritations in the HET-CAM test at the tested concentration of 5 mg/ml in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in olive oil. Therefore, H. coronarium oil was suggested as an attractive ingredient in cosmeceutical products for whitening and anti-aging.

Pelargonium graveolens L., (Geranium) essential oil from Northeast India: chemical composition, pharmacology and genotoxicity study

Pelargonium graveolens L., essential oil (EO) has various therapeutic properties, including aromatherapy. The present experiment was designed to investigate chemical makeup of the P. graveolens (Geranium) EO from Northeast India using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the pharmacological potential was determined using a range of assays along with Allium cepa assay for genotoxicity study. GC-MS analysis of the EO revealed the presence of 11 compounds with a total 97.43% identified area, with citronellol (32.84%), geraniol (23.62%), and citronellyl formate (12.14%) as the major compounds. The essential oil exhibited type-II anti-diabetic properties with an IC50 6.66 μL/mL and skin whitening potential IC50 of 1.89 μL/mL. P. graveolens EO (IC50 26.16 μL/mL) was found to possess comparatively weaker anti-inflammatory agent than the standard diclofenac (IC50 9.24 μL/mL) in the protease inhibitory test. The EO demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 22.68 μL/mL than ascorbic acid IC50 12.53 μL/mL in the ABTS assay. The EO was found to moderately affect the mitotic index (15.32%) and induce chromosomal aberrations (11.40%) at a concentration of 1 μL/mL after 72 h of exposure. Based on the findings the Northeast Indian variety of P. graveolens EO exhibits promising type-II anti-diabetic and skin whitening properties, which could be further utilized in the formulation of anti-diabetic and skin whitening agents after validation through clinical trials.

Beyond traditional methods: Unveiling the skin whitening properties of Rhein-Embedded PROTACs

Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology has emerged as a promising approach for targeted protein degradation. In this study, we focused on tyrosinase (TYR), a key enzyme involved in melanin synthesis and pigmentation. For this target, we designed and synthesized a series of PROTACs (D3-D9), employing Rhein as the target protein–ligand. Through some experimental tests, we made a significant discovery. Preliminary experimental results show that the most promising compound (D6) demonstrated the ability to degrade MITF and inhibit the expression and TYR in B16-F10 cells, effectively suppressing melanogenesis in zebrafish. Notably, at equivalent concentrations, the whitening effect of D6 surpassed that of its precursor Rhein and was even comparable to that of the well-established whitening agent, β-arbutin. Validating experiments further revealed that the action of D6 was reliant on the E3 ligand, indicating its capacity to degrade TYR and MITF through the ubiquitination pathway. Whether D6 acts directly on TYR or MITF needs to be further explored. These compelling results underscore the tremendous whitening potential of D6, suggesting its suitability as a valuable lead for whitening agents and its potential to expand the range of whitening cosmetic products.

Inhibitory effect of Cyrtomium falcatum on melanogenesis in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 murine melanoma cells

Objective: To explore the anti-melanogenic potential of Cyrtomium falcatum. Methods: The effects of Cyrtomium falcatum crude extract and its solvent fractions on tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and the expressions of melanogenesis-related genes and proteins were analyzed in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16F10 cells. Results: α-MSH treatment significantly increased tyrosinase activity, and extracellular and intracellular melanin content, as well as the expression levels of tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 in B16F10 cells. Treatment with Cyrtomium falcatum crude extract and its solvent fractions reduced tyrosinase activity and extracellular and intracellular melanin content and downregulated the expression levels of tyrosinase, MITF, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: Cyrtomium falcatum has potential anti-melanogenesis effects and can be used as a potential source material in cosmeceutical industry for the research and development of novel lead molecules with whitening properties.

Exploring the skin whitening properties of natural products: A comprehensive review

Exploring the skin whitening properties of natural products: A comprehensive review

CLINICAL EFFECTS, USES AND APPLICATIONS OF MISWAK (SALVADORA PERSICA) ON ORAL HEALTH OVER THE LAST THREE DECADES: A SCOPING REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The miswak chewing sticks (Salvadora persica) is an effective oral care tool, and its viability is accomplished via the potential of constituent fibres to manage plaque due to friction between plant fibres and tooth surfaces, in addition to the abundance of its phytoconstituents, which are unusual in their sophistication as well as bioactivity. Previous research has unearthed that miswak has anti-plaque, antigingivitis, anti-cariogenic, and whitening properties, as well as improved oral health. This study adopts a systematic-descriptive method to analyse the clinical benefits, potency, limitations and disadvantages, effects, uses, and applications of miswak. Because of the combination of mechanical cleansing, enhanced salivation, and antibacterial component leaching-out, as well as other major therapeutic properties, the efficacy of adequate miswak usage can be equal to or exceed that of toothbrushes in eradicating dental plaque. However, the effectiveness of the miswak is inhibited by the configuration of its bristles (i.e., poor angulation), which limits its mechanical action concerning plaque removal. Consequently, it is essential to encourage researchers to support ongoing research into making miswak toothbrushes better at adapting to user needs and thoroughly cleaning all tooth surfaces.

Development and Characterization of Nano-Structure Lipid Carrier-Based Glabridin Cream for Cosmetic Use

Background and Objective: Glabridin (Glab) is a polyphenolic flavonoid of licorice acclaimed for its skin whitening properties. However, its poor solubility, low physicochemical stability and inefficient percutaneous penetration create hurdles in the best use of this agent in dermocosmetic application. The purpose of the present work was to prepare and evaluate Glabridinloaded nanostructured lipid carrier (Glab NLC) in order to enhance its skin permeation, and hence, promote its skin-whitening potential in cosmetic formulations. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) has already proven its potential for drug delivery via the skin by offering various benefits, like high tolerability, biocompatibility, high drug loading, improved stability, and close contact with stratum corneum, leading to rich skin penetration and protection of bioactive from degradation. Method: NLC was prepared by solvent emulsification diffusion technique and was evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, drug loading and encapsulation, and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation was incorporated into a cream base, and its skin whitening activity was evaluated. Glycerol monostearate (GMS) and olive oil were chosen as solid and liquid lipids for NLC formulation. Results: The particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug release of optimized formulation were found to be 189 nm, 0.259, -14.5mV, 94.56 %, and 98.86 ± 0.80 %, respectively. The optimized NLC was incorporated into a suitable cream base and evaluated. The skin whitening activity of Glabridin NLC cream was determined by performing tyrosinase inhibition activity. The percentage inhibition value of GlabNLC loaded cream and Kojic acid against mushroom tyrosinase was found to be 60.31% and 52.61%, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results advocate lipid particles as an appropriate carrier of Glabridin for skin whitening cosmetic cream.

Evaluation of Abrasion and Whitening Effect of Toothpastes Containing Charcoal on Primary Teeth.

Objectives: Parents are aware of the importance of anterior tooth esthetics in their children. Children also pay attention to their appearance more than ever. Today, charcoal has been added to toothpastes. Charcoal can help whiten teeth through abrasion. This study aimed to investigate the degree of bleaching and abrasion of charcoal toothpaste on primary teeth. Materials and Method: This in-vitro study was performed on 30 extracted primary teeth. Initially, the samples were polished, cut, and mounted in blocks of putty. The samples were placed in a coffee solution and then the tooth color was measured by a spectrophotometer and the initial surface profile was measured by a profilometer. The samples were brushed back and forth by the brushing machine with 20 gr Bancer, Beverly, and Colgate toothpastes (mixed with 40 ml of distilled water) for 2000 times (equivalent to 3 times a day for 1.5 months). A color determination was performed again and a second surface profile was measured. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA and paired t-test. Results: The results of this study showed that all three Beverly, Bencer and Colgate whitening toothpastes increased the surface profile and made significant statistical changes in the roughness of dental specimens (P=0.01, P=0.005, P=0.001). The statistical study of the data did not show a significant difference between the groups in terms of abrasion and whitening properties (P=0.78, P= 0.99). Conclusion: Three whitening toothpastes whiten primary teeth and increase their surface roughness. These three toothpastes are not statistically different in terms of abrasion and whitening properties.

Self-Assembled pH-Responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhancing the Encapsulation and Anti-Oxidation and Melanogenesis Inhibition Activities of Glabridin.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. A special type of MOF called ZIF-8, which is formed by self-assembly of zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole, shows excellent stability in aqueous solutions and disintegrates under acidic conditions. These properties make ZIF-8 a suitable carrier material for pH-stimulated drug delivery systems. Glabridin is an isoflavane compound that is widely present in the roots of licorice. Because of its outstanding skin whitening properties, glabridin is widely used as a whitener in the cosmetics industry. In this study, ZIF-8 was employed to encapsulate glabridin. Glabridin-loaded ZIF-8 was successfully prepared with a drug encapsulation efficiency of 98.67%. The prepared sample showed a fusiform or cruciate flower-like structure, and its size was about 3 μm. ZIF-8 enabled pH-controlled release of glabridin. Moreover, ZIF-8 encapsulation significantly enhanced the intracellular anti-oxidant activity and melanogenesis inhibitory activity of glabridin. This study provides a new approach that shows great potential to improve the biological application of glabridin.

Chaerophyllum libanoticum Boiss. Et Kotschy: The fruit essential oil, composition, skin-whitening and antioxidant activities

This study was aimed to evaluate the essential oil composition of Chaerophyllum libanoticum fruits and its potential uses in the cosmetic industry. The essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) systems, simultaneously. The yield of essential oil was calculated as 0.22 % (v/w). Major components of the oil were characterized as limonene (26.7%), p-cymene (25.5%), and β-phellandrene (7.0%). In addition, antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of the essential oil were evaluated. The oil exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (TEAC). In the DPPH assay, the oil was tested at 5 mg/mL concentration, and the inhibition ratio was calculated as 31.3 ± 1.1%. At 1 mg/mL of concentration, TEAC (mmol/L) value was determined as 0.027 ± 0.008. As evidence to its skin whitening properties, the oil inhibited the tyrosinase 17.7 ± 1.6 % at 1 mg/mL.

Multidrug Idebenone/Naproxen Co-loaded Aspasomes for Significant in vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity.

The use of proper nanocarriers for dermal and transdermal delivery of anti‐inflammatory drugs recently gained several attentions in the scientific community because they pass intact and accumulate payloads in the deepest layers of skin tissue. Ascorbyl palmitate‐based vesicles (aspasomes) can be considered a promising nanocarrier for dermal and transdermal delivery due to their skin whitening properties and suitable delivery of payloads through the skin. The aim of this study was the synthesis of multidrug Idebenone/naproxen co‐loaded aspasomes for the development of an effective anti‐inflammatory nanomedicine. Aspasomes had suitable physicochemical properties and were safe in vivo if topically applied on human healthy volunteers. Idebenone/naproxen co‐loaded aspasomes demonstrated an increased therapeutic efficacy of payloads compared to the commercially available Naprosyn® gel, with a rapid decrease of chemical‐induced erythema on human volunteers. These promising results strongly suggested a potential application of Idebenone/naproxen multidrug aspasomes for the development of an effective skin anti‐inflammatory therapy.

Skin damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with UVB is mediated by activating cell pyroptosis via the NLRP3 inflammasome\u2013autophagy\u2013exosomal pathway

BackgroundZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are widely used nanomaterial in personal cosmetics, such as skin creams and sunscreens, due to their whitening properties and strong UV light absorption. However, the safety issues and the hazards of ZnONPs, which can be taken up by the skin and cause skin toxicity, are still unclear. From a chemoprevention point of view, pterostilbene (PT) has been reported to prevent skin damage effectively by its anti-inflammatory and autophagy inducer effect. This study aims to determine the skin toxicity and the potential mechanisms of UVB and ZnONPs exposure and the preventive effect of PT.ResultsThe co-exposure of UVB and ZnONPs elicit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in keratinocytes. Furthermore, exposure to both UVB and ZnONPs also disrupts cellular autophagy, which increases cell exosome release. In vivo UVB and ZnONPs exposure triggers skin toxicity, as indicated by increased histological injury, skin thickness and transepidermal water loss. Notably, the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis are also activated during exposure. Topical application of pterostilbene attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by decreasing ROS generation and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) levels. In addition to its antioxidant effect, PT also reversed autophagy abnormalities by restoring normal autophagic flux and decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome-loaded exosome release.ConclusionsOur findings reveal that ZnONPs induce skin damage in conjunction with UVB exposure. This process involves an interplay of inflammasomes, pyroptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and exosomes in skin toxicity. PT alleviates skin inflammation by regulating the inflammasome–autophagy–exosome pathway, a finding which could prove valuable when further evaluating ZnONPs effects for cosmetic applications.

Effects of Carissa carandas Linn. Fruit, Pulp, Leaf, and Seed on Oxidation, Inflammation, Tyrosinase, Matrix Metalloproteinase, Elastase, and Hyaluronidase Inhibition.

In this study, the potential of Carissa carandas Linn. as a natural anti-aging, antioxidant, and skin whitening agent was studied. Various parts of C. carandas, including fruit, leaf, seed, and pulp were sequentially extracted by maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography, Folin–Ciocalteu, and Dowd method were used to investigate their chemical compositions. The inhibitory activities of oxidation process, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were analyzed. Cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay in a human epidermal keratinocyte line (HaCaT). The results exhibited that ethyl acetate could extract the most ursolic acid from C. carandas, while ethanol could extract the most phenolics and flavonoids. The leaf extract had the highest content of ursolic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids. The leaf extracted with ethyl acetate (AL) had the highest ursolic acid content (411.8 mg/g extract) and inhibited MMP-1, NF-kappa B, and tyrosinase activity the most. Ursolic acid has been proposed as a key component in these biological activities. Although several C. carandas extracts are beneficial to human skin, AL has been proposed for use in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals due to its superior anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammation, and whitening properties.

Identifikasi Kandungan Hidrokuinon pada Krim Pemutih yang Beredar di Pasar Tradisional Wilayah Kabupaten Banjarnegara

Cosmetics that are sold in the market are in great demand by many women. The type of cosmetics that is often used is a whitening cream. This cream can provide a whitening effect on facial skin so that it can increase self-confidence. One of the ingredients that have skin whitening properties and is often added to whitening creams is hydroquinone. This material has the effect of inhibiting the formation of melanin so that it can whiten the skin. The use of hydroquinone without medical supervision is not allowed because it can have negative effects such as allergies, skin redness, and a burning feeling. In this paper, we will report the identification results of the hydroquinone content in the whitening cream which is not a distribution license number from the BPOM (Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency) which is marketed in the Banjarnegara Region area. Samples were taken from the Banjarnegara area and the analysis was carried out at the Pharmacy Laboratory of the Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The analytical method used was the identification of the hydroquinone content carried out by the TLC-densitometry method. Qualitative analysis used TLC, where the stationary phase used was silica GF254 while the mobile phase used was toluene - glacial acetic acid at a ratio of 8: 2. Samples were dotted using a microsyringe of 25 µL after extraction. Furthermore, the spot identification was carried out under 254 nm UV light and then the Rf value was calculated. Quantitative analysis was used. It was carried out by densitometry by looking at the area produced by the spots on TLC. In this analysis, the level calculation was carried out by comparing the area of the hydroquinone sample with the area of the positive control hydroquinone multiplied by the known hydroquinone level in the positive control. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that of the 21 samples, there were 6 samples or 28.57% of the samples containing hydroquinone. Quantitative analysis shows the levels in the six samples containing hydroquinone, namely sample no.11: 7,12%, sample no.12: 3.69%, sample no.15: 0.06%, sample no.16: 11.18%, sample no.18: 4.67%, and sample no.19: 1.07%. Based on the results of the analysis, several preparations contain hydroquinone exceeding a safe level of 5%, so it is necessary to regularly check testing and supervision from the authorized institution so that the circulating whitening cream is safe for use by the public.

Study on the properties of Dendrobiumofficinale fermentation broth as functional raw material of cosmetics.

With the trend that cosmetics containing natural extracts are favored by consumers, many natural herbs are used in cosmetics to enhance the moisturizing and whitening properties of cosmetics. Dendrobium officinale is the stem of the orchid Dendrobium officinale. In China, it is considered as a tonic beneficial to human health. Its main components are Dendrobium polysaccharides, alkaloids, phenanthrene, etc. Its extract has good skin coating comfort and has the potential to be developed as cosmetic raw materials. To investigate the antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and ultraviolet absorption capacity of the fermentation extract of Dendrobium officinale fermented by different microorganisms, so as to provide the basis for Dendrobium officinale as functional cosmetic raw materials. The fermentation of Dendrobium officinale was carried out by yeast, Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis, and the mixed bacteria (prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1). Compared with the non-fermentation group, the contents of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale were determined by spectrophotometry, and the antioxidant activity to common free radicals, inhibition to tyrosinase, and absorption to ultraviolet B were determined. The fermentation effect of mixed strains on Dendrobium officinale was better than that of a single strain. The content of polysaccharide decreased, while the content of flavonoids and polyphenols increased in the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale. With the extension of fermentation time, the scavenging rate of ·OH, DPPH, ABTS free radical, the inhibition rate of tyrosinase, and the absorption of ultraviolet B of Dendrobium officinale fermentation broth first increased (0-3days), and then decreased (4days). On the third day of mixed fermentation, the contents of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale were - 22.15%,+118.20%, and +128.17%, respectively. The scavenging rate of ·OH, DPPH, ABTS free radical, tyrosinase inhibition rate and SPF value were increased by 43.03%, 60.05%, 94.87%, 340.85%, and 31.73%, respectively. The fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale is superior to the non-fermentation group in active ingredients, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and ultraviolet B absorption. It has the potential as a functional cosmetic raw material.