White Wolf Research Articles

Paleo-Reconstruction of Shelf-Slope Margin Along San Emigdio Mountains, Southern San Joaquin Valley, California: ABSTRACT

Deformation along the San Emigdio Mountains, California, is characterized by large overthrust sheets that carried Eocene through Miocene nonmarine to shallow marine strata over their deeper marine equivalents. The Pleito thrust has at least 20,000 ft of throw and is the major structural feature of this overthrust belt. The upper plate of the Pleito thrust carries an extensively exposed block of three prograding sequences and, along strike, partially exposes the shelf-slope boundaries of these units. Equivalent changes are observed in the subsurface beneath the overthrust. Total crustal shortening along this region ranges from 25 to 50%, with most of the shortening taken up by the Pleito thrust. The thrust has a low-angle, ramp-and-glide configuration, but on the south, the strata eventually extend downward into basement. The northern boundary to the deformation belt is the White Wolf and Pioneer fold and thrust structures. These features form a transfer zone, where one structure ends and the other feature begins. The amplitude of these folds can be up to 10,000 ft from crest to trough. Because of the large overthrust of the Pleito thrust, reservoir rocks are found up to 7 mi south of the fault's surface trace in the lower plate. Themore » buried strata lie south and west of producing fields along the White Wolf fault and the Tejon embayment. The complicated stratigraphic changes combined with the thrust-belt structures require retrodeformable crustal profiles to take into account the facies distributions to model the hydrocarbon potential of this lightly explored province.« less

Structural Features of Eastern Tejon Embayment from Available Seismic and Subsurface Data and Field Geology: ABSTRACT

The temporal and spatial relationships of normal, thrust, and strikeslip faults in the eastern Tejon embayment were investigated, and an integrated study of new CALCRUST data, industrial seismic data, well data, and surface geology yielded a set of geologic cross sections and a detailed structure map. Buried normal faults, trending northeast, dominate the central embayment structure. At the basin margins, the normal faults are truncated by younger thrust faults. The Springs fault zone is a complex subvertical fault with branching reverse faults. The White Wolf fault is probably segmented and multistranded. The active, lower angle segment of the White Wolf fault may be related to buried thrust faults west of uplifted Comanche Point. Thrust faulting also may explain the presence of exhumed normal faults at Comanche Point and in the Tehachapi foothills. These exhumed normal faults are probably late Oligocene to Pliocene. The Tunis volcanics formed during a period of widespread late Oligocene-early Miocene volcanism in central California. Volcanism and the inception of normal faulting at Tejon embayment apparently predated the passing of the Mendocino triple junction. Younger volcanic rocks are also widely distributed, probably due to regional transtension that occurred south of the Mendocino triple junction. Seismic data suggestmore » that the deepening of Tejon embayment occurred mainly during the late early and middle Miocene. Convergence beginning during the Pliocene-Pleistocene is consistent with other documented changes along the modern San Andreas fault.« less

Aseismic crustal deformation in the Transverse Ranges of Southern California

Geodetic data at a plate boundary can reveal the pattern of subsurface displacements that accompany plate motion. We model these displacements as the sum of rigid block motion and the elastic effects of frictional drag between blocks. The frictional interactions are represented by uniform dislocation on each of several rectangular fault patches. We then estimate the block velocities and fault parameters from geodetic data. Our Bayesian inversion procedure employs prior estimates based on geological and seismological data. We apply the method to the Transverse Ranges, using prior data from Bird and Rosenstock (1984) and geodetic data from the USGS trilateration networks and NASA VLBI measurements. Our model consists of 12 blocks and 27 rectangular fault patches. The block motion inferred from the geodetic data has the same order of magnitude as the geologic estimates, and for many faults the agreement is excellent. However, the geodetic data imply a displacement rate of about 20 mm yr −1 across the San Andreas fault, while the geologic estimates exceed 30 mm yr −1. The final model implies about 6 mm yr −1 of crustal shortening normal to the trend of the San Andreas fault; this is about half the rate implied by the prior model. Most of this shortening occurs on the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga and the White Wolf fault systems. Aseismic fault motion is a major contributor to plate motion, and the thickness of the frictional surface varies considerably from one fault to another. The geodetic data can help to identify faults that are suffering rapid stress accumulation; in the Transverse Ranges those faults are the San Andreas, San Gabriel, Sierra Madre, Pleito, and White Wolf faults.

Inferred Relation of Miocene Bealville Fanglomerate to Edison Fault, Caliente Canyon Area, Kern County, California: ABSTRACT

The Bealville Fanglomerate is a very coarse, local, eastern torrential facies of the middle Tertiary marine sedimentary sequence of southern San Joaquin basin. This fanglomerate is exposed in lower Caliente Canyon east of Bakersfield. It is composed of unsorted boulder-size detritus of granitic rocks now exposed in the highlands on the east and south. The fanglomerate intertongues northwestward into the overlying Miocene fluvial Bena Gravel and probably partly into the underlying Oligocene-Miocene fluvial Walker Formation. In its eastern exposure, the Bealville Fanglomerate laps onto granitic basement. The Bealville Fanglomerate, as thick as 7000 ft (2200 m), dips southward into the north-dipping Edison fault. Pre-Tertiary granitic basement was elevated on the Edison fault to the south when the fault was contemporaneously active during the Miocene. Both the fanglomerate terrane north of the fault and the adjacent granitic basement terrane south of it are now eroded to low relief, so the fault is not expressed physiographically and is inactive. In contrast, the active White Wolf fault to the southeast is expressed by the northwest-facing escarpment slope of Bear Mountain. The Bealville Fanglomerate was deposited during the early and middle Miocene as coarse alluvial detritus on the western base of the rising Sierramore » Nevada uplift of granitic terrane. This southward-dipping fanglomerate is coarser and thicker than other formations deposited on the eastern margin of the San Joaquin basin. These conditions indicate that the fanglomerate was deposited rapidly on a southward-tilting block against a block of granitic basement being elevated on the Edison fault to the south, and it was derived from the adjacent granitic terrane to the east and from that elevated on the Edison fault to the south.« less

Arctic Wolf Attacks Scientist -- A Unique Canadian Incident

Recent biological studies have concluded that North American wolves are rarely dangerous to humans. To date the scientific literature contains only one well-documented account of a vicious wolf attack on a man, an incident that took place in northwestern Ontario in 1942. A much earlier attack, however, took place in February 1915 on the Coppermine River in Canada's Arctic. Though mentioned in two publications in the 1920s, this incident has escaped the scientists' notice and is reported again now with additional information. In this encounter a large white wolf ( Canis lupus mackenzii Anderson) entered the campsite of members of the 1913-18 Canadian Arctic Expedition and on discovery attacked one of the scientists. The incident is unique for three reasons: (1) the existence and reliability of eyewitness accounts of the attack in the unpublished diaries of two of the scientific members, one of whom was the wolf's victim; (2) the chance coincidence that the man who shot the wolf was a mammalogist responsible for collecting arctic specimens for the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa; and (3) the existence today, 70 years later, of the wolf mount in the museum's research collection. Key words: Arctic, wolf, Rudolph Anderson, Diamond Jenness, Frits Johansen, Canadian Arctic Expedition

Fission-Track Dating and Its Application to Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins: ABSTRACT

Fission tracks are zones of intense damage formed when fission fragments of 238U pass through a solid. Spontaneous fission of 238U takes place at a constant rate. Therefore, the age of a mineral can be calculated by determining the number of tracks and the amount of uranium the mineral contains. Once formed, fission tracks are stable in most minerals at temperatures below about 80°C. However, if a mineral is heated to a high enough temperature, the tracks fade and disappear, resulting in an anomalously young fission-track age. The temperature at which this occurs depends on the mineral and the duration of heating. The two minerals most commonly used in fission-track annealing studies are apatite and zircon. Fission tracks in apatite are totally annealed at temperatures of about 150°C to 105°C over periods of 105 to 108 yr, respectively. Annealing temperatures of fission tracks in zircon are not as well known, but are probably in the range of 200°C ± 25°C for heating lasting longer than 106 yr. The annealing temperatures of apatite and zircon span the main temperature range of oil generation, and both minerals are present in the heavy-mineral suites of many sediments. Consequently, fission-track dating is a valuable method for studying the time-temperature history of sedimentary basins. In the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, fission-track ages of apatite from drill-hole samples of Eocene to Miocene sandstones suggest that sediments in the rapidly subsiding basin northwest of the active White Wolf fault have been near their present temperature for about 106 yr, whereas those in the Tejon platform southeast of the fault have been near their present temperature for about 107 yr. These estimates agree with estimates based on other thermal history indicators in these rocks. End_of_Article - Last_Page 291------------

Taxonomic notes on coprophilous fungi of the Arctic: Churchill, Resolute Bay, and Devon Island

Various dung substrates including that of arctic fox, arctic hare, arctic wolf, lemming, musk-ox, polar bear, rock ptarmigan, and snow goose were collected from the Churchill region, Resolute Bay region, Scogan Lowland, Sverdrup Lowland, Truelove Lowland, and Truelove Valley. These collections were incubated and surveyed for coprophilous fungi. Of 20 taxa recorded Ascobolus stictoideus, Cheilymenia coprinaria, Coprobia granulata, Lilliputia rufula, Sporormiella bipartis, Sporormiella dubia, Sporormiella minima, Sporormiella septenaria, and a Zopfiella sp. are first reports for Arctic sites. Taxonomic problems are discussed in some detail for Sporormiella intermedia and Thelebolus polysporous.

Seismic and aseismic deformation associated with the 1952 Kern County, California, earthquake and relationship to the Quaternary history of the White Wolf Fault

Synthesis of geodetic, geologic, and seismic data from the White Wolf fault, California, indicates that the fault separates an area of late Quaternary and continuing rapid uplift in the Tehachapi Mountains and Transverse Ranges from even more rapid subsidence in the southern San Joaquin Valley. On July 21, 1952, rupture of the White Wolf fault produced the ML = 7.2 Kern County earthquake. We used the aftershock zone to delimit the size of the faulted slip surface and applied constraints imposed by the known 1952–1953 horizontal shear strains to model the measured coseismic vertical displacements, with an elastic dislocation model. A curved fault trace with decreasing fault depth (27 to 10 km from the surface vertically to the base), slip (3 to 1 m), and dip (75° to 20°) from the 1952 epicenter at the southwest end of the fault toward the northeast provides the fit most consistent with the geodetic record, the measured seismic moment, the fault‐plane solution, and the pattern of surface rupture. Two short releveled lines near the 1952 epicenter tilted 4 and 17 μrad down to the north from 5–10 years before the earthquake; the preseismic tilts differ significantly from ten other surveys of these lines. Left‐lateral fault‐crossing shear strain from 0.2–20 years before the quake was two times greater than both preseismic off‐fault strains and the post‐seismic fault‐crossing strains. During the first seven years after the earthquake, aseismic deformation was negligible. From 1959 to 1972 uplift reached 160 mm over an area larger than the aftershock zone, rising first in the epicentral region and then at the northeast end of the fault. This was unaccompanied by any surface fault slip. Reconstruction of the vertical separation on the White Wolf fault from late Quaternary and late Miocene stratigraphic marker beds shows that the rate of reverse fault slip increased forty‐fold, from 0.1–0.2 mm/yr to 3–9 mm/yr, between the past 10–15 m.y. and the most recent 0.6–1.2 m.y. We estimate a 170‐ to 450‐yr average recurrence interval for earthquakes on the White Wolf fault with slip equivalent to that in 1952. The 1952 earthquake appears to be characteristic of the Quaternary record of fault displacement in the increase in White Wolf slip toward the San Andreas fault, the ratio of reverse to lateral slip (1.3:1), and the ratio of vertical fault slip to emergence of the hanging wall block (3:1). The >8500‐m‐deep sedimentary basin on the down‐thrown block cannot be explained by repeated slip of the White Wolf fault in an elastic medium.

Thermal History by Fission-Track Dating, Tejon Oil Field Area, California: ABSTRACT

Data that have been obtained from deep drill holes in several areas where the approximate duration of heating events is known suggest that fission tracks in apatite and zircon are totally annealed when the grains are heated at temperatures of 135 to 105°C and 200 to 175°C, respectively, over periods of 106 to 108 years. Annealing can pose problems for determining the primary ages of samples, but if offers a powerful method for studies of their thermal and tectonic history. This paper explores the application of this method to determining the thermal history of sedimentary basins using detrital grains separated from drill-hole samples. Detrital apatite and zircon have been separated from Eocene to Miocene sandstone recovered from deep drill holes in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California (Tejon oil field area). The Tejon area is divided by the seismically active White Wolf fault. Fission-track data show that apatite in the downthrown block immediately northwest of the fault is totally annealed at a maximum paleotemperature (reconstructed from laumontite geothermometry) of 135 to 140°C, suggesting heating of 106 years' duration. The higher paleotemperature (> 150°C) indicated for total annealing of apatite in the upthrown block shows that these samples could have been at the suggested maximum paleotemperatures for no more than 105 years. The relative short duration of heating over the whole Tejon area is supported by the lack of annealing in zircon, even at paleotemperatures as high as 179°C. These conclusions are consistent with the thermal history suggested by laumontite crystallization viewed with stratigraphic and structural evidence. End_of_Article - Last_Page 906------------

Pre-, co-, and postseismic strain changes associated with the 1952ML= 7.2 Kern County, California, earthquake

abstractTriangulation surveys carried out in the vicinity of the White Wolf Fault in 1932, 1952, 1953, and 1963 are used to delineate the strain changes preceding, accompanying, and following the 1952 earthquake. The strain rate (engineering shear) during the preseismic interval (1932 to 1952) was 0.36 ± 0.10 μstrain/yr and was nearly uniform across the 70-km-long triangulation arc, with the plane of maximum left-lateral shear oriented N44° ± 7°E, nearly parallel to the White Wolf Fault. The coseismic observations (1952 to 1953), supplemented by leveling data, are matched using a dislocation model with the following characteristicsDip = 60°SEStrike = N50°ELength = 70 kmLeft-Lateral Strike-Slip = 2.4 ± 0.1 meter (m)Reverse Dip-Slip = 1.9 to 0.6 m (decreasing to the NE)Seismic moment ≧ 0.9 × 1027 dyne-cm.The data also require most of the slip to have occurred below ∼5 km (5 to 20 km in our model), on roughly the southwest half of the fault, with the slip occurring at shallow depths to the northeast. The postseismic triangulation data (1953 to 1963) indicate that the average shear strain rate in the 10 yr following the earthquake (0.80 ± 0.20 μstrain/yr) was about twice that during the 20 yr preceding it. The postseismic strain changes were concentrated closer to the fault than those determined for the preseismic time interval, and the 1953 to 1963 data are explained well by episodic postseismic slip of about 2 m (left-lateral strike-slip) occurring on the down-dip extension of the coseismic fault plane.

Initiation and development of the southern California uplift along its northern margin

Abstract Analysis of three first-order leveling lines that traverse the White Wolf fault (site of the 1952 M = 7.7 earthquake), each resurveyed nine times between 1926 and 1974, reveals probable preseismic tilting, major coseismic movements, and a spatial association between these movements and the subsequently recognized southern California uplift. In examining the vertical control record, we have both searched for evidence of systematic errors and excluded from consideration portions of the lines contaminated by subsurface fluid and gas extraction. Movements have been referred to an invariant datum based on the 1926 position of tidal BM 8 in San Pedro, corrected for subsequent eustatic sea-level change. An 8 μrad up-to-the-north preseismic tilt (6 cm/7.5 km) was apparently recorded on two adjacent line segments within 10 km of the 1952 epicenter between 1942 and 1947. It is possible, however, that this tilt was in part caused by extraction-induced subsidence at one of the six releveled benchmarks. Data also show evidence of episodic tilts that are not earthquake related. At the junction of the Garlock and San Andreas faults, for example, an ≥5 μrad up-to-the-north tilt (7.2 cm/≤16 km) took place between Lebec and Grapevine within three months during 1964. Comparison of the 1947 and 1953 surveys, which includes the coseismic interval, shows that the SW-fault end (nearest the epicenter) and the central fault reach sustained four times the uplift recorded at the NE end of the fault (+72 cm SW, +53 cm Central, +16 cm NE). A regional postseismic uplift of 4 cm extended ≥25 km to either side of the fault after the main event, from 1953 to 1956. An interval of relative quiescence followed at least through 1959, in which the elevation change did not exceed ±3 cm. The detailed pattern of aseismic uplift demonstrates that movement proceeded in space—time pulses: one half of the uplift at the SW-fault end and extending southward occurred between 1959 and 1961, one half of the uplift at the NE-fault end and extending eastward occurred between 1961 and 1965, while the central fault reach sustained successive pulses of subsidence, uplift, and collapse (−4 cm, 1953–1960; +7 cm, 1960–1965; −2 cm, 1965–1970). In addition, the number of aftershocks concentrated near the fault ends increased in the NE relative to the SW from 1952 to 1974. These observations suggest that the aseismic uplift may have migrated northeastward from 1959 to 1965 at an approximate rate of 7–16 km/yr. Evidence for a mechanical coupling between the earthquake and the subsequent aseismic uplift is equivocal. At both fault ends, the major NWbounding flexure or tilted front of the southern California uplift is spatially coincident with the coseismic flexure that preceded it. In addition, the postulated migration of vertical deformation is similar to the 1952 seismic event in which the rupture initiated at the SW end of the fault and then propagated to the NE-fault end. However, the spatial distribution of aseismic uplift, nearly identical at both fault ends and to the south and east, and near zero in the central fault reach, is distinctly different from the nonuniform and localized coseismic deformation.

Peripheral thermoregulation: Haematologic or vascular adaptations

Arctic homeotherms maintain their feet near O°C while standing on much colder surfaces by blood-borne heat input. At 5°C in vivo blood viscosity increased approximately 5 times in arctic wolves and wolverines, and for comparison, in non-cold acclimated man. Such increase in blood viscosity in vivo would reduce perfusion; however, specialized arteriovenous plexuses have evolved in foot pad cutaneous tissues. These augment heat delivery and protect tissues from frost bite.

Ecological Determinants of Group Sizes of Foraging Lions

Ecological Determinants of Group Sizes of Foraging Lions

The High Arctic Wolf in the Jones Sound Region of the Canadian High Arctic

The high arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, a white, medium-sized subspecies of the arctic wolf, and a considerable carnivore, ranges over the Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. … With the object of adding to the meagre literature on the high arctic wolf, I present in this paper the results of observations I made on it over a total period of 425 days spent in the field in the Jones Sound region, collecting information on the local wildlife and Inuit. … Little is actually known about the wolf's predatory behaviour in the eastern High Arctic, and much of what is attributed to the high arctic wolf is merely hearsay or speculation. For example, in the Jones Sound region muskox carcasses which bear signs of attention from wolves are usually referred to as wolf-kills. It is possible that some of these carcasses have simply been scavenged by wolves. … Over the years, some of the residents of Grise Fiord have attributed the decline of Peary's caribou Rangifer tarandus pearyi in the region to the predatory habits of wolves, in spite of the absence of any proof that they have a controlling effect upon the size of caribou populations. It appears in actual fact that man has been blaming his competitor, the wolf, for the problems he himself has created. … From data based on reports of members of the Grise Fiord Detachment of the R.C.M.P. I have been able to derive the following average numbers of wolves taken: 1956-57 to 1962-63: 1.7; 1963-64 to 1967-68: 4.4; 1968-69 to 1970-71: 9.6. The sharp increase from 1.7 to 4.4 was a result of the reintroduction in 1964 of bounty payments in the Northwest Territories for the capture of wolves. A hunter receives $40 for each animal captured, as well as the pelt which has a value ranging between $10 and $150. Some pelts are used locally for the trimming of parkas, for which they are however considered inferior to the pelts of dogs or imported wolverine. Most wolves taken up to 1968 were either poisoned, accidentally caught in fox traps, or shot as they approached hunters or their dogs out of curiosity. Since the coming into general use of snowmobiles in the area, however, hunters have usually followed any fresh wolf track in the hope of catching up with one of the animals. The fact that the average number caught over the three years ending in 1971 was as high as 9.6 per year was therefore the result of overhunting by snowmobile, and not of an increase in numbers of the animals. The overhunting which took place over the years 1968-71 is the presumable explanation of the fact that not one wolf was taken during the years 1971-72. … Wolf carcasses are not eaten either by Inuit or their dogs.

Jean George's Arctic Pastoral: A Reading of Julie of the Wolves

Jean George's Arctic Pastoral:A Reading of Julie of the Wolves Jon C. Stott (bio) Although literary critics are surprised that they can effectively apply the techniques of their discipline to works for children which are thought of as simple, the reasons for their successes should be clear: good children's fiction, while it does not generally contain the social, economic, political, and sexual complexities found in adult novels, does operate according to principles inherent in all good writing. It differs from adult literature in degree rather than in kind. One way of seeing the truth of this statement is to examine Jean Craighead George's Julie of the Wolves, 1973 Newbery Award winner, in terms of the pastoral tradition. To apply the term pastoral to a novel dealing with an Eskimo girl who early in the 1970's confronts a pack of arctic wolves may appear inappropriate to anyone who thinks of pastoral in terms of shepherds, Arcadia, and the Golden Age. Yet when we remember that the great Greek, Latin, Renaissance, and nineteenth-century American pastorals were written by sophisticated city dwellers, and that Jean George writes from the highly developed civilization of twentieth-century America, we are in a better position to understand the applicability of the term. As John Lynen has shown in his study of Robert Frost, the traditional elements mentioned above are not the essence of pastoralism, but tropes used to embody a basic literary structure: pastoralism "is always the product of a very highly developed society and arises from the impulse to look back with yearning and a degree of nostalgia toward the simpler, purer life which such a society has left behind."1 Such is the case in Julie of the Wolves, in which the simpler, purer life of Eskimo society is regarded from the perspective of the American civilization which is encroaching upon and destroying it. Pastoral literature is generally structured around a series of contrasts between a sullied, artificial, complex, urban world which represents turmoil, and in which are found all the more evil aspects of progress, especially greed, anxiety, and ambition; and a rural world which is natural, pure, and calm. In this setting, truth, tranquility, contentment, and innocence predominate. The pastoral world is seen as an ideal one in which the characters come closer to achieving a fundamental goodness of being than is possible in the actual world. This utopian land represents a way of life not realizable in ordinary existence, but only in a distant land, such as Arcadia, or in a distant time, such as the Golden Age. Thus, it represents what ought to be, and what once may havebeen,a golden past created in the minds of wistful men. Often, therefore, pastoral literature is ironic; for, written as it is from the perspective of a deficient actual world, it is a literature of the defeat of the ideal. It may at best express beliefs like those of Miles Coverdale, narrator of Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance, who thinks of his communitarian experiment as follows: "Let it be reckoned neither among my sins nor follies that I once had faith and force enough to form generous hopes of the world's destiny."2 [End Page 131] Within this structure of contrasted worlds, the central action of the pastoral takes place: the withdrawal of the central character from the urban world to the rural one, and his inevitable return to the urban world. It might be said that if the author intends his characters to stay in the Arcadian world and does not view their end ironically, he is writing romance rather than pastoral, a form seen in Book I of The Faerie Queene, in many folk tales in which the hero and heroine are married and live happily ever after, and in even Doris Gates' Blue Willow. In these works, a land of the heart's desire is achieved and the normal vicissitudes of life are over; the characters live happily ever after. The writer of the romance is more interested in the qualities that enable the characters to get to the ideal land, whereas the writer of the pastoral is concerned with how the experiences...

A comparative study of photoresponse in prosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimils.

The phototactic responses of nine strains ofDrosophila pseudoobscura from the population at Mather, California, and six strains ofD. persimilis from the population at White Wolf, California, were measured in an open field design. The flies were tested in a crossed gradient of light intensity and temperature in which the light choices allowed were 0.3, 2.0, and 10.0 ft-candles. This gradient was at right angles to a linear temperature gradient of 12 to 20°C. Theoretically, a relative humidity gradient was also established coincident with the temperature gradient. In this complex stimulus environment the flies made a choice within 5 min with little or no subsequent movement. The responses of the strains for each population were not homogeneous. Because of the lack of homogeneity within each species population, a direct comparison of the two species populations was not possible. However, the two species populations could be compared by the classification of the distribution profiles of each of the strains in the light bands. Phototaxis seems to be a population phenomenon and distinctions between populations can be made only by comparing large samples of individuals from each population.

Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf.

Lumbar Sympathectomy and Cold Acclimatization by the Arctic Wolf KENNETH SWAN;ROBERT HENSHAW; Annals of Surgery

Mineral constituents of the milks of some Arctic species.

Milk was collected from the following Arctic or sub-Arctic species: Arctic wolf, husky, fin whale, beluga whale, and mountain goat. The ash obtained from each milk was analyzed for its sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus contents.

Minority Advantage in Interpopulational Matings of Drosophila persimilis

It may be assumed that frequency dependence with a minority advantage in mating propensity of Drosophila implies a difference between rival types which must be recognizable as a difference among mating participants. Mating propensity between strains of D. persimilis taken from two widely separated localities (Humboldt and White Wolf) but possessing an identical chromosomal arrangement (Klamath, KL) was measured throughout a series of tests in which members of the two localities were varied in relative frequency either among males or among females. Flies were either raised under identical temperatures or under two temperatures (15⚬ and 25⚬C). The findings follow: 1. Males either raised at different temperatures or from separate localities or both have approximately equal mating propensities when they are the common type, but when rare, each type participates more frequently in mating than when common. 2. Females from either population when raised at cool temperature (15⚬C) accept males at one-tenth to on...

Wolf milk. I. Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) and husky milk: gross composition and fatty acid constitution.

Milk was obtained from an Arctic wolf which was captured on Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories, in 1961 and held in captivity for 5 years before the collection of the sample, and from two huskies. The gross composition of the milks and the fatty acid constitution of the milk fats were determined.