Whitening Effect Research Articles

Phenolic from apple blossom "Hongro" inhibits the expression of proteins related to melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells.

This study aimed to assess apple blossom extracts as potential natural whitening agents due to their ability to inhibit melanogenesis. Ethanol extracts of apple blossom (ABE) were assessed for biological activity in the B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line. ABE toxicity was assessed by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Levels of melanogenic enzyme expression in response to ABE supplementation were assessed by western blotting. Also assessed purified kaempferol, one of the phenolic compounds extracted from apple blossom, was evaluated using western blot analysis. The expression levels of cellular tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 proteins related to melanogenesis decreased in a dose-dependent manner with ABE treatment of cells. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, we identified kaempferol in the ABE. Treatment of cells with purified kaempferol decreased the expression levels of tyrosinase and the MITF protein to a similar degree as that observed with ABE treatment. This suggests that the efficacy of melanogenesis-related inhibition demonstrated by ABE was due to kaempferol. ABE has an inhibitive effect on melanogenic enzymes and potentially can be applied to functional foods and cosmetics having a whitening effect as a natural material.

Bio-based aggregate in the production of advanced thermal-insulating concrete with improved acoustic performance

Concrete is the most utilized man-made building material and its global production reaching 25 billion tons per year represents a huge burden on our environment. Unsurprisingly, a lot of effort is dedicated to searching for suitable replacing materials of concrete constituents, e.g. of mineral aggregate that usually forms 70–80 vol% of fresh concrete mix, not only to reduce the depletion of our natural resources, but, at the same time, to improve some of the concrete properties. For example, dense building materials are not very effective in acoustic-insulation performance. In this context, renewable resources can provide a possible solution in the preparation of advanced concrete composites that will help to reduce noise originating in high populated urban and/or industrialized areas. This paper is focused on the application of carbonized lightweight bio-based aggregate (BA), having about 63 % lower thermal conductivity compared to the traditional ones, in the manufacturing of lightweight concretes which, related to BA quantity in mixes, dispose with considerably mitigated thermal transport properties and enhanced acoustic-insulation function. Traditional dense aggregate was replaced with the bio-based alternative in the amount of 0–100 vol% and the batch water content was adjusted to keep similar consistency (class S4) of fresh concrete mixes. After 28 days of water curing, the development of dry bulk density, open porosity, flexural and compressive strengths as well as thermal and acoustic performance in the dependence on bio-based aggregate content were determined on hardened specimens. Experimental investigation revealed significant lightening effect of BA particles having a honeycomb-like porous structure and thus promoting the high thermal and acoustic performance of developed concretes. Accordingly, hardened concrete samples with alternative aggregate content only showed 7.5 times lower thermal transport and about 16.2 % improved acoustic performance compared with ordinary dense concrete. In addition, lower BA dosages (up to 50 vol%) allowed to produce concretes disposing sufficient strength parameters – average flexural strength about 6.5 MPa and compressive strength about 27.0 MPa maintaining their usage for structural purposes. Furthermore, bio-based aggregates are sorted among renewable resources that may mitigate environmental impacts connected with the quarrying of traditional filling materials, and thus contribute to higher sustainability of concrete production.

Color Stability of Provisional Restorative Materials in Different Mouthwash Solutions

Purpose. This study is a comparison of the effects of temporary restorative materials (PRMs) on the color change that occurs due to the use of different mouthwash solutions in two time periods. Material and Methods. One hundred fifty disc-shaped specimens (10 mm × 2 mm) were fabricated with three PRMs chemically polymerized PMMA (Imident-I), chemically polymerized bisacrylic composite resin (Acrytemp-A), and CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymer (TelioCAD-T) according to manufacturers’ instruction and using a CAD/CAM milling system (n = 10). CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ values of specimens were recorded before immersion. Samples were immersed in solutions (Distilled water-DW, Kloroben-CHX, Listerine Advanced White-LAW, Listerine Total Care-TC, and Listerine Zero-TCZ) in two time periods (t1, t2). Color measurements of the samples were made with the help of a spectrophotometer before and after they were removed in mouthwashes (VITA Easyshade V). Results. According to the statistical analysis results, significant differences were observed between the results obtained in our study. The highest roughness values in ΔE1 were seen in A-LAW (1.83) and the lowest in T-DW (0.61). In ΔE2, the highest roughness values were observed in I-LAW (2.70), and the lowest in T-DW (1.05). ΔE values of all obtained groups were found within clinically acceptable limits (ΔE < 3.7). Conclusions. The content of temporary restorative materials, the production technique, the type of mouthwash, and the immersion time of the restoration affect the color stability. Mouthwash with a whitening effect caused the most discoloration. Among the temporary restorative materials, it was the CAD/CAM material that best preserved its color stability.

Cannabidiol in Dentistry: A Scoping Review.

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been gaining increased attention in contemporary society but seems to have been little explored in dentistry. This scoping review mapped the scientific and technological scenarios related to the use of CBD in dentistry. Peer-reviewed publications were searched in five international databases, patents were searched in five technological platforms. In total, 11 articles and 13 patents involving CBD in dentistry-related applications were included. The countries contributing to most articles were Brazil (27.3%) and USA (18.2%). The studies involved experiments on animals (63.6%) and/or using bacteria or cells (36.4%), and no clinical study was found. Three different applications of CBD were observed: periodontal therapy (45.4%), aid for bone regeneration (27.3%), and general use in oral therapies (27.3%). Patent inventors were based in China (53.8%) or USA (46.2%). The patent claims were mainly compositions for oral care, tooth whitening, injury repair, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. A total of 76.9% of the patents were filed in association with a company. In general, research suggests that CBD has promising biological properties for applications in dentistry, whereas patents indicate that the current interest of industry relies on compositions for oral care. There appears to be extensive room available for research and technological applications of CBD in dentistry.

Whitening effect of kojic acid dipalmitate loaded nanosized ethosomal gel for the treatment of hyperpigmentation: In vitro and in vivo characterization.

In recent years, the demands of depigmenting agents in cosmetics have been increased to treat skin conditions such as hyperpigmentation and melasma. Tyrosinase is a major enzyme involve in hyperpigmentation. Kojic acid dipalimate (KAD) is an ester derivative of kojic acid and exhibit excellent tyrosinase inhibiting activity on human skin. To develop and characterize a novel topical delivery system for KAD by using ethosomes and their in vitro, in vivo characterization for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Different KAD loaded ethosomal suspensions were prepared using soy phosphatidylcholine, ethanol, propylene glycol, and water with cold method. These formulations were evaluated for size, zeta potential, Polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, the stability of optimized gel was checked and the in vivo studies were carried out in order to evaluate the skin benefits. The optimized formulation has zeta potential, size, and entrapment efficiency of -23.4mV, 148 nm, and 90.0008%, respectively. SEM results showed vesicles were spherical in shape. Ethosomal gel had a good stability at lower temperature (8, 25°C). In addition, ethosomal gel gives significant decrease in skin melanin, erythema, and sebum level while it causes improvement in skin hydration level and elasticity during non-invasive in vivo studies. The overall findings indicated that the prepared KAD loaded ethosomal formulation was stable and provides deep penetration of KAD into the skin. It offers a promising therapeutic approach for use in skin hyperpigmentation as it has skin whitening and moisturizing effects.

Whitening Optical Effect of New Chewing Gums

Background: Today, many treatments are available to enhance the color of teeth, but they require a few days to weeks to deliver this effect. Objective: To evaluate the instantaneous optical whitening effect of two new sugar-free chewing gums and one dentifrice of proven efficacy versus one placebo chewing gum. Methods: This was a single-blind, parallel trial. 424 participants entered the study and were randomly allocated to four groups. They received a personal silicone mask with a calibrated hole at one upper incisor to apply a dental colorimeter. The tools tested were chewing-gum containing indigotine (E132-FD&C Blue 2) and spirulina, chewing-gum containing only spirulina, chewing-gum placebo, and dentifrice containing Blue Covarine. Vita® Easyshade scored the tooth color, and the WIO and WID whiteness indexes were calculated. For chewing gums, the color of the teeth was scored before the assumption and after 2’30” of mastication. For dentifrice, participants brushed for 1’30”, then rinsed, and the color was scored before brushing and after 2’30”. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc. Results: The two experimental whitening chewing gums and the dentifrice significantly increased the WIO and the WID indexes from the baselines (p<0.001). Moreover, their effects were statistically greater than those reported for the placebo chewing gum (p<0.05) but not significatively different among them (p=NS). Conclusion: All the tested whitening tools showed an instant optical whitening perception. Further studies are required to assess the intensity of the effect over a prolonged time to meet the people's request for fast whitening tools. The clinical trial registration no. is PVM-2020-01.

Effectiveness of dental whitening in patients with active fixed orthodontic treatment: a narrative review.

Currently dental aesthetics during fixed orthodontic treatment is an option required by patients, due to the frequent pigmentations that can occur in tooth enamel as a result of inadequate oral hygiene and plaque retention caused by fixed appliances. To determine the effectiveness of dental whitening and its side effects during active fixed orthodontic treatment, as an alternative aesthetic treatment in certain cases that merit it. This narrative review evaluated 35 scientific articles from the Medline information sources (via PUBMED), EMBASE, SCOPUS, SCIELO and LILACS from the last 10 years, published in Spanish, Portuguese and English. We included 17 articles that met the selection criteria which were randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in vitro studies and in vivo studies that evaluated in-office dental clearance, performed on patients using fixed orthodontic treatment at that time. Systematic reviews, case reports and editorials were excluded. It was observed that dental whitening in patients with active orthodontic treatment minimally affects the adhesion of the orthodontic apparatus to the tooth surface. In addition, some studies observed that the brackets interfere with the extension of the dental lightening, evidencing slightly darker areas. Dental whitening during orthodontic treatment can be given efficiently in clinical practice, depending on the aesthetic requirement of the patient. However, it is a recommended procedure in certain cases of great need for immediate aesthetics, since, the material with which the brackets are installed on the dental surface, will interfere with the extension of the lightening material, resulting in a darker shade in that sector and different from the surrounding tissue. Likewise, it will intervene in the adhesion to the dental surface, having many probabilities that the orthodontic apparatus can detach.

Comparison of bleaching effect on discolored teeth by different beverages: an in vitro study

Background: Tooth bleaching is an effective method to remove both endogenous and exogenous stains. This study aims to evaluate and compare the bleaching efficacy of tea, coffee and cola stains on teeth. Materials and Methods: 30 bovine tooth samples were divided into three groups: tea, coffee and cola (n = 10/group). Staining was obtained by soaking the tooth samples for 3 weeks in each drinks. Before bleaching, tooth samples were polished with fine pumice powder and slow-speed handpiece for 10 seconds, speed of 2500 rpm. The bleaching process was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide for 14 days, 8 hours/day. The effectiveness of the bleaching process is evaluated through the change in the brightness (L*), saturation (a*, b*) values and the total color change (DE*) of the CIELAB system with Crystaleye spectrocolorimeter. Results: After bleaching process, all three stained groups showed the color changes in the following direction: increase L*, decrease a*, decrease b*. The polishing phase could remove part of the staining and the whitening phase achieved the fastest bleaching effect after 1 week. The tea group achieved a greater color change than the cola group during all phases and greater than the coffee group at the polishing phase (p<0.05). Conclusions: The polishing phase is effective in removing the exogenous stains on teeth due to beverage consumption. The bleaching efficacy between the teeth stained with tea, coffee and cola is different, in which the teeth stained with tea have a higher whitening effect. Key words: tea, coffee, cola, extrinsic stain, bleaching

Effectiveness and abrasiveness of activated charcoal as a whitening agent: A systematic review of in vitro studies

IntroductionTooth whitening is currently one of the most requested treatments to change the color of teeth. There are different types of whitening in the dental office and at home. There are also many whitening agents on the market. Nowadays, the public has shown great interest in a new natural compound: activated charcoal. It has an abrasive effect and it is included in toothpastes to whiten teeth quickly and easily. ObjectivesThe main objective of the systematic review is to perform a qualitative synthesis of the available literature on the use of activated charcoal-based toothpaste for tooth whitening. Material and methodsAn electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search included the terms (charcoal-based OR activated charcoal OR charcoal OR soot) AND (toothpaste OR dentifrices OR bleaching OR oral hygiene OR enamel OR teeth). Inclusion criteria were articles that were published in English, that included activated charcoal toothpastes, that assessed the efficacy of activated charcoal bleaching and/or the safety of using activated charcoal toothpastes, that were conducted on humans or extracted teeth regardless of their origin and the year of publication. ResultsOut of 208 articles, 11 met the inclusion criteria, the Risk of Bias of the selected studies was determined as medium-high. Regarding the whitening effect, there is a variety of results depending on the study: in some there are no significant differences between the proposed treatments and in others activated charcoal is not the most whitening agent. Regarding the abrasive effect, most studies agree that activated charcoal toothpaste has a higher abrasive potential. ConclusionToothpastes based on activated charcoal possess a lower whitening effect than other alternatives and can be considered as less safe due to its high abrasive potential.

Influence of F-18 Bioactive Glass Incorporation into Whitening Gel on Properties of Bovine Dental Enamel

Bioactive materials have shown positive results in reducing the deleterious effects of tooth whitening. However, their effects on whitening efficacy is still uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of F- 18 bioactive glass incorporation into a bleaching gel on color and microhardness of enamel after tooth whitening. Thirty bovine enamel-stained specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) according to the whitening protocol: control group (unbleached), HP35 % (35 % hydrogen peroxide) and F-18 (F-18 bioactive glass incorporated into HP35 %). pH, color change and microhardness analyzes were performed at baseline, 24 hours and 7 days after tooth whitening. Color evaluation showed that experimental groups were different than control group for all coordinates (p < 0.05). However, no intragroup differences were observed (p > 0.05). No differences in enamel microhardness were found among the groups within the same evaluation time (p > 0.118). Regarding the intragroup comparisons, no differences were observed for control and F-18 groups (p > 0.129). It was concluded that F-18 bioactive glass incorporation did not affect the whitening efficacy and the enamel microhardness.

Rapid determination of 22 functional components in cosmetics using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry

建立了超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法同时测定化妆品中的22种功效成分。样品采用甲醇超声提取,C18色谱柱(100 mm×2. 1 mm, 1. 8 μm)分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱。在正离子模式下,以保留时间和一级母离子精确质量数进行定量分析,以高能碰撞诱导解离获得的二级碎片离子精确质量数进行确证。结果表明,该方法线性关系良好,检出限(LOD)为0.003~2.01 mg/kg;定量限(LOQ)为0.02~4.36 mg/kg;水、乳、霜3种基质中3个添加水平的回收率范围为63.2%~125.1%,相对标准偏差为0.18%~10.9%。对标示含有烟酰胺、抗坏血酸葡糖苷、咖啡因、泛醇及甘草类(光果甘草根茎叶、甘草根、胀果甘草根)、麦冬根、人参根、黄芪根、虎杖根、苦参根、地黄根、积雪草、茶叶提取物的54批样品进行检测,标示单体功效成分的样品均有检出,标示不同植物提取物的46批样品中,24批检出植物提取物的功效成分。该方法简便快速、定性定量可靠,适用于化妆品中22种功效成分的定量测定。

Evaluation of Enamel Acid Resistance and Whitening Effect of the CAP System.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a novel professional tooth-strengthening system and a conventional caries-prevention method that involved the use of high fluoride concentrations, to determine whether the system has a whitening effect. Bovine tooth-enamel samples were treated with fluoride gel (conventional APF method) or a mixture of citric acid gel, calcium phosphate (α-TCP), and fluoride gel, referred to as the CAP system; these treatments were performed to generate an acid-resistant layer on the enamel surface. For the evaluation of the acid resistance, a cyclic experiment, involving a 1-h remineralization and a 24-h acid treatment, was conducted thrice after the treatments. The height profiles were observed using a 3D-measuring laser microscope and the hardness was evaluated by Vickers hardness test. The morphological changes in the surface and cross-section of the enamel were observed by scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the whitening effect, the enamel was ground until the color of the underlying dentin was recognizable; the CAP system was applied once, and the color change was measured using a color difference meter. As a result, it was confirmed that an acid-resistant layer was formed on the tooth surfaces treated with the CAP system, and a whitening effect was obtained.

Pterostilbene inhibits melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transport through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway

Pterostilbene is a trans stilbene compound, which is an effective component of herbaceous plants such as Dalbergia woods and Vaccinium. Although pterostilbene has many uses in anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor, its whitening effect is drawing more and more attention, the mechanism of melanogenesis and melanosome transport still needs further study. In this research, we tried to further investigate how melanocyte melanogenesis is affected by pterostilbene and whether pterostilbene play a part in melanin transport. Our results showed that pterostilbene has a potent inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16F10 cells (3 μM, p < 0.001), in-vitro human skin (10 μM, p < 0.05) and zebrafish embryos (3 μM, p < 0.01). Besides, pterostilbene not only inhibited melanogenesis, but also inhibited melanocyte dendritic development and melanosome transport. Pterostilbene mainly plays a role by inhibiting cAMP/PKA/CREB signal pathway. After the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway was inhibited, tyrosinase activity and the expression of MITF, TYR, Rab27A, Rab17 and gp100 were decreased, which in turn suppressed melanogenesis, melanocyte dendritic development and melanosome transport. Our findings showed that pterostilbene can potently inhibit melanogenesis and melanosome transport, suggesting the applicability of pterostilbene in skin lightning. Therefore, a novel pharmacologic way to treat hyperpigmentation has been proposed.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОТБЕЛИВАЮЩЕЙ ЗУБНОЙ ПАСТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ДВУОКИСИ КРЕМНИЯ, ПИРОФОСФАТА КАЛЬЦИЯ И ЭКСТРАКТОВ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

Subject. Teeth whitening is an actual direction of aesthetic dentistry, since in the life of a modern person, the oral cavity is exposed daily to various dyes due to the consumption of products, resins and harmful substances released during smoking, etc. A study was conducted on the properties and effectiveness of toothpaste with a whitening effect based on silicon dioxide, calcium pyrophosphates and tetracalium, regulating acid-base balance, as well as extracts of medicinal plants. &#x0D; Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of whitening toothpaste as the main means of oral hygiene. &#x0D; Methodology. 40 middle-aged patients without concomitant pathology were examined. All participants used standard toothbrushes and this toothpaste, and were also trained in standard rules of personal oral hygiene. The clinical properties of whitening toothpaste were studied: cleansing, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, desensitizing, deodorizing, remineralizing and especially whitening effect. Hygienic (Green–Vermillion index OHI-S), periodontological (PMA and SBI indices) indices were used, tooth sensitivity (index of intensity of dental hyperesthesia (IIGZ) Shtorina G.B. (1986)), color characteristics of hard tissues on the Vita scale were studied. The results were evaluated 4 times in three visits during the month. In the first visit before and after individual oral hygiene, in subsequent visits – before the beginning of hygiene procedures.&#x0D; Results. The pronounced cleansing effect is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the hygienic index OHI-S. A sufficiently high bleaching effect was revealed. The desensitive effect of whitening toothpaste is evaluated ambiguously and is of an individual nature. There is a positive dynamics of the state of periodontal tissues, manifested by a decrease in the indicators of the PMA and SBI index. According to the results of the questionnaire, the subjects noted a long and moderate deodorizing effect of the paste.&#x0D; Conclusion. The complex effect of whitening toothpaste on the condition of the oral cavity meets modern requirements for a hygienic product.

Tooth whitening with an experimental toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the postbrushing tooth-whitening effect of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAPs). The impact of the concentration on the whitening performance of nano-HAP toothpaste was also investigated.MethodsTwo concentrations of nano-HAP (10 wt% and 1 wt%) were incorporated in nonabrasive toothpastes. Forty bovine incisors were randomly assigned into four groups: 10 wt% nano-HAP, 1 wt% nano-HAP, toothpaste without nano-HAP as a negative control and water as a blank control. Each tooth was treated with the toothpaste three times and hydrodynamic shear force (HSF) once. The teeth surfaces were observed by SEM after each application. Tooth color (L*, a* and b* values) was measured by a spectrophotometer, and color changes (△E, △L, △a and △b values) were calculated. Two-way mixed ANOVA was performed to evaluate the influence of the concentration and repeated application on the tooth-whitening effect of nano-HAP.ResultsWe found that nano-HAP-treated enamel exhibited higher L* values and lower a* and b* values than the control groups (P < 0.05). The 10 wt% nano-HAP group showed significantly higher △E values than the 1 wt% nano-HAP group (P < 0.05). After three applications, the △E mean value of the 10 wt% nano-HAP group was 4.47. The △E and △L values were slightly reduced after HSF (P < 0.05). For both nano-HAP groups, HAP single crystallites and agglomerates were identified, and their sizes grew with nano-HAP reapplication.ConclusionsIn conclusion, nano-HAP toothpaste has a satisfying postbrushing whitening effect and good resistance to mechanical forces. The whitening effect seemed to be concentration-dependent.

Potential of Strawberry (Fragaria x annanasea) Extract as Whitening Agent for Discolored Teeth

The Bleaching technique has long been applied in dentistry. Strawberry (Fragaria x annanasea) is a non-dental material that can be used for natural bleaching. The strawberries contain ellagic acid and malic acid which can whiten teeth. Other ingredients found in strawberries also have a low pH so they can whiten teeth better when compared to other fruits. Strawberries also give bad side effects, namely increased tooth sensitivity. This research aims to explain the potential of strawberry (Fragaria x annanasea) extract as a whitening agent against discolored teeth. Based on reference sources obtained from journals, textbooks, and websites accessed through the databases of Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA) and searched for the keywords “Bleaching, Strawberries (Fragaria x annanasea), and Discoloration.” The types of journals taken are scientific and descriptive journals published from 2010 – 2020 and dental material textbooks from 2010 – 2020. The research concludes that the use of strawberry (Fragaria x annanasea) fruit extract can provide a whitening effect on teeth that have changed color and is the best solution compared to synthetic tooth whiteners. In addition, strawberries also provide side effects, namely increased tooth sensitivity.

Evaluation of Abrasion and Whitening Effect of Toothpastes Containing Charcoal on Primary Teeth.

Objectives: Parents are aware of the importance of anterior tooth esthetics in their children. Children also pay attention to their appearance more than ever. Today, charcoal has been added to toothpastes. Charcoal can help whiten teeth through abrasion. This study aimed to investigate the degree of bleaching and abrasion of charcoal toothpaste on primary teeth. Materials and Method: This in-vitro study was performed on 30 extracted primary teeth. Initially, the samples were polished, cut, and mounted in blocks of putty. The samples were placed in a coffee solution and then the tooth color was measured by a spectrophotometer and the initial surface profile was measured by a profilometer. The samples were brushed back and forth by the brushing machine with 20 gr Bancer, Beverly, and Colgate toothpastes (mixed with 40 ml of distilled water) for 2000 times (equivalent to 3 times a day for 1.5 months). A color determination was performed again and a second surface profile was measured. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA and paired t-test. Results: The results of this study showed that all three Beverly, Bencer and Colgate whitening toothpastes increased the surface profile and made significant statistical changes in the roughness of dental specimens (P=0.01, P=0.005, P=0.001). The statistical study of the data did not show a significant difference between the groups in terms of abrasion and whitening properties (P=0.78, P= 0.99). Conclusion: Three whitening toothpastes whiten primary teeth and increase their surface roughness. These three toothpastes are not statistically different in terms of abrasion and whitening properties.

Evaluation of Facial Skin Condition Based on RBX Image Technology

The skin color of the human face is mainly determined by the content of hemoglobin (in red) and melanin (in brown). RBX image technology transforms full-color images into RBX color space, in which the "Red" component is associated with hemoglobin, and the "Brown" component is associated with melanin. This article presents a skin condition evaluation system based on RBX image technology, which is practically applied to the identification of the severity of rosacea patients, as well as the whiteness of the skin of the patient receiving pulse laser toning. In the research of rosacea grading, we analyze the "Red" component image and establish the R-G index to grade the severity of rosacea. It was found that the value of the R-G index increased with the severity of rosacea. ANOVA test results show significant differences among the four severity groups. In the research on the effect of facial skin toning by pulsed laser, we analyzed the "Brown" component image and established five brightness levels as indicators to evaluate the skin whitening effect. The result shows that the ups and downs of these brightness levels reflect changes in skin tone. These indicators provide a new way for quantification of skin conditions.

Inhibitory Effects of Carnosic Acid on Melanin Synthesis

Purpose: This research was carried out to ascertain the whitening effects of carnosic acid on a B16F1 mouse melanoma cell line.Methods: It involved quantitative assessments based on cell viability and assays of gene expression, tyrosinase enzyme activity, and melanin contents. The effects of carnosic acid on tyrosinase (TYR)/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)/ tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1)/TYRP2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels and melanin content were determined.Results: Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR) showed that carnosic acid decreased the expression levels of TYR/MITF/TYRP1/TYRP2 and melanin content compared to alpha-melanocite-stimulating hormone-treated B16F1 cells. The tyrosinase activity assay also revealed that carnosic acid decreased melanin production in B16F1 cells.Conclusion: These data indicate that carnosic acid increases the whitening effects on the B16F1 cells. Therefore, carnosic acid is a potential ingredient that can be used for skin whitening. Additionally, further research on the mechanisms of the action of carnosic acid should be conducted for the development of functional foods, cosmetics, and medicines.

Skin Whitening Efficacy of Mixed Extracts of Crassostrea gigas, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, Angelica dahurica and Asarum sieboldii

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of mixed extracts of Crassostrea gigas, Trichosanthes cucumeroides, Angelica dahurica and Asarum sieboldii (CTAA), which are effective in skin whitening.Methods: In this study, to evaluate the cosmetic functionality of the mixed extract, 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity evaluation, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity evaluation, tyrosinase inhibitory activity evaluation, melanin production evaluation, cell toxicity evaluation was performed.Results: As a result of ABTS and DPPH radical analysis, CTAA-4 was 60.7% and 59.1% at 500 μg/mL, respectively, showing the best antioxidant activity. As a result of the SOD-like activity analysis, CTAA-4 was confirmed to be 32.3±3.7% at the concentration of 500μg/mL, and in the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity result, CTAA-4 was 29.6±3.6% at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. In the tyrosinase activity analysis result, CTAA-4 had the lowest tyrosinase activity at 59.7% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Melanin production was also found to be 44.6% of CTAA-4 compared to the control at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. As a result of cytotoxicity, all test substances had no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 to 500μg/mL as cell viability was confirmed to be more than 95%.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the mixed extract developed in this study has excellent inhibitory activity of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and has excellent skin whitening effect by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and melanin production.