White Screen Research Articles

Phosphor Screens Color Preferences Depending on Night Vision Experience and Luminance Level.

One of the most important factors affecting visual performance during vision aided by night vision goggles (NVGs) is image quality, which depends mainly on the image-intensifier technology used. Although NVGs with green image color (P43 phosphor) are only accepted in military aviation, white image (P45 phosphor) seems to be equally well-regarded by aviators. The aim of our study was to determine if the experience of using NVGs with the green screen affects image preference for that color, and if the screen color preference is related to luminance level. Subjects (127 military pilots, 26-56 yr, M = 37.2; 62 pilots with flight experience with NVG use) were asked to observe a model terrain board at two different luminance levels (corresponding roughly to ambient conditions during starlight and one-half moonlight) while using two types of NVGs (green P43 and white P45 phosphor screens). The pilots were asked to answer a questionnaire about their preference for NVG display color. The findings showed a significant difference between screen color preference and pilots' experience with the green-phosphor-based NVGs (43.5% vs. 23.1% for white screens). However, there was no relationship between screen color preference and luminance level. Previous NVG experience seems to play an important role in shaping a user's individual preference for a certain phosphor screen color, although green and white phosphor screens both provide satisfactory visibility. Nevertheless, when deciding, it is advisable to experiment with both colors and select the one that suits the user's preferences and needs. Lewkowicz R, Dereń-Szumełda J. Phosphor screens color preferences depending on night vision experience and luminance level. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(10):749-757.

Aerodynamic properties of boundary layers along the roof of a large banana screenhouse under near-neutral atmospheric stability

Cultivation under screens and in screenhouses protects the crops from insects and extreme climate conditions and allows water saving. Previous studies considered the aerodynamic properties of boundary layers along two types of screens: a small shading thermal screen covering a hedgerow citrus orchard and a large 50-mesh, insect-proof screen covering a pepper plantation. To extend the previous results, a third type of screen was analysed in this study, a large flat-roof 17-mesh white woven shading screen covering a banana plantation. Vertical profiles of wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and friction velocity were measured by a lifting tower, and wind profiles were analysed under near-neutral atmospheric stability. Results show that normalised friction velocity, normalised roughness length, normalised zero plane displacement height and aerodynamic resistance are closer to the previous results of the large insect-proof screenhouse than those of the small shade net.

「병신과 머저리」에서 <시발점>으로의 매체전환 연구

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the cinematic transformation of ideological novels took place in the process of media transformation from the 1960s novel 「A Pool and an Idiot」 to the movie <The Starting Point>. At the narrative level, the sense of subject is also changed by changing the dramatic space, character, relationship change, and addition of events.At the narrative level, the sense of subject is also changed by changing the dramatic space, character character, relationship change, and addition of events. In addition, it combines new genre heterogeneity, which is a melodramatic quality that could not be felt in the original novel. The narrative structure changes due to media characteristics, and the narrative itself that conveys the narrative is transformed. In particular, the idea of 「A Pool and an Idiot」 implies essential difficulties in visualization. Director Kim Soo-yong uses various imaging techniques to visualize ideological narratives with irreversible traits. In < The Starting Point>, the description of the original work was reproduced in a sophisticated manner by using flashback, cross-editing, morconom (black and white screen) technique, and animation. This is in line with the meaning that the film mentioned by the bazaar requires a greater imagination in order to reproduce the same as the original work.

Fabrication of hydrophobic optical diffuser film for LED lights through induction-aided hot embossing using micro-textured mold fabricated by μ-WEDM: parametric analysis, wettability study and optical characterization

This study used an in-house designed induction-aided hot embossing (IHE) setup to make polymer-based hydrophobic optical diffuser film for LED lights. Negative-featured micron sized V-shaped grooves (Width and depth −300 μm, angle −60°, adjacent distance-500 μm) were fabricated on the mold to develop the micro-textured mold required for the hot embossing via μ-WEDM. In this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC) were used as working substrates. Initially, the parametric investigation was carried out by considering the four main parameters of IHE, i.e., embossing temperature-(Te), pressure-(Pe), duration-(te), and deembossing temperature-(Tde). Parametric analysis shows that the height of the embossed micron-sized V-shaped-grooves on the polymer substrate significantly affects the embossed diffuser film’s wettability and lighting efficiency. Embossed PC diffuser film showed the highest height, WCA, and illumination in all parametric investigations. Finally, PC diffuser film was made with the optimal IHE parameters: Te−225 °C, Pe−40 Kg cm−2, te−600 s, Tde−30 °C. This set of settings resulted in a maximum V-groove height of 273.35 ± 4.71 μm and a 94.52% replication rate. Illumination analysis of embossed PC diffuser film (171×102 (lux)) compared to traditional/bare film (71×102 (lux)) revealed a 137.5% percentile gain in illumination. A laser-based optical system was employed for optical characterization, and the X-direction diffused light length on the white screen was measured. The best diffused light length was 109.35 mm for embossed PC diffuser film. To compare plain and embossed diffuser film lighting effectiveness, RGB photos captured by CCD-RGB camera were converted to HSI images to determine hue, saturation, and intensity. The intensity dropped most with embossed PC diffuser film. It shows that embossed PC diffuser sheet diffuses light better. Finally, wettability study showed that all embossed diffuser film surfaces are hydrophobic. Embossed PC diffuser film had the highest WCA (95.3°) and 27.71% higher wettability than bare film.

1970 ve 1980 Yılları Arasında Benimsenen Türk Eğitim Politikasının Sinema Üzerinden İncelenmesi: Hababam Sınıfı Örneği

Although cinema reflects the culture of the society it is found, it cannot be said that its sole function is to reflect this culture. Cinema also questions the education policy applied in that society, the education system, and its point of view towards education and presents this questioning to its audience on the white screen. This questioning is an important tool, especially in terms of educational philosophy, because educational philosophy seeks answers to the questions and problems of education by using the cognitive tools of philosophy, like questioning and criticism, and criticism of the education policy constitutes an important part of these problems. In this study, Hababam Sınıfı-an educational-based film series, which started to be aired between 1970 and 1980, was analyzed philosophically, and some inferences were made regarding the Turkish education policy adopted at that period of time and based on these films made in the relevant period, teacher models, student characters and characteristics of the education system were revealed. Based on the teacher models/characters in the film, the expectations of the teachers from their students and the perspective of society towards the teaching profession in that period were interpreted. Similarly, based on the student models/characters in the film, the perspectives of students towards the Turkish education system, their expectations from the Turkish education system, and the effects of teachers and the education system of that period on students were analyzed. Finally, based on the teacher and student characters reflected in the films, the characteristics of the Turkish education policy and education system between 1970 and 1980 were explained, and some recommendations were made for future research.

The one-phase SrMg<sub>2</sub>La<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Tm<sup>3+</sup> phosphor and its optical features in multicolor and white-illumination LEDs

Researchers propose the phosphors emit many colors SrMg2La2W2O12:Tb3+, Sm3+, Tm3+ (SMLLW:RE3+) (RE3+=Tb3+, Sm3+, Tm3+) synthesized using the solid-status reacting technique as promising downward-transformation luminous substances for diodes emit white illumination and screens in the current study. The structural and binding data given by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggest the corresponding orthorhombic configuration and vibrational powers, respectively. The stimulation and radiation bands of color of SMLLW:RE3+ phosphor show that such phosphors may be successfully stimulated via ultraviolet (UV) illumination and generate green, orange-red, and blue (stands for G, O-R, B) illumination, in turn. For different doses of the triggers Tb3+, Sm3+, and Tm3+ within the SMLW phosphor base, luminescence, decomposition periods, Commission Internationale De L'eclairage (CIE) color coordination, along with correlated hue heats (Tcct) are specified. When a triple-doped SMLW phosphor is activated using a ligand-to-metal charge transition (LMCT), it produces G, O-R, B hues at the same time and can be adjustable to white light, according to the results. An effective power transfer among rare-earth ions was found and investigated using decay curve analysis. According to the findings, SMLW:RE3+ (RE=Tb, Sm, Tm) are suitable options to use for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and screens creation.

The one-phase SrMg<sub>2</sub>La<sub>2</sub>W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup>, Tm<sup>3+</sup> phosphor and its optical features in multicolor and white-illumination LEDs

Researchers propose the phosphors emit many colors SrMg2La2W2O12:Tb3+, Sm3+, Tm3+ (SMLLW:RE3+) (RE3+=Tb3+, Sm3+, Tm3+) synthesized using the solid-status reacting technique as promising downward-transformation luminous substances for diodes emit white illumination and screens in the current study. The structural and binding data given by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggest the corresponding orthorhombic configuration and vibrational powers, respectively. The stimulation and radiation bands of color of SMLLW:RE3+ phosphor show that such phosphors may be successfully stimulated via ultraviolet (UV) illumination and generate green, orange-red, and blue (stands for G, O-R, B) illumination, in turn. For different doses of the triggers Tb3+, Sm3+, and Tm3+ within the SMLW phosphor base, luminescence, decomposition periods, Commission Internationale De L'eclairage (CIE) color coordination, along with correlated hue heats (Tcct) are specified. When a triple-doped SMLW phosphor is activated using a ligand-to-metal charge transition (LMCT), it produces G, O-R, B hues at the same time and can be adjustable to white light, according to the results. An effective power transfer among rare-earth ions was found and investigated using decay curve analysis. According to the findings, SMLW:RE3+ (RE=Tb, Sm, Tm) are suitable options to use for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and screens creation.

Shifting from Blackboards to a White Screen: Utilizing Interactive Multimedia to Teach English in Bangladesh Primary Schools

Shifting from Blackboards to a White Screen: Utilizing Interactive Multimedia to Teach English in Bangladesh Primary Schools

Geographical space and cinema images of the white Arctic on a white screen (Part II)

The second part of the article is devoted to the consideration of two genres of Arctic fi lms — animal (faunal) and adventure. The basis for their implementation on the screen was Russian America, Alaska — the cinematic state of Hollywood, Chukotka and the Far North of Russia. The Arctic with its boundless snow-ice expanses and mythological obscurity forced its conquerors to seek and rely on a faithful friend — a dog — Siberian husky, husky, Alaskan malamute. As the polar explorer Robert Peary wrote, «life here is dog’s, but the work is worthy of a real person». Almost all the scripts of animal science fi lms are, borrowed from the literary works of the classics of the North — Jack London and James Curwood. Dogs and animals of the North have become full-fl edged actors of these fi lms. One of the pillars of the Arctic fi lms is adventures, including man’s struggle with the harsh nature of the Arctic, the formation of a new life for the indigenous peoples of the North, the search for missing expeditions and individuals — hunters, pilots, extreme athletes.

Fauna of Lepidoptera on wetlands damaged by peat extraction and undisturbed by human: analysis and comparison (Nizhny Novgorod region, Russia)

This paper aimed to compare the diversity and abundance of fauna of Lepidoptera on wetland sites damaged by peat extraction and remained in their natural state, which locate on the territory of the Ramsar wetland in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The surveys were curried out monthly in May–September 2021. We used methods of attracting moths to a white screen using mercury and ultraviolet lamps (5 nights per each study plot). Diurnal butterflies were being identified along pedestrian routes (total length – 11.4 km) during a day. Indices characterizing the α- and β-diversity of Lepidoptera were calculated. At both plots, we revealed the species diversity of Macrolepidoptera more than 70%. According to our results the abundance and diversity of Macrolepidoptera in the study plots seem to be the same. In the course of succession, after the complete destruction of peat bogs and forests on a site surrounded by intact communities, species abundance and diversity is rapidly restored and reaches a high level. The composition of faunas in the transformed and undisturbed plots differs significantly; the similarity in Jacquard is 44.7%. The ecological features of butterfly species recorded only on one of the study plots were evaluated. The role of the surveyed territories as habitats of rare and endangered butterfly species is shown as well.

‘Te Taonga – a significant contribution to the Māori screen industry’: Profiling Desray Armstrong, contemporary New Zealand film producer

Desray Armstrong is one of the most prolific producers working in the Aotearoa New Zealand screen industry. As a wahine (woman/female) Māori, Armstrong's presence counters the traditional domination of white male screen professionals, yet her aim is to support writers and directors from all backgrounds who have a story to tell. Beginning as a production manager, she worked her way up over a career spanning twenty years, and in December 2021 the New Zealand Film Commission (NZFC) awarded her the Māori Screen Excellence Award. However, Armstrong gained her first producer credit only after employing a non-traditional financing model for the artistically ambitious Stray, which was considered outside the remit of the more commercially minded NZFC. Since Stray, and with the support of the NZFC, she has produced films that are challenging and topical, including the noir thriller Coming Home in the Dark, the family saga Juniper and the social media satire Millie Lies Low. This article demonstrates how the onerous public film funding model in New Zealand and the wider market can affect the ability of filmmakers to tell stories that sit outside the narratives acceptable to New Zealand's pākehā-dominated culture. It exposes the mismatch between Armstrong's view that her work is seen by some, as pākehā focussed and the NZFC's idea of the ‘Māori screen industry’. It concludes that despite the drive toward a more accessible industry, led by the NZFC, filmmakers like Armstrong challenge traditional views about how New Zealand should be represented on screen, choosing to position the story and the storyteller as the chief focus, and not where the story originates from.

Geographical space and cinema images of the white Arctic on a white screen (Part I)

The infinity of spaces, open spaces, the “White Silence” of the classical Arctic with a harsh climate, with its ice-bound Arctic Ocean, polar seas, archipelagos, islands covered with glaciers and snow, rocks breaking off into the sea, permafrost has always been a hostile environment, causing human fear. The icy Arctic desert on the shores turns into hard-to-reach areas of tundra, forest tundra and northern taiga. These are Siberia, Alaska, the Canadian Arctic archipelago, the Scandinavian-Icelandic polar regions. But it was their ignorance, their natural riches of furs, fish, forest, gold, and later oil and gas that attracted attention. With the advent of cinema, the Arctic and the North Pole crowning it, actually frozen ocean water, became the object of cinematographers. The whiteness of snow and ice refers us to the white sheet screen. The “white” polar nature appeared on it, affecting the destinies of people living in it, and those who came to master and transform it. The creators of cinema groped their way as well as the conquerors of the North Pole. At the beginning of the twentieth century . world directors Georges Milies, Bester Keaton, Lev Kuleshov, Charlie Chaplin have trodden the fantastic-comedy and dramatic silent cinematic Arctic path with their films. Then there were expedition documentaries, because the operators in the composition of the expeditions had to capture the historical events taking place in truly Arctic conditions, and a little later, feature films sometimes with world movie stars, in which, in accordance with the natural conditions of movement, new performers were introduced — animals, in particular dogs, deer, bears. The image, sound, and movement helped to enhance the demonstration of the color of Arctic landscapes and subjects on a white screen. Gradually, the Arctic occupied its niche in the panorama of world cinema not only as a decoration, but also as a full-fledged socio-geographical “actor”. However, the geography of film production of Arctic films is quite limited, although more than a hundred have been shot, which is explained by the few countries that surround the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic belongs to five states forming the Arctic Council — Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark, Norway. The article examines the history, genres, plot-thematic aspects of Arctic feature films.

Whiteboard animation simulation for dental education.

Whiteboard animation is a specific type of animation where line drawing and narration are used to explain concepts. The combination of visual thinking and storytelling makes whiteboard animations a unique and effective educational tool. Storytelling is a multimodal teaching approach that simultaneously engages listeners’ thinking, emotions, and imagination.1 However, this powerful tool is underutilized in higher education, particularly science education.1 Whiteboard animations, powered by storytelling, have successfully explained complex health-related topics to pharmacology students2 and positively impacted the retention, engagement, and enjoyment of university-level students.3 We planned to create whiteboard animations for dental students to explain complex science topics using graphics and storytelling. However, we have encountered two challenges while attempting to make whiteboard animations as an educator: (1) Making a good quality whiteboard animation requires paid software, which can be expensive. (2) Most whiteboard animation software is designed for business advertising and does not provide the graphics gallery needed to explain health science-related topics. The graphics gallery of the software do not have images representing the microanatomy of the tooth, oral cavity, and cellular processes. As a solution, we have used traditional PowerPoint and hand-drawn digital images to mimic whiteboard animation. Procreate, a stylus pen, and an iPad were used for drawings that were exported into PowerPoint. The built-in animations of PowerPoint were used to animate the images and supporting text (Figure 1). Screen-capture software was used to record the animation screen as a video with a voice-over narration. Our whiteboard animation explains the types of epithelial cells in a storytelling manner. First-year dentistry students learn about the epithelium as part of histology. The animation starts with the story of a boy who wants to eat cereal and milk with a fork. The narration then draws a connection between the structure-function relationships of a utensil to the structure-function relations of cells in the epithelium (Figure 2). We have incorporated interactive self-assessment questions allowing viewers to assess their learning. The learning objective of the animation and corresponding assessment questions are shown in Table 1. Learning objective whiteboard animation: Epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract Identify the types of epithelial cells based on their shape and function. Differentiate between simple and stratified epithelium. Define the type of epithelium found in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Describe the correlation between the shape of an epithelial cell and its function in the gastrointestinal tract. Q1. Which epithelium comprises cells whose height is two–three times greater than their width and are arranged in an ordered layer? Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium *** Simple squamous epithelium Stratified epithelium Q2. Which epithelium comprises several layers, such that cells high up in the epithelium are not in contact with the underlying extracellular matrix? Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Stratified epithelium *** Characterize the epithelium of the oral cavity. Explain how the epithelium of the oral cavity is different from the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. Q3. What type of epithelium is found in our oral cavity? Stratified squamous epithelium *** Simple columnar epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Traditionally whiteboard animations use hand motion to draw and write on a whiteboard. However, PowerPoint does not have that option. As an alternative, we used the animated “human hand” to bring and stick the picture on a white screen or color the important regions instead of appearing it to draw. Adding background music and sound effect can make the video engaging and entertaining. According to Cognitive Load Theory, the learning load of working memory can be reduced by alternating how a topic is presented.4 Whiteboard animations offer an alternative learning scaffold, therefore expected to reduce the extrinsic load of understanding complex concepts. Stories with real-world examples will also help students understand and retain the information. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

White screens, Black fandom: silent film and African American spectatorship in Harlem

ABSTRACT This article investigates Black moviegoing in the United States during the silent film era. In existing scholarship, African American moviegoers tend to be discussed with reference to race movies – that is, independent films featuring all-Black casts. However, even during their heyday, race movies were in limited supply and could not compete directly with the dominant, vertically integrated Hollywood film studios. Thus, using data gathered from film programmes of Harlem’s Black cinemas in the 1920s – reconstructed primarily through Black newspapers New York Age and New York Amsterdam News – the article discusses the popularity of Hollywood films among Black spectators. If Black viewers were not embedded in the newly institutionalised white fan culture – consuming screen narratives that representationally marginalised them – then what were the parameters of their engagement? Drawing on fan magazines, social surveys, and established literature on African Americans as consumers of mainstream culture, this piece interrogates the pleasures of cinema as articulated by Black viewers.

1.3: The Technology and Development of Laser Display Optical Screens

Laser display has the advantages of high brightness, wide color gamut, long lifetime, low power consumption, and better eye protection, and will become the mainstream of the next generation of high‐end display; This paper mainly expounds the structure and principle of Fresnel optical screen, black grid optical screen and white plastic frame screen electric pull screen for laser display.Besides, The three kinds of optical screens are also compared in structure, material, performance and applications . Finally, the development trend of mainstream anti‐light screens is prospected.

Quantifying visual acuity of Terrapene carolina triunguis utilizing optokinetic response.

Quantify visual acuity of a semi-aquatic turtle species, Terrapene carolina triunguis (three-toed box turtles), utilizing optokinetic response/reflex/nystagmus. Ten turtles were placed on a custom platform and an image of white and black gratings of varying sized widths was projected onto a white screen in front of the turtles. Optokinetic response (OKR) was observed through a web camera as well as physically by an observer. The grating sizes were decreased until OKR could not be elicited. The size of grating was recorded and was used to calculate visual acuity. The average visual acuity was 0.26 cycle per degree (cpd) with the highest recorded value being 0.43 cpd and lowest being 0.15 cpd. Neither sex nor weight were significantly associated with visual acuity (p=.24 and .98, respectively). Visual acuity of these semi-aquatic turtles was much lower than previously reported visual acuities of aquatic turtles. This could be due to differences in refractive indices between water and air, behavioral adaptations for the different species and/or method of obtaining visual acuity.

Bellek Kavramı Bağlamında “Kulüp” Dizisinin Hatırlattıkları ve Toplumsal Yansımaları

Başlangıç ve bitişlerin tarihin seyrine yön vermesi gibi bireysel ya da toplumsal belleğin katmanlarında da izler bırakmaktadır. 20. Yüzyıl bellek çalışmalarının önemsendiği, disiplinlerarası araştırmalara konu edildiği ve bu araştırmaların sonuçlarına dayandırılarak insanın temel unsur olduğu tarih yazımının yeniden şekillendiği bir zaman dilimidir. Belleğin bir tür hatırlama mekanizması olarak ele alınışı, diğer bir ifadeyle oluşan arşiv sistemi, sözlü kültürden yazıla kültüre geçişin emarelerini taşıdığı gibi, soyut olanın somuta dönüşerek adeta görünür kılınması belleğin daha da canlı tutulmasını sağlar. Görüntünün ardındaki gerçeklik bireysel bellek çıkarımlarının öznelliğini ifade ederken, kolektif belleğin nesnel birikimlerini de sergiler. İnsanlık tarihi, gelecek zamanlara ve kuşaklara kapılarını aralar adeta. Sözlü kültürün izlerini taşıyan mitler, masallar ve destanları, yazılı kültüre geçişle birlikte mekânlar, buluntular, el yazmaları, sanat eserleri takip eder bellek ayrıntılarında. Teknolojinin olanakları, belleği dijital boyuta taşımış, görüntü dilini kullanan arşivler yaratılmıştır. Fotoğraf karelerinden sıyrılan insan ifadeleri beyaz perde de vücut bulmuştur. Sinema sanatının geniş kitleleri kısa sürede etkileyebilme gücü ve popülerliği bellek oluşumlarında sıkça tercih edilen bir araç olarak kullanılmasına neden olmuştur. Sinemanın anlatım dilindeki zamansızlık izleyiciyi bellek katmanlarında yolculuğa çıkartabilmektedir. Sinemanın gücünü kullanan televizyon ve günümüzün dijital yayın platformları da toplumdaki farklı bakış açılarını belleğe gönderme yaparak özgün yapımlar üretmektedirler. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de en çok izlenme payına sahip dijital yayın platformu Netflix’in orijinal yapımları arasında yer alan “Kulüp” dizi, 1950’li yılların Türkiye’si ve özelde İstanbul’un ağırlıklı olarak gayrimüslimlerin yaşadığı Beyoğlu semtine ışık tutarak, dönemin belirleyici özelliklerini, Sefarad Yahudileri’nin gözünden aktarmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturan Kulüp dizisinin 10 bölümü, nitel araştırmada kullanılan amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden biri olan tipik durum örneklemi yöntemine göre incelenecektir. Tipik durum örneklemi için belirlenen “zaman”, “mekân”, “azınlıklar” ve “inanç” faktörleri, ele alınan araştırma konusunda bellek oluşumunun toplumsal yansımalarını ortaya koymamızı sağlayacaktır.

Salt stress and ambience in the culture of yellow passion-fruit

Salt stress negatively affects the emergence and initial growth of crops. However, the use of protected environments emerges as an alternative to enhance these parameters. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different environments and the salinity of the irrigation water on the emergence and development of yellow passion-fruit seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, in the city of Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a subdivided plot scheme, with four cultivation environments under different shading screens (black screen; white screen; red screen; all with 50% shading; and full sun), and two electrical conductivities of irrigation water: 0.3 dS m-1 and 3.0 dS m-1, with five repetitions of 25 seeds. The protected environment with 50% black roofing stood out from the others providing a better percentage of emergence, seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves and radicle length in yellow passion-fruit. The deleterious effects of salts on the rate of emergence and shoot dry matter were reduced when the 50% black shade cloth was used. Irrigation with water of higher conductivity caused reductions and retardation in the emergence of passion-fruit. Besides negatively affecting seedling height, stem diameter and shoot dry matter.

Measuring the refractive index of a transparent sphere from the primary and secondary rainbows

We propose a method to obtain the refractive index of a transparent sphere from the fascinating phenomena of rainbows, which can be used as an interesting subject in the experimental courses of primary optics for undergraduate or high school students. The primary and secondary rainbows are reproduced on white walls and screens in the classroom with the sun and water drops replaced by the LED flashlight and K9 glass (one type of borosilicate glass) sphere respectively. The locations of the primary and secondary rainbows on the screen are measured, with the locations of the screen and sphere changed. By fitting the multiple measurements to the theoretical result using the least square method, the refractive index of the glass sphere, as an unknown parameter in the fitting process, is obtained. For both the primary and secondary rainbows, the locations of the red, yellow and purple bows are measured independently. Repetitive measurements give very stable and accurate output with the standard deviation ratio as low as 10−4 and the relative error all around 0.1% compared to the result obtained from special instruments in the literature. The fascinating phenomena and precise measurements enable this method to fully deepen the students’ understanding of the law of refraction and the application of the least square method.

Preference Based Analysis on Online Course Structure of Research Methodology Using Conjoint Method

Global pandemic Covid- 19 has played a major role in increasing demand of online courses. Blackboards and white screens are gradually shifted to mobile and laptop screens. The e-learning becomes indispensable part in the academic arena. Courses on research methodology are most popular on online platform as research scholars and faculties from different institutions may got involved to their desirable option without facing much trouble of transportation. This paper tries to find out the preference of research fraternity of social science streams while they choose any research methodology course through online. Responses have been gathered using Google form from 1447 researchers of social science streams. Conjoint analysis has been performed to investigate what combination among different levels of attributes a researcher prefers while choosing any research methodology course. Order of attributes has been assigned based on their importance. Logistic regression has been performed to find out the demographic and socio-economic factors that influence the attributes.