American Race Research Articles

Survival and Continuation: An Analysis of the Women Characters of the American Indian Community in Louise Erdrich’s The Night Watchman

The Night Watchman is a novel published by Native American woman writer Louise Erdrich in 2020. The book tells the story of an Indian tribe located in the Turtle Mountain Reservation in the 1950s which makes arduous efforts to prevent the US government from enacting Termination Bill and relocation plan. The author vividly displays the unity of the tribal people in the Turtle Mountain Reservation. At the same time, the images of American Indian women are portrayed in details. In the mainstream white society, Indian images, especially Indian women’s images, always seem to be shrouded in mystery due to the long-term neglect and discrimination. At the time, Indian women were facing two crises: firstly, as women, they failed to avoid the fate of being persecuted; Secondly, as the members of the Indian community, their tribal survival and development were under threat. Therefore, analyzing the images of American Indian women in Erdrich’s The Night Watchman not only enables the public to pay attention to the identity and awareness of Native American women, but also helps readers better understand how the female characters in the book shape their unique gender and cultural identity through persistence and resistance.

Asian Americans’ Racialized Incorporation into the Political Field

Abstract I use Asian Americans’ political participation to examine how the racialization of Asian Americans manifests in the political field, and how such processes shape Asian Americans’ racialized experiences and identity. Based on interviews with 95 Asian American political candidates and organizers in Houston, Texas, the findings show that, regardless of respondents’ motivation for participating in politics, most of them have encountered racial discrimination based on the “perpetual foreigner” racial trope in the political field and have observed how race dictates the way politics operates in the United States. The racialized experiences in politics lead to these organizers’ awareness of their Asian American racial status and their belief that political participation is a means to assert their political belonging to U.S. society and to transform their marginalized racial status. This facilitates their sense of linked fate with other individuals with Asian heritages in the United States and sustains their political activism. The findings suggest that Asian Americans are going through a process of racialized incorporation in the political field, as they are “sorted” along racial lines when becoming part of the U.S. hierarchical political system.

Why Don't South Asians in the U.S. Count As “Asian”?: Global and Local Factors Shaping Anti‐South Asian Racism in the United States*

In a 2020 U.S. survey, more Asian Indians than Chinese indicated that they were worried about post‐Covid‐19 hate crimes. Yet, post‐Covid violence against people of Asian background has been viewed as being directed against “Chinese‐looking” individuals. This is just one example of how South Asians are overlooked in discourses about Asian Americans. This theoretical paper provides an expansion of the racial formation framework to explain this exclusion. We demonstrate how global factors, including the foreign engagements of the United States shaped the development of the Asian American group and category, and why, even though Asian Americans can be brown, yellow, white, or black, an East Asian phenotype is viewed as denoting an “Asian” body in the United States. We also discuss how the racialization of religion shapes anti‐South Asian racism, a factor largely ignored in the literature on racial formation and Asian Americans. We end by calling for the inclusion of South Asians in Asian American literature to challenge many of the reigning paradigms regarding Asian America and anti‐Asian racism.

A Review of the Biden Administration's Racial Redress Policy under the Limits of American Democracy

Racism in the United States has a long history, and over time, it has evolved in new ways. Despite the efforts of successive American governments to address racism, the results have been minimal. This paper analyzes, from the perspective of systemic racism theory, why the social policies implemented by the Biden administration to improve domestic race relations cannot fully resolve the issue of racism and why racism is deeply entrenched in the American democratic system. In reality, the groups that hold national power represent only a minority of the population, excluding lower-class white individuals and ethnic minorities. Racism is merely a form of psychological wage created by the elites to compensate for the economic losses experienced by lower-class white individuals. While the Biden administration has pursued policies to promote racial equality, without altering the framework of American democracy, these policies are unable to eradicate racism and may instead exacerbate the problem, setting the stage for future outbreaks of racial movements.

Różne marginesy

The article contains a review of bell hooks’ Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984; Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, Warszawa 2013, second edition 2022). The text by the American scholar presents groundbreaking theses for the development of the Black feminism movement – she was one of the first to draw attention to the need to take into account various social determinants of violence against women. At the same time, it emphasizes the exclusionary and marginalizing assumptions of second-wave feminism that dominated in the mid-twentieth century. In my review, I reflect on the importance of republishing a theoretical book that examines the systemic violence faced by Black women in a patriarchal and white society. For me, it is important to ask about the relevance of hooks’ reflections and the role they play in thinking about feminism in contemporary capitalist society. I also reflect on the applicability of hooks’ theory in Polish feminism context.

Can You See Her? The Absent Presence of Black Female Subjectivity in Get Out (2017)

ABSTRACT This article investigates racial-sexual violence, and conceptualizations of Black female subjectivity as they are situated in the cinematic Black political imagination. Through a Black feminist analysis of Get Out (2017), the author argues that the film and its articulation of race in the post-Obama US fails to account for gender and sexuality by tangentially engaging Black women in its dissection of race and racism. The author contends that Black women are the absent presence in the film and utilizes theories of temporal, spatial, and material racial-sexual violence and the coupled subject invisibilities to dissect the (in)visible Black women in film.

“Students find corporate reforms absurd”: Bryn Mawr Student’s Mobilization for Divestment from Apartheid South Africa

In 1986, Bryn Mawr College’s endowment held $8 million or 8.33% of its $96 million endowment in investments tied to Apartheid in South Africa. In line with other major US institutions who believed they must act moral in the face of violent and exploitative system of racial discrimination, the Board of Trustees, the governing body that oversees college operations and finances, proposed a plan in 1985 to divest from subsidiaries of their stock in South Africa if Apartheid was still in place 24 months later in 1987. This came at the tail end of the international movement to oppose and end Apartheid through economic pressures. Bryn Mawr students would reject this plan, occupying buildings and mobilizing campus to disrupt Board meetings. Students said they would not rest until full divestment. Their movement held a shared commitment to ending Apartheid in South Africa and to ending racism in the United States. This paper narrates how the social and economic movements against Apartheid panned out at Bryn Mawr College in the 1980s. Based on my original primary source research at Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges’ special collections, I uncover the tactics and frameworks of the student movement to divest as well as the college’s response. Inevitably, the administration took partial measures to accommodate some of the demands of the student movement for divestment. The nexus between the student movement for divestment and the college administration took new heights in 1986. In this year, the students rejected the college’s newly presented plan for divestment, as they understood it as a mere palliative measure in the face of the violence and racism of Apartheid. To understand the student zeitgeist at the time , I illuminate the historical context of the movement against Apartheid by situating it in relation to the preceding anti-War and Civil Rights movements. The later era of activism precipitated into the New Left movement, which was a radical student movement grounded in ideas of political and economic democracy. I provide readers with a primer on the foundations of ethical investment in South Africa. The college’s plan embodied the corporate responsibility ethos of the 80s, which sought to maintain capitalism and pacify very popular alternatives through modest reforms. These principles undergirded Bryn Mawr College’s eventual divestment strategy, which sought to maintain profit and to make a statement about their opposition to the political system of Apartheid. To make this argument, I draw on archival discussions of corporate responsibility politics and the theory of change they espouse which forwarded reform through pressuring the companies they held stock in. I engage in an analysis of discourses emerging from a school-sponsored trip to South Africa in the winter of 1986, which was dubbed a “Peace Mission Fact Finding Trip.” This analysis is essential to understanding student and faculty perspectives, as there was not a consensus on the subject. In the end, Bryn Mawr adopted a divestment plan that was in the name of corporate responsibility. They wrote letters to the corporations they held stock in who had subsidiaries in South Africa, and asked what they were going to do to end Apartheid. The school sold $651,558 in 1986 of stock from the 5 companies, a mere 0.67% of the total endowment.

BLACK AMERICANS’ VIOLENT STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES: A SCRUTINY OF STEPHEN COONTS’S UNDER SIEGE

The examination of Stephen Coonts’s Under Siege has enabled us to discover that Aldana and his black fellows are the first characters who organize a violent struggle against racism in the United States in order to achieve their civil rights denied to them for years by their white counterparts because of their black skin color. They, for example, start bombing on Whites’ stores and killing even white American authorities who refuse to see them as full American citizens. Unfortunately, this violence which gives to the author’s text the form of a historical book does not provide them with their needs. For, many of them are caught, punished, and killed under the white American authorities’ order. Such is the case of Aldana who is persecuted several times and tortured mercilessly by Whites for his committed crimes as a way for the latter to give a lesson to all Blacks in case of disobedience. This black character’s violence which also results in the spread of drug in all the spheres of the United States urges white American authorities to fight against drug business in this powerful nation.

Homologous Recombination Repair Testing Patterns and Outcomes in mCRPC by Alteration Status and Race.

Alterations in DNA damage repair genes in advanced prostate cancer (PC) may impact responses to therapy and clinical outcomes. This study described homologous recombination repair (HRR) testing patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by HRR alteration status and race in the United States (US). Clinical data in the nationwide (US-based) Flatiron Health-Foundation Medicine, Inc. (FMI) Metastatic PC Clinico-Genomic Database were evaluated (01/01/2011-12/31/2022). Patients initiating first-line (1L) mCRPC therapy on or after mCRPC diagnosis were included. Testing patterns, time-to-next treatment, overall survival (OS), and time-to-prostate specific antigen response were described. Of the 1367 patients with mCRPC and at least one HRR panel test prior to or on the date of 1L mCRPC therapy initiation, 332 (24.3%) were HRR positive (White patients: n = 219 [66.0%]; Black patients: n = 37 [11.1%]) and 1035 (75.7%) were HRR negative (White patients: n = 702 [67.8%]; Black patients: n = 84 [8.1%]). The mean time between first positive test and 1L mCRPC therapy initiation date was 588 days (White patients: 589 days; Black patients: 639 days). Among HRR positive relative to negative patients, trends for faster progression (respective 12-month rate overall: 71.1% and 63.7%; White patients: 72.5% and 64.0%; Black patients: 65.4% and 56.4%), shorter OS (respective 24-month rate overall: 46.8% and 51.9%; White patients: 48.6% and 46.2%; Black patients: 52.8% and 54.1%), and decreased treatment response (respective 12-month rate overall: 24.3% and 37.9%; White patients: 24.5% and 35.2%; Black patients: 17.0% and 43.9%) were observed. Patients with mCRPC positive for HRR alterations tended to exhibit poorer treatment responses and clinical outcomes than those with a negative status. These findings highlight the importance of timely genetic testing in mCRPC, particularly among Black patients, and the need for improved 1L targeted therapies to address the unmet need in HRR positive mCRPC.

Compliance with recommended pneumococcal vaccination schedule in patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis: A retrospective cohort study in the Veterans Affairs population

IntroductionInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a leading cause of death. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at risk of IPD due to immunosuppressant medications. Up until 2022, two pneumococcal vaccines, the 13-valent Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), were recommended. Despite the recommendation change to give a single 20-valent PCV vaccine (PCV20), some still require multiple vaccinations. There is a need to identify barriers to vaccine uptake. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the on-time vaccination rates for PCV13 and PPSV23 in treated RA patients between 2010 and 2018 using national Veterans Affairs data. Patients > 18 years of age diagnosed with RA and newly initiated on RA treatment were included. Pneumococcal vaccine compliance was assessed by measuring on-time receipt of PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations. We identified factors using multivariate logistic regression and described the occurrence of these factors using descriptive statistics. ResultsA total of 39,243 patients were included in the study. Most patients were white (75.8 %), male (85.4 %), on methotrexate therapy (41.4 %). The average age was 62.3 years. The proportion of patients considered vaccine compliant is 43.9 %. The primary independent risk factors for vaccine non-compliance were black/African American race (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.26, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 1.19–1.34) or missing/unknown race (OR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.31–1.61), missing/unknown ethnicity (OR 1.21, 1.02–1.43), never married (OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.02–1.19) or widowed (OR 1.23, 95 % CI 1.12–1.34), diagnosed with congestive heart failure (OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.00–1.22), or dementia (OR 1.48, 95 % CI 1.16–1.91). The proportion of patients who were non-compliant in patients who were vaccine naïve was 32.1 % and the non-compliance rate for non-naïve patients was 65.3 %. ConclusionsProviders should identify barriers to pneumococcal vaccination in RA patients to improve compliance. Efforts to increase vaccination should be tailored to specific high-risk groups.

American Racialization: An Ecosystem and Non-Phenomenon

American Racialization: An Ecosystem and Non-Phenomenon

The Demographic Intersection of Age, Race, and Immigrant Composition in the United States

This visualization illustrates the proportion of U.S. residents at every age between 0 and 80 years who are foreign born and native born. The author uses a robust cross-sectional sample from the 2022 American Community Survey and groups individuals into nine distinct racial and ethnic (i.e., ethnoracial) groups. Following demographic expectations, age-specific immigrant shares of the total population are largest in midlife. However, across different ethnoracial groups the pattern varies greatly. Among Hispanic White individuals, a presumed immigrant-dominant group, there is no age at which the majority of members are foreign born. Alternatively, among non-Hispanic Asians and Pacific Islanders, Hispanics from other races, and multiracial Hispanics, there is a clear divide between majority foreign-born and majority native-born age groups. These results show the strengths of disaggregating the Hispanic population and the need to consider the intersection of age, race, and immigration when formulating social policy.

Factors Influencing Compliance to Follow-up Visits in Orthopaedic Surgery.

Orthopaedic procedures require postoperative follow-up to maximize recovery. Missed appointments and noncompliance can result in complications and increased healthcare costs. This study investigates the relationship between patient postoperative visit attendance and the distance traveled to receive care. A retrospective review of all surgeries performed by a single orthopaedic surgeon in 2019 at level 1 trauma center in a midsized city serving a largely rural population was completed. We excluded patients who underwent another subsequent procedure. Distance to care and time traveled were determined by the patient's address and the clinic address using Google Maps Application Programming Interface. Other variables that may affect attendance at follow-up visits were also collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was done with purposeful selection. We identified 518 patients of whom 32 (6%) did not attend their first scheduled follow-up appointment. An additional 47 (10%) did not attend their second follow-up. In total, 79 patients (15%) did not attend one of their appointments. Younger age, male sex, Black or African American race, self-pay, Medicaid insurance, accident insurance, and increased distance were individual predictors of missing an appointment. In the final multivariate logistic regression model, male sex (OR 1.74), Black or African American race (OR 2.78), self-pay (OR 3.12), Medicaid (OR 3.05), and traveling more than 70 miles to clinic (OR 2.02) markedly predicted missing an appointment, while workers' compensation (OR 0.23) predicted attendance. Several nonmodifiable patient factors predict patient noncompliance in attending orthopaedic postoperative visits. When patients are considered at high risk of being lost to follow-up, there may be an opportunity to implement interventions to improve follow-up rate and patient outcomes, minimize patient costs, and maximize profitability for the hospital.

Oppressed becomes the oppressor: Psychoanalytical intersections of trauma in Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye

This paper explores the intricate interplay of racism, trauma, and identity in Toni Morrison's novel, The Bluest Eye. It delves into the challenges faced by African Americans within a predominantly white society by utilizing current trauma theory and black feminist concepts. The theoretical framework includes cultural trauma theories, including the contributions from Schreiber and insights from feminist thinkers like Bell Hooks and Patricia Hill Collins. Moreover, through an intersectional analysis, this study scrutinizes how gender, racial, class, and generational trauma intertwine to mold individuals' experiences and self-perception. Therefore, by amalgamating trauma theories with feminist perspectives, this paper provides valuable insights into the struggles of the characters and the societal dynamics portrayed in Morrison's novel, The Bluest Eye.

The Reversal of Negro’s Stereotype Image in Audre Lorde’s Selected Poems: A Poststructuralist Study

The present study tackles the linguistic creative ability of Audre Lorde’s poetic language to change the concepts and perceptions of Negro image signification. It is a sensitive issue that is affecting the life of African American community, namely the Blacks. The researcher in this study aims for seeking vicissitude and reverse the black image signification to indicate it as a graceful one. Besides, the researcher aims to document the black’s agony out of the dominant conceptions by the harsh white society over them during 1960 and 1970. This is done through selecting poems from Audre Lorde’s ‘’Coal’’ volume as a Data analysis under approaching the poststructuralist Susan K. Langer and her book entitled ‘’ Philosophy in a new key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite and Art’’ (1954). Therefore, the paper discusses a rooted and renewed problem, which is judging on skin color. The researcher applies in his investigation a quantitative descriptive methodology that starts with an introduction, literature view, Theoretical background and concepts that are affecting language and black culture in addition to Lorde’s poetic language quality. The study concludes that the signifier is not a must to represent the signified. This is true with Lorde’s call of the black ‘’Coal’, which is a source of fortune and energy, despite being black. Thus, it shows the importance of the self and the black identity.

The impact of monetary policy shocks on net worth and consumption across races in the United States

The aim of this paper is to determine whether monetary policy has a heterogeneous impact on net worth and consumption across races in the United States by applying several empirical methodologies and combining macro and micro data. The results suggest that an expansionary monetary shock increases the race gap in the short run in terms of net worth and that this is explained by differences in portfolio composition, especially between black and white households. Consequently, the heterogeneous wealth effect among these racial groups means that white households retain a higher elasticity than some minorities with respect to different forms of consumption as a consequence of a monetary policy shock. Although the heterogeneous effects of monetary policy across race are primarily explained by the different observable characteristics of households, a non-negligible part of this heterogeneity could be explained by the credit constraints faced by racial minorities that determine the composition of their wealth.

Underground Topography of the Political Unconscious in Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison

Coming from different socio-economic backgrounds but sharing the experience of being black intellectuals in the US before the Civil Rights movement, Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison met in New York in 1937. Although they eventually grew distant, their friendship generated some of the most important political writings of African-American literature. They were interested in the ideas of Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx for possible solutions to the “Negro question.” They argued for a Freudo-Marxist synthesis as a remedy for the broken black psyche under white supremacist pressure. With its dimension on American racism, the synthesis they proposed offers a distinct and important contribution to the dominantly European canon of the theory. This article investigates the political psychoanalysis of Wright and Ellison as represented in their ideationally interlinked novels, Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) and Wright’s The Man Who Lived Underground (2021). It analyses how their novelistic writing emerges as a dynamic space to elaborate upon a political psychoanalysis through their own race-based version of a theoretical synthesis. Moreover, the study also offers a new approach to new material, as Richard Wright's The Man Who Lived Underground remained unpublished until it was recently rediscovered and printed for the first time in 2021.

Why Do Cochlear Implant Candidates Defer Surgery? A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

Despite undergoing thorough cochlear implant (CI) candidacy evaluation and counseling, some patients ultimately elect against implantation. This study sought to identify patient-related and socioeconomic factors predicting CI deferral. A retrospective study of adult (≥18 years old) CI candidates presenting between 2007 and 2021 at a tertiary academic CI center was performed. The primary outcome was device implantation. Data collected included age, gender, hearing status, race, zip code of residence, median family income (MFI), distance traveled from the CI center, marital status, employment status, and insurance status. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of implantation. A total of 200 patients qualifying for CI were included, encompassing 77 adults deferring surgery (CI-deferred) and 123 consecutive adults electing for surgery (CI-pursued). Age, gender, hearing status, insurance type, employment status, distance from the implant center, and MFI were comparable between the groups (p > 0.05). Compared to CI-pursued patients, CI-deferred patients were more likely to be non-Caucasian (24.7% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.015) and unmarried (55.8% vs. 38.2%, p = 0.015). On multivariable logistic regression, older age (OR 0.981, 0.964-0.998, p = 0.027), African American race (OR 0.227, 0.071-0.726, p = 0.012), and unmarried status (OR 0.505, 0.273-0.935, p = 0.030) were independent predictors of implant deferral. This study demonstrates that increasing age at evaluation, African American race, and unmarried status are predictors for deferring CI surgery despite being implant candidates. These patients may benefit from increased outreach in the form of counseling, education, and social support prior to undergoing CI surgery. 3 - retrospective study with internal control group Laryngoscope, 134:2857-2863, 2024.

Medicare Eligibility and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Operative Fixation for Distal Radius Fracture

Medicare provides near-universal health insurance to US residents aged 65 years or older. How eligibility for Medicare coverage affects racial and ethnic disparities in operative management after orthopedic trauma is poorly understood. To assess the association of Medicare eligibility with racial and ethnic disparities in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) after distal radius fracture (DRF). This retrospective cohort study with a regression discontinuity design obtained data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project all-payer statewide databases for Florida, Maryland, and New York. These databases contain encounter-level data and unique patient identifiers for longitudinal follow-up across emergency departments, outpatient surgical centers, and hospitals. The cohort included patients aged 57 to 72 years who sustained DRFs between January 1, 2016, and November 30, 2019. Data analysis was performed between March 1 and October 15, 2023. Eligibility for Medicare coverage at age 65 years. Type of management for DRF (closed treatment, external fixation, percutaneous pinning, and ORIF). Time to surgery was ascertained in patients undergoing ORIF. Multivariable logistic regression and regression discontinuity design were used to compare racial and ethnic disparities in patients who underwent ORIF before or after age 65 years. A total of 26 874 patients with DRF were included (mean [SD] age, 64.6 [4.6] years; 22 359 were females [83.2%]). Of these patients, 2805 were Hispanic or Latino (10.4%; hereafter, Hispanic), 1492 were non-Hispanic Black (5.6%; hereafter, Black), and 20 548 were non-Hispanic White (76.5%; hereafter, White) and 2029 (7.6%) were individuals of other races and ethnicities (including Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, and other races). Overall, 32.6% of patients received ORIF but significantly lower use was observed in Black (20.2% vs 35.4%; P < .001) and Hispanic (25.8% vs 35.4%; P < .001) patients compared with White individuals. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the disparity in ORIF use in Black (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50-0.72) and Hispanic patients (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94) compared with White patients. No significant difference in ORIF use was found among racial and ethnic groups at age 65 years. The expected disparity in ORIF use between White and Black patients at age 65 years without Medicare coverage was 12.6 percentage points; however, the actual disparity was 22.0 percentage points, 9.4 percentage points (95% CI, 0.3-18.4 percentage points) greater than expected, a 75% increase (P = .04). In the absence of Medicare coverage, the expected disparity in ORIF use between White and Hispanic patients was 8.3 percentage points, and this result persisted without significant change in the presence of Medicare coverage. Results of this study showed that surgical management for DRF was popular in adults aged 57 to 72 years, but there was lower ORIF use in racial or ethnic minority patients. Medicare eligibility at age 65 years did not attenuate race and ethnicity-based disparities in surgical management of DRFs.

IL-13 and IL-13–induced periostin levels are specifically decreased in patients following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

BackgroundType 2 (T2) inflammation plays a pathogenic role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) effects of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on T2 inflammation are unknown. ObjectiveTo compare T2 inflammatory biomarkers from middle meatal (MM) mucus for distinguishing CRS from non-CRS patients, identifying major phenotypes (CRS without (CRSsNP) and with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)), assessing endotypic change and establishing cross-sectional and longitudinal outcomes in patients undergoing ESS. MethodsMM mucus samples were collected from CRSsNP and CRSwNP patients before and 6-12 months after ESS and compared to non-CRS control patients. T2 biomarkers were evaluated continuously, using threshold-based definitions of T2 endotype, and for relationships with patient-reported (SNOT-22 and CRS-PRO) and clinician-reported (radiographic and endoscopic) severity. Linear mixed models were developed to analyze clinical variables associated with T2 biomarker levels. Results154 CRS patients (89 CRSsNP, 65 CRSwNP) were enrolled with a mean 9-month interval between ESS and follow-up. Pre-ESS MM mucus analysis revealed elevated T2 mediators in CRSwNP vs. CRSsNP and non-CRS controls. Temporally stable correlations between IL-13 and IL-5; periostin and C5a; and ECP and CCL26 was observed. On this basis and pathologic significance, IL-13, periostin and ECP were further analyzed. Post-ESS, IL-13 and periostin levels decreased significantly, ECP levels remained unchanged. Across pre- and post-ESS evaluation, the T2 endotype was associated with radiographic severity but did not predict outcomes. CRSwNP status and African American race were associated with higher levels of IL-13 and periostin, whereas ECP was higher in patients undergoing extensive surgery. ConclusionESS decreased IL-13 and periostin in MM. T2 inflammation post-ESS correlated with patient- and clinician-reported severity across phenotypes. Pre-ESS T2 inflammation did not predict post-ESS outcomes.