White Rock Research Articles

Comparative study of gastrointestinal tract size in three parent breeds for the production of dual-purpose organic chickens.

An alternative to culling male hatchlings of layers is breeding dual-purpose chickens. One breeding objective is the ability to digest low-quality feed. Certain measurements of the gastrointestinal tract may be useful indicators of this ability. The present study compared the gastrointestinal tract of adult hens of two layer-type breeds (White Rock (WR), New Hampshire (NH)) and the meat-type ÖTZ (Ökologische Tierzucht gGmbH) Bresse Gauloise (BR), used for the production of dual-purpose organic chickens. Flocks had the same housing and feeding conditions. At slaughter at 19 months, the body weight and gastrointestinal organs of 134 hens (51 WR, 55 NH and 28 BR) were measured. The muscle thickness of the proventriculus and ventriculus and the length and width of the duodenum, jejunoileum, caeca and colorectum were measured and variances between the groups were analysed using a one-factor covariance analysis. Significant differences between the breeds were found in total intestine length and the lengths and/or widths of single gastrointestinal segments. For example NH showed the highest mean total intestinal length and BR showed the lowest mean (NH: 186.73 cm, WR 185.86 cm, BR 157.91 cm; p = 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the gastrointestinal tract size of adult female layer- and meat-type chicken breeds kept under the same feeding and housing conditions. Given the possible relationship between intestinal length parameters and chicken performance, measurement of the gastrointestinal tract may be a simple, quick and inexpensive additional method to help select layer-, meat-type and dual-purpose chickens suitable for organic production when a selection process using genetic markers is not possible.

Very short-term wind power forecasting for real-time operation using hybrid deep learning model with optimization algorithm

This paper proposes a new hybrid deep learning model to enhance the accuracy of forecasting very short-term wind power generation. The proposed model comprises a convolutional layer, a long-short-term memory (LSTM) unit, and fully connected neural network. Convolution layer can automatically learn complicated features from the raw input, whereas the LSTM layers can retain useful information through which gradient information may flow over extended periods. To obtain the best performance from the forecasting model, a random search optimization technique has been developed for tuning hyper-parameters of the model developed. The 5 min datasets from the White Rock wind farm, Australia are used to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model as wind farms are participating in spot electricity market. To compare the effectiveness, the proposed model is compared with the existing models, such as convolution neural network (CNN), LSTM, gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM). The root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Theil’s inequality coefficient (TIC) are used to analyze and compare the performances of the predictive models. Based on RMSE and MAE, the proposed model exhibits a higher accuracy of approximately 23.79% and 28.63% compared to other forecasting methods, respectively.

Perencanaan Saluran Terbuka Drainase Area Penambangan Komoditas Feldspar di Kecamatan Gandusari

PT MAS operates in the mining sector, extracting white rocks or feldspar from steep and rugged slopes. Inadequate drainage systems pose significant challenges, such as floods, erosion, and landslides, emphasizing the critical role of effective drainage in mining activities. The designed drainage system incorporates trapezoidal open channels at the mining steps' base. Before reaching natural water bodies, mining water is directed to sedimentation ponds to settle sediments. This research, an experimental study correlating theory with field data, begins with a literature review on open channel drainage theories in mining areas. Data collection includes location specifics, mining area dimensions, rainfall, and runoff coefficients. Manning equation calculations determine planned open channel dimensions, with a bottom width of 0.45 m, flow depth of 0.39 m, freeboard height of 0.097 m, water surface width of 0.9 m, and a slope angle of 60⁰. The research aims to contribute insights for the development and management of open channel drainage systems in mining areas.

Of relics and kings: Cyprus in Franciscan apocrypha of the Trecento

ABSTRACT What sacred objects did the Lusignan kings of Cyprus treasure in their collection of holy items? Certainly, they had fragments of the Holy Cross and saints’ skulls, but what about Passion relics such as the titulus placed above the crucified Christ, or the white rock to which the cross was affixed? This study explores overlooked fourteenth-century Franciscan apocryphal stories about the life of Christ and didactic narratives which, among other things, cite Passion relics and their respective proprietors. In the following essay, I will turn attention to relics which, according to these texts, were in the safe-keeping of the kings of Cyprus. In addition to evaluating the reliability of such evidence, I will discuss the nature of the relics, identify the mysterious relic-hoarder king, and seek to uncover a representation of such a relic in the ‘Royal Chapel’ at Pyrga, Larnaca.

White Stripes, White Rock: The Uncontested Blues Appropriations of the White Stripes

ABSTRACT Despite the prevalence of the cultural appropriation debate in popular music discourse, white, popular rock band, the White Stripes, appropriated African-American Delta blues culture, particularly from Son House and his song “Death Letter Blues,” without causing contestation. Appropriation of Black culture has occurred ubiquitously throughout recent music history, causing widespread contestation due to power disparity and misrepresentation. Through reviewing literature regarding cultural appropriation, and semiotically analyzing the band’s 2003 performance of “Death Letter” at Sydney’s Livid Festival, we find that the White Stripes’ intentional methods of respectful representation and stylistic disguise mitigated the perception of cultural appropriation in their performance. We posit that the band emulated a pre-established process of transculturation whereby Delta blues traits were absorbed into the 20th century evolution of rock music.

Crossing the Old Local Breed Deutsches Lachshuhn with the Layer Breed White Rock: Effects on Laying Performance of the Females and Fattening Performance of the Males.

We tested the novel cross of the old local breed Deutsches Lachshuhn and the layer breed White Rock, as well as purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn, for their suitability as dual-purpose chickens under 100% organic husbandry conditions, and compared their performance and welfare with the two dual-purpose crosses New Hampshire × Bresse and Bresse × White Rock, which are already established in Germany. Chicks were reared in mixed-sex groups until slaughter of the males at 15 or 18 weeks of life. Data on laying performance and animal welfare were recorded until the hens' 72nd week of life. Laying performance of Deutsches Lachshuhn × White Rock was almost twice as high as that in purebred hens, while fattening performance of the males did not differ. Deutsches Lachshuhn × White Rock, New Hampshire × Bresse and Bresse × White Rock realized a balanced performance profile of 242-250 eggs per hen alive and a final live weight of the males of 2924-3105 g after 18 weeks of rearing. The efficiency of a pair of chickens (one male and one female) was very similar for the crosses (3.69-3.77 kg feed kg-1 marketable product), while purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn was less efficient (6.35 kg feed kg-1 marketable product). Crossing the breed Deutsches Lachshuhn with a layer breed therefore improved laying performance and overall efficiency of the birds compared to purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn.

Evaluation of hydrocyclonage variables aiming at the optimization of the processing of kaolin of the primary type

Kaolin is a white rock, formed basically by the clay mineral kaolinite, for presenting favorable technological characteristics has a wide industrial application. Kaolin deposits are classified geologically into two types according to their origin: primary and secondary. Kaolin from the Seridó region of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte is of the primary type and its processing is carried out wet, generating two types of tailings. It is considered a difficulty in the current processing of this kaolin the method of mineral classification that is carried out by vibratory sieves. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the variables that influence the hydroclinage process for the classification of kaolin of the primary type. The trials were performed on a bench scale, using the Plackett-Burman factorial design. The best results were found in the T4 and T6 tests, which presented lower values of D50 and the results of XRF indicated that the aluminum oxide contents are higher in the overflow and the silica contents higher in the underflow. The trials indicated promising results for the classification of this type of kaolin, but a good adjustment of the operational variables is needed.

Quantifying the Degree of Binder Availability in Recycled Asphalt Mix Design Using White and Black Rock Mixes

Quantifying recycled asphalt binder availability in recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) mix design is very essential, as the widely adopted 100% RAP binder availability assumption in RAP mix design never holds correct. Depending on the mix production condition, recycled binder stiffness, and virgin binder properties, the degree of binder availability in the mix is always partial. The present study proposes a simple procedure to estimate the degree of recycled binder availability in RAP mix design. In the proposed methodology, the designer needs to compare optimum binder content of bituminous mixes prepared using white rock aggregate gradation and virgin aggregates, along with mixes designed by blending black rock gradation and virgin aggregates blended in proportion to achieve the target white rock gradation. The binder content in the RAP fraction used in the blending exercise was determined using ignition oven method. RAP mix designs were performed for RAP material collected from two different sources, and design was performed for three mixing durations in a laboratory pug mill—60, 120, and 180s. The mixes were prepared with 50% RAP incorporation level. RAP material was conditioned at 110°C for 2 h, whereas virgin aggregates were superheated to 175°C. Using the methodology proposed, RAP binder availability was found to vary between 92.5% and 96.6% for softer RAP material, 75.9% to 91.5% for mixes incorporating stiffer RAP. With increasing mixing time, even though the total active binder content did not change significantly, a mixture performance test quantified the implication of increased RAP binder availability in mixes. A higher degree of binder activation resulted in mixes being rut resistant, while the same mixes exhibited relatively higher cracking susceptibility.

Exploration of price variation, elemental profile, and fortification of commercial Indian edible salts with iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium

The different types of edible rock salts (black, and pink) are fetching premium price compared to white sea salt. Survey of 300 individuals indicated that black rock salt is mainly used for sprinkling and sea salt for cooking. Further, people are switching to white rock salt for cooking due to the influence of traditional knowledge, friends, advertisements, and label claims. The elemental profile of commercial salt samples were analyzed to identify a scientific basis for this. We collected 14 different colored (black, pink) edible salt samples from supermarkets, local shops and health food shops in Mohali, Punjab, India. Various analytical and biochemical investigations were used for the analysis of 25 elements, vitamin and phenolic content. The recommended level of iodine (I) fortification (≥50% RDA) was found only in 20% of the salts studied. The potassium (K) fortification (10-20 % K/Na) was found only in two salts. One salt sample crossed the toxic limits of lead (Pb). Black salt exhibited the highest iron (Fe) (10-20% RDA). Other claimed nutrients/mineral Ca, Mg, vitamin and phenolic content was not observed in any salt (< 5 % RDA).In conclusion, taste, tradition, and social media affect salt preference, and our research provides the scientific data.

Varicolored Marble in the Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville Supergroup. I. Circumstantial Evidence of Melting

Abstract Large expanses of granulite-facies white marble occur in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville orogen in western Quebec and in contiguous areas of eastern Ontario and New York. Locally, the white rock is transformed into “varicolored” marble, ranging from pink, orange, yellow, green, gray to blue marble, in some cases closely juxtaposed. We have dissected specimens from three target areas in western Quebec. A powerful analytical workflow including high-resolution ZEISS Atlas 5 large-area imaging was employed in combination with detailed energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses to create digital map-like online datasets of entire samples to display the textures and characteristics in their entirety. We describe in detail the texture and mineralogy of marble specimens collected from exposures created during the construction of Autoroute 5 near Wakefield and of Autoroute 50 near Grenville-sur-la-Rouge and two specimens collected near Bryson, Quebec. At the inferred pressure and temperature and in the presence of H2O, the white marble seems to have melted. A carbonate melt, a powerful flux, can dissolve silicate wallrocks along a mutual contact. In this way, a marble-derived melt has assimilated wallrocks ranging from peridotite to granite. This melting event may have occurred more than once in the 350-million-year lifespan of the Grenville event; the thermal event associated with the Rigolet stage, during gravitational collapse of the orogen approximately one billion years ago, was the most intense. The marble samples contain no vestiges of older deformed assemblages. Whereas the varicolored marble undoubtedly is metasedimentary, a coeval influx of mantle-derived carbonatitic melt and related fluids from a subjacent complex may have caused localized metasomatism of the marble prior to and after melting.

The effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) herbal tea on happiness in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEvidence suggests that menopause can be associated with a variety of negative psychological changes such as depression and anxiety, and improving the mental health status of women during menopause is one of the important priorities and challenges of the health system. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) herbal tea on happiness in postmenopausal women.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial which was conducted in 2021, 72 postmenopausal women were enrolled and divided into intervention and control groups. The randomization blocks method was used for random allocation, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was utilized to measure the scores. The intervention included the use of 30 mg of dried stigmas of the saffron plant, which was boiled once (in the morning, in 300 ml of boiling water for 10–15 min) and consumed with white rock candy as one cup of saffron tea daily. To compare the trend of changes and after removing the effect of other variables, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in any of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics (p > 0.05). The results of paired samples t-test showed that the happiness mean score in the intervention group increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 42.93 ± 8.54 to 61.58 ± 8.24, while in the control group, there was no significant difference between the happiness mean score at the beginning and end of the study (p = 0.861). Also, after applying the treatment program in the intervention group, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the happiness mean scores (p < 0.001).ConclusionSaffron herbal tea had a positive effect on reducing depression and increasing the happiness score; thus, it is recommended that it should be used as a complementary treatment in consultation with the treating physician.Trial registrationThe present study was registered with the code of IRCT20210403050818N1 (Registration date: 09/04/2021) in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. It was also approved by the Ethics Committee of Larestan University of Medical Sciences (Approval ID: IR.LARUMS.REC.1399.017).

Multi-pore rock physics model: An intelligent approach for carbonate rocks

Despite the crucial role of the variability of pore type across a rock unit in determining the outputs of the corresponding rock physics model, existing models are known to consider a limited number of pore types. Expectedly, relatively high levels of uncertainty associated with such models have been reported in recent studies on some carbonate reservoirs. In this research, I proposed a modification to conventional rock physics models for carbonate rocks, where different pore types can be adequately addressed by means of an intelligent approach. For this purpose, I integrated a pore type classification scheme for carbonate rocks into a pattern recognition technique to come up with a comprehensive rock physics model that can accommodate so many (virtually unlimited) different pore types: multi-pore rock physics model (MP-RPM). Beginning by extending the porosity term of the Xu and White's rock physics model to a multi-pore-type domain, the proposed model estimated the pore geometry based on digital image analysis of images acquired from thin sections. The pore geometry herein refers to pore type and aspect ratio, which were obtained by implementing a multi-class classifier algorithm. As a reference, the pore geometry was further assessed by an expert geologist who developed a pore geometry catalog (reference database). A case study was performed by applying the modified model to a carbonate reservoir to estimate the P- and S-wave velocities, with the results compared with those of the conventional model as well as measured values. Results showed that, compared to the conventional model, the proposed modification provided for a better correlation to the ultrasonic and measured well-logging data. The most significant advantage of the proposed modification was the elimination of the restrictions on the different pore types that can be addressed appropriately, making the modified model able to capture the reality of sedimentary facies even more closely.

A European giant: a large spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Vectis Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), UK.

Postcranial elements (cervical, sacral and caudal vertebrae, as well as ilium, rib and limb bone fragments) belonging to a gigantic tetanuran theropod were recovered from the basal unit (the White Rock Sandstone equivalent) of the Vectis Formation near Compton Chine, on the southwest coast of the Isle of Wight. These remains appear to pertain to the same individual, with enormous dimensions similar to those of the Spinosaurus holotype and exceeding those of the largest European theropods previously reported. A combination of features—including the presence of spinodiapophyseal webbing on an anterior caudal vertebra—suggest that this is a member of Spinosauridae, though a lack of convincing autapomorphies precludes the identification of a new taxon. Phylogenetic analysis supports spinosaurid affinities but we were unable to determine a more precise position within the clade weak support for a position within Spinosaurinae or an early-diverging position within Spinosauridae were found in some data runs. Bioerosion in the form of curved tubes is evident on several pieces, potentially related to harvesting behaviour by coleopteran bioeroders. This is the first spinosaurid reported from the Vectis Formation and the youngest British material referred to the clade. This Vectis Formation spinosaurid is unusual in that the majority of dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous units of the Wealden Supergroup are from the fluviolacustrine deposits of the underlying Barremian Wessex Formation. In contrast, the lagoonal facies of the upper Barremian–lower Aptian Vectis Formation only rarely yield dinosaur material. Our conclusions are in keeping with previous studies that emphasise western Europe as a pivotal region within spinosaurid origination and diversification.

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Trouble Every Day

In November and December 1966, the young, predominantly white rock audience on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles battled police over curfew and loitering laws. Both the Strip’s protesters and their critics associated these “Sunset Strip riots” with the Watts uprising of 1965, when Black residents of South Los Angeles resisted police brutality and economic exploitation. White bohemians claimed solidarity with, or perhaps merely appropriated, the moral imperatives of Black protest, while Black critics argued that the mild oppression faced by white teenagers on the Strip was irrelevant to the serious, systemic abuses inflicted on Black communities such as Watts. Yet the Sunset Strip protests also led white activists to consider questions of privilege and authenticity and to make sincere attempts to support Black movements. Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention’s “Trouble Every Day” and “Plastic People,” songs that critically address Watts and the Sunset Strip, respectively, exemplify the complex interplay among political radicalism, racial identity, and musical creativity in the growing counterculture surrounding rock. In the Black Lives Matter era, when many white musicians and their audiences seek to be effective allies in Black struggles, the “Sunset Strip riots” can serve as both inspiration and cautionary tale.

Effects of prescribed fire on prenesting movements of wild turkeys in Arkansas

AbstractThe restoration of historic disturbance regimes is an increasingly common management strategy to conserve disturbance‐dependent communities and species, and enhance resilience of ecosystems to climate change or plant and animal invasions. However, the reintroduction of frequent and wide‐scale disturbance may have unexpected consequences on species that are accustomed to an environment absent of frequent disturbance. Implementation of frequent prescribed fire for community restoration has coincided with population declines of eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas. We investigated whether there was evidence of linkage between wild turkey movement behavior and habitat use and the widespread use of prescribed fire that began in 2002 and continued through the end of our study in 2013. We fitted 67 female wild turkeys with satellite transmitters in 2012 and 2013 on the White Rock Ecosystem Restoration Area to estimate annual and seasonal home ranges and examine pre‐nesting habitat use at multiple spatial scales. Home range was larger for adults in 2013 (4,750 ha, SE = 946.2, n = 12) than in 2012 (2,703 ha, SE = 283.4, n = 19). Mean pre‐nesting ranges for adults were 1,633 ha (SE = 238.9, n = 23) in 2012 and 1,118 ha (SE = 158.8, n = 18) in 2013, smaller than those of sub‐adults, 1,761 ha (SE = 581.2, n = 3) in 2012 and 5,576 ha (SE = 2260, n = 8) in 2013. Habitat selection analyses for the pre‐nesting period indicated that wild turkeys used locations with more variability in canopy cover and vegetation height and in smaller patch sizes than expected based on availability. However, female wild turkeys selected nesting cover that had more variability in canopy cover and vegetation height but in larger patches. Differences in sub‐adults and adult home and seasonal ranges suggest that other factors such as density dependence or social hierarchy could be driving movements as opposed to prescribed fire application. Wild turkey females selected variable vegetation structure during the pre‐nesting and nesting periods with characteristics that could be a result of frequent prescribed fire or forest succession. However, we documented no direct evidence these characteristics or other aspects of the prescribed fire program were causing wild turkey population declines.

Meat Quality Parameters, Sensory Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Chicken Meat from Dual-Purpose Crossbreeds Fed with Regional Faba Beans.

Consumers’ concerns regarding the ethical and environmental practices of the current poultry production system have led to the search for an alternative production method. This study evaluated samples of three dual-purpose chicken crossbreeds: Vorwerkhuhn × Bresse Gauloise (VBG), Vorwerkhuhn × White Rock (VWR), and Bresse Gauloise × White Rock (BWR), fed with two variants of faba beans (vicin/convicin-rich and -poor: VC+ and VC−, respectively) and soybeans to examine whether the FB-based diets affected the meat quality of the crossbreeds. pH, color, water holding capacity, tenderness, nucleotide content and proximal composition were analyzed instrumentally, whereas sensory properties were identified by a trained panel and product acceptance was evaluated by frequent chicken consumers. Results showed that from instrumental measurements, the yellowness of the samples was affected by the type of feedstuff, whereas most other parameters were affected by the crossbreed, particularly color and nucleotide content. Sensory attributes, specifically, overall chicken aroma as well as firmness and crumbliness, were affected by an interaction of the feedstuff and crossbreed. Consumer preference did not show significant differences between samples. Overall, a faba-bean-based diet appeared to be a suitable alternative to a soybean-based diet on the crossbreeds VBG, VWR, and BWR when assessing the overall quality and taste of chicken breasts.

Population Genomic Sequencing Delineates Global Landscape of Copy Number Variations that Drive Domestication and Breed Formation of in Chicken.

Copy number variation (CNV) is an important genetic mechanism that drives evolution and generates new phenotypic variations. To explore the impact of CNV on chicken domestication and breed shaping, the whole-genome CNVs were detected via multiple methods. Using the whole-genome sequencing data from 51 individuals, corresponding to six domestic breeds and wild red jungle fowl (RJF), we determined 19,329 duplications and 98,736 deletions, which covered 11,123 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) and 2,636 protein-coding genes. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these individuals could be divided into four populations according to their domestication and selection purpose. Seventy-two highly duplicated CNVRs were detected across all individuals, revealing pivotal roles of nervous system (NRG3, NCAM2), sensory (OR), and follicle development (VTG2) in chicken genome. When contrasting the CNVs of domestic breeds to those of RJFs, 235 CNVRs harboring 255 protein-coding genes, which were predominantly involved in pathways of nervous, immunity, and reproductive system development, were discovered. In breed-specific CNVRs, some valuable genes were identified, including HOXB7 for beard trait in Beijing You chicken; EDN3, SLMO2, TUBB1, and GFPT1 for melanin deposition in Silkie chicken; and SORCS2 for aggressiveness in Luxi Game fowl. Moreover, CSMD1 and NTRK3 with high duplications found exclusively in White Leghorn chicken, and POLR3H, MCM9, DOCK3, and AKR1B1L found in Recessive White Rock chicken may contribute to high egg production and fast-growing traits, respectively. The candidate genes of breed characteristics are valuable resources for further studies on phenotypic variation and the artificial breeding of chickens.

Identification of nucleotide polymorphisms in the key promoter region of chicken annexins A2 gene associatied with egg laying traits

Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a member of the A subfamily of a multifunctional calcium dependent membrane phospholipid binding protein family. The mRNA expression of ANXA2 is consistent with ovary function and egg laying in chickens. In this study, six nucleotide polymorphisms in the key promoter region of chicken ANXA2 gene (−2861 bp to −1394 bp), i.e.,: g.−2337 indel (GT), g.−2255 C > T, g. −2248 A > G, g.−2188 A > G, g.−2169 G > A, g.−2160 A > C, were identified. Their distributions in populations of Xinyang Brown, Recessive White Rock, Wenchang and Wenshang Barred chickens were analyzed. In the Recessive White Rock chicken population, CAA, CAG and TGG were three major haplotypes. Association analysis indicated that the individuals with diplotype TGG/TGG laid more eggs at 32 weeks, and the individual with diplotype CAG/TGG laid at the earlier age. Luciferase activity assay showed that mutation from C to T at −2255 increased trascriptional activity of chicken ANXA2, which is consistent with its effect on egg laying traits.

A multianalytical investigation of the physicochemical properties of white rock art pigments at the Nali and Tene Koro sites, Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Nali and Tene Koro are Austronesian rock art sites located in Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. At both sites, rock art images are painted on the surfaces of outcrop boulders. The rock art depicted at the Nali site is characterized by an anthropomorphic grayish-white image, while rock art at the Tene Koro site depicts a white boat equipped with an up-raked stern, a single mast, and a steering paddle. Since it was reported in 2018, information regarding the physicochemical properties of white pigments used at both sites remains unknown. Herein, a combined analytical strategy was employed to understand the physicochemical properties of the pigment used at the Nali and Tene Koro sites. Several characterization methods, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy, secondary electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), were applied. The results demonstrated that the white pigment at the Nali site consists of gypsum as a major component and other clay minerals incorporated as minor phases as part of the geological formation of gypsum. On the other hand, the white pigment from the Tene Koro site comprises calcite as the main constituent and minor amounts of sulfur-bearing minerals (gypsum) as calcite weathering products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a physicochemical study of white pigments used in rock art in Indonesia.