Degree Of Whiteness Research Articles

Uticaj hemijskog sastava optičkog sredstva za beljenje na belinu i UV zaštitu pamuka i mešavine pamuk/poliestar

It is well known that the optimal concentration of fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) in the bath results in high whiteness of single component textiles. At the same time, due to fluorescence of FWA, the higher UV protection is achieved as well. However, for the textile blends it is not so easy to achieve. Depending on the fabric chemical composition, different FWAs must be applied. Therefore, the influence of FWA chemical constitution to the whiteness and UV protection of cotton and cotton/polyester blend were researched in this paper. For that purpose, cotton and cotton/polyester blended (50%/50%) fabrics was treated with four different FWAs by Huntsman, Uvitex® brand: BHT, RSB, NFW and EBF. Spectral remission before and after FWA treatment was measured on a remission spectrophotometer Spectraflash SF 300, Datacolor. Whiteness degree was calculated according to ISO 105-J02:1997, and the Tint Deviations and its coloristic meanings were determined according to Griesser. The UV protection of cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics treated with FWA was determined according to AS/NZS 4399:2017 using transmission spectrophotometer Cary 50/Solascreen, Varian. Based on the results obtained,the stilbene disulphonic acid triazine derivative (Uvitex® RSB) can be recommended for use on a cotton/polyester blend.

Smanjenje sposobnosti upijanja vode papira oslojenih filmovima na bazi nanofibrilisane celuloze

Nanofibrillated films based on TEMPO-oxidized cotton linters were applied to reduce the hydrophilic properties of paper. For this purpose, aqueous dispersions of nanofibrillated cellulose of different composition: 1 and 3% of nanofibrillated cellulose, up to 13% of CaCO3 and/or Al(OH)3, up to 20% of propane-1,2-diol (glycol), and up to 21% of TEMPO-oxidized cotton linters were coated on the model paper, without additional adhesive. The pristine model paper and papers coated with nanofibrillated cellulose-based composite films were characterized in terms of water absorptiveness by COBB method and water drop contact angle measurements. The surface appearance was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemistry by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform and attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR). Additionally, optical properties, i.e. measurement of reflection curves and CIE degrees of whiteness, were determined according to appropriate standards. For all papers coated with nanofibrillated cellulose-based films, depending on the composition of the dispersions, a decrease in sorption properties was achieved, without changes in optical properties and surface morphology of the paper compared to the pristine paper.

Accelerated aging of WPCs Based on Polypropylene and Birch plywood Sanding Dust

Abstract A lot of researchers are closely related with natural, lignocellulose fibre containing bio-composites production and studies. Various of polymer matrices, mainly polyolefins, combinations with natural fibres as a reinforcement are used. Our studies are focused on polypropylene based bio-composites containing birch plywood production by-product sanding dust (PSD) accelerated weathering processes. The obtained results showed the following sight. After the aging the surface of all samples had faded, the changes of the gloss (decreasing) and of the whiteness degree (increasing) also had taken place, but microhardness of the surface of specimens significantly has decreased. The tensile strength and modulus of the samples after UV aging diminished about 30–35%. That indicates to the changes not only in the surface layers of polymer but also inside of the polymer structure. The FTIR measurements showed that during UV aging process occurs significant changes of chemical structure of the weathered surface of all samples. DSC measurements showed an increase of degree of crystallinity of the weathered polypropylene composites after the first heating due to the recrystallization process in the polypropylene matrix and a small decreasing after second heating. The melting temperatures of all composites after UV aging considerably diminish up to 30°C.

The Use of Three Species of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) Production

The use of cassava as foodstuffs has been widely developed. Modifying it into a mocaf (modified cassava flour) is one of the cassava utilization. This research aimed to process cassavas into mocaf utilizing lactic acid bacteria and to obtain a better mocaf in terms of its physicochemical parameters. Bacteria used were L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and L. paracasei, which can ferment cassava to mocaf. The fermentation process was carried out by two fermentation duration of 48 hours and 72 hours, followed by draining and drying using the oven at 50 °C for 6 hours. This research analyzed mocaf's physicochemical properties such as water content, fat content, protein content, ash content, carbohydrate content, whiteness, and acidity. A Factorial Randomized Block Design with two replications was applied as the research design. If the test result showed that the tested sample has a significant difference at the level of significance of 0.05, it then subjects to the further Duncan test, using SPSS. The result showed that the use of L. paracasei produced best characteristics mocaf with a high protein content of 1.44%, an ash content of 0.31%, a white degree of 102.20, and a low degree of acid of 3.66.

RASIO NATRIUM KARBONAT DALAM EKSTRAKSI BERPENGARUH PADA MUTU NATRIUM ALGINAT Sargassum muticum

Several studies have been conducted in an effort to improve alginate extraction efficiency. This study aims to determine the effect of Na2CO3 ratio on the quality of sodium alginate Sargassum muticum. The Na2CO3 ratios used were 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50 (w/v) and quality analysis were made on yield (%), viscosity (cps), pH, moisture content (% ), white degree (%), ash content (%) and functional group. The results showed that the higher Na2CO3 ratio had significantly lower viscosity. The value of yield, pH, moisture content, degree of white, and ash content showed that the effect of Na2CO3 ratio did not significantly different. The best Na2CO3 ratio was 1:20 w/v because it had medium viscosity, besides that, as a result of yield, pH, moisture content, white degree, ash content has met alginate quality standards.

Effect of blanching on the physicochemical characteristics and microstructure of canistel seed flour (Pouteria Campechiana (Kunth) Baehni)

Canistel seeds are part of the residues of Canistel fruit which can be used as functional foods, such as flour to be processed into various foods. This research was aimed at determining the physicochemical properties of canistel seed flour. Canistel seed was made into flour with two treatments; they were Blanched Canistel Seed Flour (BCSF) (at 80oC for 10 minutes)and Unblanched Canistel Seed Flour (UCSF). The flour process involves sorting, washing, treatment, stripping the shell and epidermis, washing again, drying, flaking and sieving.Physical analysis carried out included yield (by difference method), white degree of spectrophotometric reflectance method (Chromatometer), starch gelatinization profile using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), the morphology of starch granules using polarization microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Chemical analysis conducted on the BCSF and UCSF samples included proximate,amylose, amylopectin and starch content. Blanching at 80°C for 10 minutes had a significant effect on the physical properties of Canistel seed flour;yields were higher (41.6%) and chromatometric (colour) levels were lower (80.61). Pasting properties profile showed that UCSF had higher peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity but lower setback viscosity compared with the BCSF.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)and polarized light microscope showed starch granule structure changed due to the blanching. The appearance of starch granules on UCSF shows a tight starch granule. The appearance of starch granules on BCSF shows blanching treatment has changed the shape of the starch granules to be broken or damaged. The unblanched canistel seed flour (UCSF)showed that the starch granule still had birefringence appearance. This shows that the granule structures of the UCSF remained undamaged. Observation of the morphology of starch granules using polarization microscopy on BCSFshowed the starch granule was not visible and there was no appearance of birefringence. The loss of birefringence indicates that the starch granules had been damaged due to heating or hydrolysis. Chemical analyses on the samples showed significantly higher amylose content (24.79) but lower amylopectin content (31.39) in BCSF than UCSF.Starch, fat and carbohydrates contents were not significantly different (p>0.05) between BCSF and UCSF.Ash and protein content were significantly higher (p>0.05) in UCSF compared to the BCSF. Blanching of canistel seed flour reduces the swelling power of starch granules, increases retrogradation, accelerates thickening, decreases nutrition content, and changes microstructure of Canistel seed flour

Comparative study of processed cheese produced from sheep and cow milk

Sheep milk as an excellent source of nutrients was used to produce functional sheep processed cheese; as well as their chemical, physical, and sensorial properties compared to cow processed cheese were investigated. Chemical analysis showed that relative casein and fatty acid content of sheep processed cheese were higher than cow processed cheese, whereas 10-pentadecanoic, arachidonic, gadoleic, vaccenic, and behenic fatty acids were not found in cow processed cheese. All physical parameters of sheep processed cheese were higher than cow processed cheese during their storage period. Also, sheep processed cheese color gained higher values of whiteness degree than cow processed cheese. Moreover, sheep milk positively affected all sensorial properties of sheep processed cheese compared to cow processed cheese. It could be concluded that the sheep processed cheese is a novel functional dairy product with high nutritional value, stability, and easy to marketing suitable for elders and children. Practical applications Sheep milk is an excellent source of nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals which mainly contributed to increase the cheese yield. It was used to produce sheep processed cheese with high nutritional value and stability suitable for elders and children as an attempt to provide the Egyptian market with different functional cheese varieties. In addition, use of sheep milk in the preparation of processed cheese mainly encourages to increase the sheep milk production and conversion to dairy product, which is easy for marketing. Thus, in the present study, the chemical, physical, and sensorial properties of sheep processed cheese were compared to cow processed cheese.

A RESEARCH OF APPLICABILITY OF OZONE BLEACHING PROCESS FOR THE 100% COTTON FABRICS AT JIGGER MACHINE

In the present study, the applicability of the ozone bleaching process at the jigger machine and the effect of chosen ozonation parameters on the whiteness degree of the 100% cotton woven fabrics were investigated. For this aim, the effects of the ozone gas on the bleaching degrees of the samples in terms of the ozonation conditions (in the air with dry and moist fabrics, and in the water), the ozonation time (number of the passage), the production capacity of the ozone generator (6 g/h, 12 g/h, 18 g/h) and the method of ozone feeding to the jigger (via rubber diffuser or stone diffuser) were researched. In addition, in order to examine the effect of rinsing process on the whiteness degree of the samples, the rinsing process was applied after ozonation applications. At the end of the study, the whiteness degrees (as Berger) of the samples were measured and compared with the conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching. In addition, the statistical analysis was carried out in order to research the effects of the investigated parameters on the output. The results showed that it was possible to apply the ozone bleaching process at the jigger and all of the investigated ozonation parameters had effect on the results at different levels. The best bleaching effect was obtained at the longest ozonation time and the highest production capacity of the ozone generator for the ozone application in the water.

Pemakaian Natrium Karbonat Pada Pencapan Alkali-Discharge dengan Zat Warna Dispersi pada Kain Poliester

Abstract – Polyester fabrics are the most popular clothing material in the textile product manufacturing process and are widely used. Small floral motifs, line or small dots that are sharp and bright (more than one color) on the basis of contrasting or dark colors usually obtained by discharge printing or resist printing, because it is not easy to do by direct printing in a large amount of production. In printing alkali discharge, polyester fabrics are used dispersion dyes that can be damaged by alkali (azo type) as the base color. Color motifs are used dispersion dyes that are resistant to alkalis (anthraquinone type) which do not have ester groups in their chromophore. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to the influence of the concentration of using sodium carbonate 100, 150, 200, 250 g/kg paste as etching agent and fixation time 4,6,8 minutes temperature 180 °C, then testing the degree of fabric white, color difference, fabric tensile strength and color fastness against washing and rubbing. The optimum conditions were achieved in sodium carbonate 200 g/kg paste, temperature 180 °C for 6 minutes, white degree of fabric Δ K/S 0.01684, color difference value Δ E= 2,81, fabric tensile strength of 17,40 kg towards warp 18,05 kg towards the feed, fastness to washing 4-5, color fastness to wet rubbing and dry rubbing 4-5.
 Keywords : sodium carbonate, discharge printing, azo, anthraquinone, polyester

Bleaching Process on Oil Palm Empty Bunches by Pulping Using Formacell Liquid Waste

The formacell process produces black liquor that damages the environment. Previous research has shown that black liquor can be used as a cooking solution for pulping. The pulping process using formacell waste on oil palm empty bunches produces a dark color; therefore, it requires a bleaching process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the type of cooking solution (fresh pulping solution and leachate residual from pulping) and bleaching time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 h) on pulp yield, cellulose content, permanganate number, and score on whiteness degree. The bleaching process used 35% peracetic acid and was conducted at 80�C. The best results were obtained at a bleaching time of 2 h, which resulted in yields of 76.1%�81.2%, cellulose contents of 53%�62.5%, permanganate numbers of 6.3�7.4, and scores of color of 3.78 (yellowish white) to 4.7 (white).

Effect of Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) on Physicochemical Characteristics of Sorghum Flour (Sorghum Bicolor L. moench)

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different of heating temperature using HMT (Heat Moisture Treatment) on the physicochemical characteristics of the modified sorghum flour. Sorghum flour was modified by HMT at temperature (80°C, 90°C, 100°C and 110°C) for 4 hours with 27% of moisture content. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor which are various of heating temperature of HMT (80°C, 90°C, 100°C and 110°C). The whiteness degree, moisture content, solubility, swelling power, water absorption capacity, setback viscosity and gelatinization temperature were investigated. The results showed that increased the heating temperature of HMT lead to decreased whiteness, moisture, solubility, swelling power, setback viscosity, and water absorption. However, HMT could increase gelatinization temperature compare with unmodified flour.

Hybrid materials based on ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles as hydrophobic coatings for textiles

This study presents a strategy to obtain textile materials with hydrophobic/oleophobic effect by applying hybrid coatings based on a mixture of flower-like ZnO nanoparticles and organically modified SiO2 nanoparticles (ORMOSIL). The obtained dispersions based on both types of nanoparticles are stable, with unimodal distribution of smaller quasi spherical shape and average size of 158 nm for SiO2 nanoparticles and respectively, with bimodal distribution with a broad distribution of particle size and average size of 144 nm and 435 nm for ZnO flower-like nanoparticles. The ZnO/SiO2 NPs based dispersions were then applied on 100% cotton fabrics on a laboratory scale by padding method in two successive phases. The functionalized cotton fabrics were evaluated in terms of surface morphology changes, whiteness degree and water and oils repellent properties. The developed textile materials exhibited a low wetting capacity, with high values of water absorption time (>15 minutes) and a water-repellent degree of 75 (AATCC photographic scale) and 2.5 respectively (ISO scale) showing an acceptable hydrophobic effect. The functionalization treatment based on mixture of ZnO/SiO2 nanoparticles led to obtaining an efficient cotton substrate for the rejection and protection against the oily substances which exhibit an oil repellency degree of 6. Also, the functionalization treatments did not significantly change the surface morphology of the fibres, suggesting that the bulk properties of the cotton fibres remained undamaged.

STUDY OF GELATIN FROM DUCK BONE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HALAL GELATIN

Gelatin is an intermediate ingredient which is oftenly used in many field such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetics. It is usually extracted from pig and cow. Halal issue of gelatin sources and the outbreaks of mad cow diseases encouraged people to find an alternative sources of gelatin. One of the alternative sources of gelatin was duck bone. The aim of this research was to describe physicochemical properties of duck bone gelatin which is extracted by using acid extraction method as an alternative sources of halal gelatin. The extraction of duck bone gelatin used 5% concentration of HCl (hydrochloric acid). The extraction process consisted of four steps, they were degreassing, defating, demineralization, and acid extraction. The result showed that gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had these several characteristic: yield of 6.24%, pH 4.0, water content of 13.43%, ash content of 13.42%, protein content of 65.43%, and whiteness degree of 30.35%. Generally, gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had similar characteristic with commercial gelatin and SNI standard. Further researcher had been suggested to reoptimized extraction method in order to reduce ash content.

Yield of Whole, Polished Whole Grains and Degree of Whiteness of Rice for Japanese Cuisine Obtained in Flood Irrigation System

New rice cultivars with grains for Japanese cuisine have been launched in order to add value to irrigated rice production systems in the country. The objective was to evaluate the yield of polished and whole grains of cultivar BRS 358, at harvest and at six months of storage grown under a continuous irrigation system. The experiment was conducted in a lowland area, in Cantá-RR, with application of 150 kg ha-1 of N, 50% at the base and 50% at 45 days after emergence. Three harvest seasons were carried out: 38 days after flowering - DAF (A01), 45 DAF (A1) and 52 DAF (A2), to evaluate the yield of whole and polished whole grains, at harvest and at 6 months of storage. The results showed that application of N, promoted higher yield of whole grains, with 65% yield at harvest, and when stored for six months at room temperature, yield above 75%. For the polished whole grain yield, the best harvest range is 38-45 DAF, with whole grain yield above 50% and regardless of the harvesting and storage time of the grains the total whiteness is above 55%.

Study of Physicochemical Characteristics of Kaolin from Belitung Regency

Kaolin is one of the abundant clay minerals on earth which has been widely used in various industries. kaolin as a raw material in drugs manufacturing must comply several requirements in Pharmacopoeia such as not exceeding the heavy metal content limits. In this study the analysis of heavy metal content (Pb, Sn, and As) was carried out on natural kaolin obtained from 3 different locations in Belitung regency. Testing of the brightness and particle size is also carried out to increase the value of kaolin as a pharmaceutical excipient. The highest recovery from kaolin was obtained in sample 3 which was 67.78%, while kaolin 1 and 2 which was 66.54, and 64.20%. Based on the results of heavy metal testing it is known that kaolin 1, 2, and 3 have a Pb content of 55.2, 0.0458 and 44.0 ppm, and As content of 1.05, 78.3, and 0.761 ppm. Whereas the Sn mean metal is only found in kaolin 2 which is 0.0034. White degree test results show that kaolin 1, 2 and 3 have a high brightness, namely 92.94%, 93.00%, 91.16%. From the results of particle size testing shows that all kaolin samples have size <2 μm.Keywords: Characterization of Minerals, Heavy Metals, Kaolin

Tectonically controlled carbonate-seated maar-diatreme volcanoes: The case of the Volsci Volcanic Field, central Italy

Quaternary carbonate-seated maar-diatremes in the Volsci Range are one of the most intriguing products of the west-directed subduction of the Adriatic slab that drove the development of the Apennine mountain belt in Central Italy. The Volsci Volcanic Field is characterized by phreatomagmatic surge deposits, rich in accidental carbonate lithics, and subordinate Strombolian scoria fall deposits and lava flows, locally sourced from some tens of monogenetic eruptive centers (at least fifty tuff rings and scoria cones). We investigate the subsurface maar-diatreme processes in terms of relationships between faulting and explosive magma-water interaction, as well as the distribution pattern of the eruptive centers. With this aim, we present the following new data: i) description of the fold-and-thrust belt structure and associated eruptive centers, ii) componentry of volcanic rock-types, iii) determination of grain-size, degrees of whiteness and roundness of carbonate lithic inclusions, iv) micropaleontological analysis of carbonate lithics. We show that the clustering of eruptive centers is controlled by tectonic features. A first order control is tentatively related to crustal laceration and deep magma injection along a ENE-trending Quaternary lateral tear in the slab and to Mesozoic rift-related normal faults. A second-order control is provided by orogenic structures (mainly thrust and extensional faults). In particular, magma-water explosive interaction occurred at multiple levels (< 2.3 km depth), depending on the structural and hydrogeologic setting of the Albian-Cenomanian carbonates, which are intersected by high-angle faults. The progressive comminution, rounding and whitening of entrained carbonate lithics allow us to trace multistage diatreme processes. Finally, our study bears implications on volcanic hazard assessment in the region.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ТКАНИНИ ІЗ ВМІСТОМ ЛЛЯНОГО ВОЛОКНА

У статті запропоновано склад відварювальної ванни для підготовки поліестеро-бавовняно-лляної тканини періодичним способом. Дослідження проводилися на тканині арт. ТПК-11 виробництва ПрАТ “Едельвіка” (Луцьк). Було визначено вплив лужних агентів, відновників та поверхнево-активних речовин (ПАР) на показники якості відвареної та відбіленої поліестеро-бавовняно-лляної тканини: капілярність, гігроскопічність, змочуваність, розривальне навантаження та ступінь білості. Визначено, що максимальні показники капілярності та ступеню білості досягаються за концентрації гідроксиду натрію та карбонату натрію 6% і 7,5%. Застосування відновників: бісульфіту натрію та дітіоніту натрію незначно підвищує показники капілярності, змочуваності та гігроскопічності, а також сприяє підвищенню показника розривального навантаження та ступеню білості. У результаті виконаних експериментальних досліджень та аналізу впливу складу і концентрації препаратів у відварювальній ванні на гідрофільні властивості, міцність та ступінь білості льоновмісного текстильного матеріалу обґрунтовано вибір у якості лужного агенту карбонату натрію, а у якості відновника – дітіоніту натрію. Рекомендовано склад для відварювання поліестеро-бавовняно-лляної тканини, що містить карбонату натрію – 6%, ПАР (Коловет АН) – 0,35%, натрію дітіоніт (Na2S2O4) – 2%.

Research Regarding the Influence of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Performance of Cementitious Materials

Urban buildings are subject to deterioration and degradation due to the action of external factors, air pollutants, water, compounds resulting from fuelcombustion used for heating and transportation, etc. Research on self-cleaning cementitious materials is developing at fast pace and contributes to the high interest in the industry in the decrease of evnironmental pollution, which is of real interest. The aim of this paper is to highlight the influence of the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles on the self-cleaning ability of cementitious materials, under staining with an aqueous solution of a rodamina B, followed by exposures to the action of UV rays, followed by artificial rain cycles and to determine the physico-mechanical properties of the material, as well as the white dregree of the samples and their self-cleaning. Based on experimental research results it can be said that the white degree of the samples increased with the increase of the TiO2 amount in the mixtures. Several other factors such as the intensity of the UV light also affected the self-cleaning capacity of the samples, better results being recorded for higher UVA intensity. The TiO2 amount in the mixtures also influences fresh and hardened state properties of the material such as setting time, apparent density, water absorbtion and porosity of the material. It can therefore be said that it is necessary to identify an optimal range of TiO2 nanopraticles concentration in the cementitious matrix, in order to obtain the maximum cumulative benefits in terms of self-cleaning capacity, physico-mechanical properties and costs.

EVALUASI MUTU BERAS DAN PENERAPAN GOOD HANDLING PRACTICE (GHP)) DAN GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP) (STUDI KASUS PENGGILINGAN PADI DI KABUPATEN KARAWANG)

Rice is still a strategic commodity in Indonesia, because it is still a staple food for most of Indonesia's population. Fulfillment of production must also be accompanied by aspects of quality fulfillment. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of rice and to evaluate the application of Good Handling Practice (GHP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in small and medium rice miling in Karawang Regency. The performance of rice quality was evaluated based on the requirements for the rice quality class from the Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number: 31/Permentan/PP.130/8/2017 which includes water content, head rice, broken grains and whiteness degrees. Based on the results of quality of rice, it was found that the water contents in the medium and premium quality were 64% and 27%, respectively. Based on the criteria for quality of head rice, it was obtained that all samples were not included premium quality and 22.2% in medium quality. For the criteria of broken grains, it was found 36% in medium quality and the other were below the quality standard. Meanwhile, based on the whiteness degree, most of the rice samples were included in the medium and premium rice qualities. The applications of GHP in rice milling were 42% for small rice milling and 50% for medium rice milling, whereas applications of GMP were 69% for small rice milling and 92% for medium rice milling. Lack of socialisation regarding the importance of quality and implementations of GHP and GMP, and cost of risk that must be added by implementing GMP and GHP were factors caused the low quality of rice in Karawang Regency.Keywords: rice quality in Karawang district, GHP, GMP

Polishing effect on the physicochemical properties of porang flour using centrifugal grinder

Porang tubers are an agricultural product from one of the endemic plants in Southeast and East Asia, which found in the Indonesian forest and is a vital source of glucomannan. The simple processing of porang tubers is made into chips, ground using mechanical milling followed by air fractionation. However, porang flour from mechanical milling still has high impurities, such as calcium oxalate more than 2% and not safe for human consumption. The polishing process using a centrifugal grinder is needed to remove impurities that still attached to the glucomannan cells by the friction principle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the polishing cycle on physicochemical properties of porang flour. The experimental design used polishing historical data and process was conducted in two replication. The results showed the polishing cycle had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the glucomannan content, viscosity, degree of whiteness, calcium oxalate content, starch content, protein content, and fat content. The best of polished porang flour was obtained on the 5 times of polishing cycle based on multiple attributes calculations.