White River System Research Articles

Otolith Annulus Formation and Growth of Two Redhorse Suckers (Moxostoma: Catastomidae)

Otoliths (lapilli) were used to age two catostomid fishes, black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) and golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum), from three White River and one Arkansas River tributary in southwest Missouri. Populations in the James River (White River system) were sampled monthly for one year, and edge analysis was used to determine timing of otolith annulus formation. Both species formed a single opaque annulus in otoliths during May and June. Maximum ages estimated from otolith annulus counts were 11 years for black redhorse and 12 years for golden redhorse. Age classes 2 and 3 dominated populations for both species. Fish length at age was modeled with von Bertalanffy growth models; parameters were k = 0.39 and L∞ = 385 for black redhorse and k = 0.31 and L∞ = 377 for golden redhorse in James River populations.

Distribution, Life History Aspects, and Conservation Status of the Spothanded Crayfish, Orconectes (Procericambarus) punctimanus (Creaser) (Decapoda: Cambaridae), in Arkansas

The spothanded crayfish, Orconectes (Procericambarus) punctimanus (Creaser), is an endemic crayfish of the Interior Highlands (Ozark Plateau) of Arkansas and Missouri. Fieldwork within the Arkansas portion of its overall distribution from 1999–2012 and a search of museum and literature records revealed a state distribution of 11 counties in northern Arkansas. Eighty-two collections of this crayfish were made from the White River system in 9 counties, including Baxter, Fulton, Independence, Izard, Lawrence, Marion, Randolph, Sharp, and Stone. Two additional counties, Clay and Searcy, are also added to the distribution of O. punctimanus from museum and literature records. This crayfish inhabits areas under rocks and rubble in clear streams and is found primarily in pool regions. Form I males were found mainly in September and October. We document additional new localities for O. punctimanus as well as provide a summation of all known localities for the species in Arkansas. In addition, various aspects of the biology of O. punctimanus are discussed. Based on our recent collections, we recommend a conservation status of “Currently Stable” (CS) for O. punctimanus in Arkansas.

Rapid Reservoir Inundation Causes Complete Extirpation of the Eastern Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) Along the Shoreline of Bull Shoals Lake in Northern Arkansas

The eastern collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) is a large saxicolous predatory lizard, which dwells in patchy, cedar glade environments characteristic of much of the Ozarks. The species can also be found in scattered populations along rocky shoreline habitats of large impoundment reservoirs of northern Arkansas. These lizards time their entrance into and exit from underground, overwintering retreats with decreasing and increasing ambient temperatures of the fall and spring months. During an average spring, several sustained days of warm temperatures from mid-March into April are the primary environmental cues for collared lizards to exit their shelters. Excessive winter/spring precipitation in the Arkansas Ozarks, however, can drastically alter reservoir hydrology of the impoundments on the White River system. In years of catastrophic flood conditions, such as in 2008, the rapid inundation of suitable shoreline habitats preceded the exiting of lizards from hibernation burrows; thus, these populations of collared lizards (i.e., those that occurred along both Bull Shoals and Norfork lakes) were effectively entombed in their hibernation burrows, which putatively resulted in a complete population crash of this species within exposed shoreline environments.

Systematics of the Etheostoma punctulatum Species Group (Teleostei: Percidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species

The Stippled Darter, Etheostoma punctulatum, has long been recognized as a single species of the subgenus Ozarka, endemic to the clear, high-gradient creeks and rivers of the Arkansas, White, and Missouri river drainages in the Ozark Plateau of the Interior Highlands of North America. Etheostoma punctulatum is redescribed and two new species are described based on morphological and allozyme characters, and phylogenetic analyses. The Stippled Darter, E. punctulatum, is restricted to tributaries of the Missouri River. The Autumn Darter, E. autumnale, new species, is endemic to the White River system, Missouri and Arkansas. The Sunburst Darter, E. mihileze, new species, is known only from the Arkansas River system, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The three species are found to be divergent and diagnosable from one another and represent valid species under a variety of species concepts. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that E. punctulatum is sister to E. mihileze, new species, plus E. autumnale, new species.

Phylogeography and post‐glacial colonization patterns of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Teleostei: Percidae)

AbstractAim To examine the effects of historical climate change and drainage isolation on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b genetic variation within the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Percidae: Etheostomatinae).Location Eastern North American streams including tributaries to the Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Potomac River and Hudson Bay drainages.Methods Parsimony analyses, Bayesian analyses and haplotype networks of mitochondrial DNA sequences.Results Four major clades were recovered from sampled populations of E. caeruleum. Three of four clades are distributed in the western portion of the species’ range (primarily west of the Mississippi River). Samples from this region do not form a monophyletic group, and sequences often vary greatly between samples from adjacent stream systems (up to 7.2% divergence). A basal clade includes samples from the White River system in the Ozark Highlands. The northern Ozarks–upper Midwest clade includes samples from Missouri River tributaries and the upper Midwest (Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi River, and western Lake Michigan drainage). The eastern clade is composed of individuals from the Ohio River, Great Lakes and Potomac River. The Mississippi River corridor clade includes samples from middle and lower Mississippi River tributaries.Main conclusions The four major clades of E. caeruleum are deep allopatric lineages with well‐defined boundaries and have additional phylogeographical structure within each clade. The Ozark Highlands have the greatest levels of diversity relative to distributional area, with marked cytochrome b subdivisions between adjacent stream systems. Samples from previously glaciated areas do not have a subset of the cytochrome b diversity found in unglaciated areas, but four separate source areas are identified based on phylogenetic analyses. Dispersal into previously glaciated areas followed several known glacial outlets and, based on sequence divergence between populations, may have occurred during different glacial or interglacial stages. The disjunct distribution and cytochrome b pattern of E. caeruleum in the Mississippi River corridor clade is consistent with late Pleistocene and Recent changes in the course and characteristics of the middle and lower Mississippi River. Phylogeographical boundaries between clades of E. caeruleum correspond to independent sources of biogeographical information and provide insight into historical stream drainage relationships, post‐glacial colonization and drainage isolation patterns.

LIFE HISTORY ATTRIBUTES OF WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI) IN LAKE TANEYCOMO AND ASSOCIATED TRIBUTARIES IN SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI

Abstract Spawning season of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in tributaries of Lake Taneycomo, a coldwater reservoir of the White River system in southwestern Missouri, lasted from early April to late May in 1994 and 1995. Collection of fish larvae and spawning activities of adult white sucker indicated that spawning occurred in all tributaries of the lake. We did not observe evidence of spawning in the lake. White suckers began to mature at age 3 and a total length of 275 mm. A larger proportion of males matured at an earlier age and length, but females lived longer and reached larger sizes. Mortality rates were higher for mature males than females. Both sexes exhibited high mortality after age 8. Females were more abundant than males (1.94 to 6.50: 1 F:M) in the upper lake throughout the year, while males were more abundant in Bull Creek (0.27 to 0.30:1 F:M), a major tributary, during the spawning season. Fecundity increased with fish size, ranging from approximately 5,000 to 59,000 eggs. Growth...

Quantitative mineralogy of the Yukon River system: Changes with reach and season, and determining sediment provenance

The mineralogy of Yukon River basin sediment has been studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction. Bed, beach, bar, and suspended sediments were analyzed using the RockJock computer program. The bed sediments were collected from the main stem and from selected tributaries during a single trip down river, from Whitehorse to the Yukon River delta, during the summer of 2001. Beach and bar sediments were collected from the confluence region of the Tanana and Yukon Rivers during the summer of 2003. Suspended sediments were collected at three stations on the Yukon River and from a single station on the Tanana River at various times during the summers of 2001 through 2003, with the most complete set of samples collected during the summer of 2002. Changes in mineralogy of Yukon River bed sediments are related to sediment dilution or concentration effects from tributary sediment and to chemical weathering during transport. Carbonate minerals compose about 2 wt% of the bed sediments near Whitehorse, but increase to 14 wt% with the entry of the White River tributary above Dawson. Thereafter, the proportion of carbonate minerals decreases downstream to values of about 1 to 7 wt% near the mouth of the Yukon River. Quartz and feldspar contents of bed sediments vary greatly with the introduction of Pelly River and White River sediments, but thereafter either increase irregularly (quartz from 20 to about 50 wt%) or remain relatively constant (feldspar at about 35 wt%) with distance downstream. Clay mineral content increases irregularly downstream from about 15 to about 30 wt%. The chief clay mineral is chlorite, followed by illite + smectite; there is little to no kaolinite. The total organic carbon content of the bed sediments remains relatively constant with distance for the main stem (generally 1 to 2 wt%, with one exception), but fluctuates for the tributaries (1 to 6 wt%). The mineralogies of the suspended sediments and sediment flow data were used to calculate the amount of mineral dissolution during transport between Eagle and Pilot Station, a distance of over 2000 km. We estimate that approximately 3 wt% of the quartz, 15 wt% of the feldspar (1 wt% of the alkali and 25 wt% of the plagioclase), and 26 wt% of the carbonates (31 wt% of the calcite and 15 wt% of the dolomite) carried by the river dissolve in this reach. The mineralogies of the suspended sediments change with the season. For example, during the summer of 2002 the quartz content varied by 20 wt%, with a minimum in mid-summer. The calcite content varied by a similar amount, and had a maximum corresponding to the quartz minimum. These modes are related to the relative amount of sediment flowing from the White River system, which is relatively poor in quartz, but rich in carbonate minerals. Suspended total clay minerals varied by as much as 25 wt%, with maxima in mid July, and suspended feldspar varied up to 10 wt%. Suspended sediment data from the summers of 2001 and 2003 support the 2002 trends. A calculation technique was developed to determine the proportion of various sediment sources in a mixed sediment by unmixing its quantitative mineralogy. Results from this method indicate that at least three sediment sources can be identified quantitatively with good accuracy. With this technique, sediment mineralogies can be used to calculate the relative flux of sediment from different tributaries, thereby identifying sediment provenance.

The Osceola Mudflow from Mount Rainier: Sedimentology and hazard implications of a huge clay-rich debris flow

The 3.8 km 3 Osceola Mudflow began as a water-saturated avalanche during phreatomagmatic eruptions at the summit of Mount Rainier about 5600 years ago. It filled valleys of the White River system north and northeast of Mount Rainier to depths of more than 100 m, flowed northward and westward more than 120 km, covered more than 200 km 2 of the Puget Sound lowland, and extended into Puget Sound. The lahar had a velocity of ≈19 m/s and peak discharge of ≈2.5×10 6 m 3 /s, 40 to 50 km downstream, and was hydraulically dammed behind a constriction. It was coeval with the Paradise lahar, which flowed down the south side of Mount Rainier, and was probably related to it genetically. Osceola Mudflow deposits comprise three facies. The axial facies forms normally graded deposits 1.5 to 25 m thick in lowlands and valley bottoms and thinner ungraded deposits in lowlands; the valley-side facies forms ungraded deposits 0.3 to 2 m thick that drape valley slopes; and the hummocky facies, interpreted before as a separate (Greenwater) lahar, forms 2–10-m-thick deposits dotted with numerous hummocks up to 20 m high and 60 m in plan. Deposits show progressive downstream improvement in sorting, increase in sand and gravel, and decrease in clay. These downstream progressions are caused by incorporation (bulking) of better sorted gravel and sand. Normally graded axial deposits show similar trends from top to bottom because of bulking. The coarse-grained basal deposits in valley bottoms are similar to deposits near inundation limits. Normal grading in deposits is best explained by incremental aggradation of a flow wave, coarser grained at its front than at its tail. The Osceola Mudflow transformed completely from debris avalanche to clay-rich (cohesive) lahar within 2 km of its source because of the presence within the preavalanche mass of large volumes of pore water and abundant weak hydrothermally altered rock. A survey of cohesive lahars suggests that the amount of hydrothermally altered rock in the preavalanche mass determines whether a debris avalanche will transform into a cohesive debris flow or remain a largely unsaturated debris avalanche. The distinction among cohesive lahar, noncohesive lahar, and debris avalanche is important in hazard assessment because cohesive lahars spread much more widely than noncohesive lahars that travel similar distances, and travel farther and spread more widely than debris avalanches of similar volume. The Osceola Mudflow is documented here as an example of a cohesive debris flow of huge size that can be used as a model for hazard analysis of similar flows.

Variation and Systematics of Etheostoma euzonum, the Arkansas Saddled Darter (Pisces: Percidae)

Etheostoma euzonum occupies deep riffles in the White River system, Arkansas and Missouri. E. e. erizonum, characterized principally by the presence of scales on the cheek, a produced snout and small eye, is endemic to Current River. E. e. euzonum, with no scales on the cheek, a declivitous snout and large eye, occurs throughout the Upper White system and in Little Red River. Intergrades occupy the Black River system except for Current River. Isolation caused by the abrupt physiographic contrast between the upland areas occupied by E. euzonum and the Coastal Plain where the Black and White rivers meet apparently provided the opportunity for subspeciation in E. euzonum.

Summer Food Habits of Fishes from Two Springs in East-Central Nevada

This study examined the summer food habits of Crenichthys baileyi albivallis, Rhi- nichths osculus velifer, and Catostomus clarki intermedius from Preston Big Spring, Nevada, and Crenichthys nevadae from Big Spring at Lockes Ranch, Nevada. The two spring habitats are quite dissimilar. Preston Big Spring is a large, cool spring with a large algal flora dominated by chlorophytes, and a diverse invertebrate fauna. Big Spring at Lockes Ranch is warm, somewhat smaller, and harbors a small algal flora dominated by cyanophytes, as well as a depauperate fauna. Crenichthys b. albivallis was primarily herbivorous during the summer when it consumed large volumes of the abundant green algae. Some opportunistic individuals however, consumed mostly insect larvae. Rhinichthys o. velifer was omnivorous, consuming a wide variety of foods. The diet of Catostomus c. intermedius consisted of plant material and some detritus. Crenichthys nevadae was carnivorous, preferring ostracods and avoiding the blue-green algae. The ecology of many Great Basin fishes has been essentially ignored. With the incidence of threats to desert ecosystems increasing, the need for an understanding of the dynamics of these systems is acute. Knowledge of the food habits of the fishes is one important step in understanding the dynam- ics of aquatic ecosystems. To this end we have examined the summer feed- ing ecology of the desert sucker, Catostomus (Pantosteus) clarki intermedius; speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus velifer; and White River springfish, Cre- nichthys baileyi albivallis; from Preston Big Spring, which is located on the course of the pluvial White River in White Pine County, Nevada. The only other fish historically inhabiting Preston Big Spring, the White River spinedace, Lepidomeda albivallis, was not examined because it has been extirpated from the spring. Summer feeding ecology of the Railroad Valley springfish, Crenichthys nevadae, from Big Spring at Lockes Ranch was also examined to allow comparison of the two species of Crenichthys. Big Spring at Lockes Ranch is located in Nye County, Nevada, approximately 60 km southwest of Preston Big Spring. Little life history information has been published concering these fishes. Fifteen Catostomus clarki from the Virgin River contained largely amor- phous organic material with filamentous algae, sand, and an occasional Diptera larva (Cross, 1975). Smith (1966) reported the foods of C. clarki to consist of microscopic periphyton and other organic debris, and occasionally invertebrates. No data have been published for the subspecies inhabiting the White River system. No life history information has been published for R. o. velifer, but information is available for related forms of speckled dace, which are typically carnivorous, browsing on benthic invertebrates (Moyle, 1976). The food habits of Crenichtyhs baileyi are unknown; however, the

Mollusca of the White River, Arkansas and Missouri

-The White River of Arkansas and Missouri formerly supported a numerous and diverse assemblage of freshwater Mollusca. Reservoir construction, channelization, and other methods of stream regulation have altered the basin extensively. Of the approximately 100 species once knwn from the White River system, 64 species have been collected during recent sampling from the primary channel of the river. The remainder of the molluscan fauna appears to have been extirpated from the main channel. Isolated populations of these species may still occur in some of the tributaries. The decline of the freshwater molluscan populations, particularly mussels, became a major concern shortly after the beginning of the 20th century. The cause and interest at that time were both generated by the use of the shells in the manufacturing of buttons and, to a lesser extent, the collecting of pearls (Coker, 1919). This resulted in some of the major studies conducted on the freshwater fauna of the United States (e.g., Lefevre and Curtis, 1912; Meek and Clark, 1912; Wilson and Clark, 1914; Coker et al., 1921). The concern was again voiced by Ortmann (1924) over the damming of Mussel Shoals. Today, primary threats to the American fauna are derived from pollution, stream alteration, and the effects related to the encroachment by Corbicula, although a commercial market for shells has again developed due to the Japanese cultured pearl industry (Van der Schalie, 1969). This paper presents a preliminary overview of the alteration to the White River in Arkansas and Missouri and the resultant effects on the molluscan assemblages. STUDY AREA.-The White River is approximately 1,210 km long with a drainage basin of 72,520 km2 (Fig. 1). It originates on the northern slope of the Boston Mountains, the southernmost of the Ozark Plateaus, in northwestern Arkansas and flows northeasterly into south-central Missouri. It then follows a southeasterly route back into Arkansas and leaves the Ozarks near Batesville, Arkansas, a short distance upstream from the confluence of the Black River. The last 420 km of the river are a lowland stream in the Mississipi Alluvial Valley. This channel represents a former course of the Mississippi River (Gordon et al., 1980). Improvement of the White River for navigation was begun in 1871 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Projects were authorized by the River and Harbor Act of 1892 for development from the mouth to Forsyth, Missouri. A series of locks and dams above Batesville were authorized in 1899, but never completed. The effective head of navigation became Batesville (river km 484). The navigation channel is now maintained from Newport, Arkansas (river km 418), to the mouth at an annual coast of about $1,000,000. It is navigable about 75% of the year. A recent proposal to deepen and widen the channel has been abandoned due to prohibitive costs (US Army, 1965; Griffee, 1980). The Ozark portion of the river has been dammed five times between river km 675 and 1125. These were built from the late-1940's througth the mid-1960's and include four Army Corps of Engineers projects and a small municipal facility. These are, in an upstream progression, Bull Shoals, Taneycomo, Table Rock, and Beaver reservoirs, which all utilize hypolimnetic release, and the city of Fayetteville's Lake Sequoyah. The headwaters of the White River lie above Lake Sequoyah. This area has been moderately affected by pollution and some gravel removal. The This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Wed, 21 Sep 2016 05:37:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Southwestern Naturalist

Taxonomic Status and Morphology of Isolated Populations of the White River Springfish, Crenichthys baileyi (Cyprinodontidae)

Crenichthys baileyi (Gilbert) is endemic to a series of isolated springs along the approximately 325 km pluvial White River system of southeastern Nevada. The preference of Crenichthys for spring habitats and the drying of the pluvial White River have resulted in isolation of various populations in the remaining spring habitats. Geographic isolation coupled with the environmental diversity that prevails among the spring habitats caused considerable morphological divergence among several spring populations. Taxonomic analyses indicate that several populations are distinct, and are herein described as new subspecies. Five subspecies of the formerly monotypic C. baileyi are described. One population of C. baileyi has been extirpated and others are endangered by loss of habitat through introductions of exotic fish species and physical alterations. Crenichthys baileyi (Gilbert), the White River springfish, inhabits warm springs throughout the White River system of southeastern Nevada. In pluvial times, this river system was tributary to the Colorado River, but is now disjunct except at its most southerly extent; there, numerous springs provide water for the Moapa River, which flows into the Colorado River by way of Lake Mead (Blackwelder 1943, Hubbs and Miller 1948a). The pluvial White River is now represented by the White River Valley, Pahranagat Valley, and the Moapa River. Flows reduced from pluvial times, 10,000 to 30,000 years ago, and the obligatory spring existence of Crenichthys have resulted in isolation of populations in the remaining suitable spring habitats along the course of the

Fishes of the Neosho River System in Oklahoma

One hundred and three species of fishes, or 66% of the species known to occur in Oklahoma, are reported from the Neosho River and its tributaries. Notes on the habitat and habits of the various species, and some theoretical considerations as to how certain species may have entered the system by means of stream-capture from the White River System are included. The Neosho River, known as the Grand downstream from the mouth of the Spring River, rises in the Flint Hills region of Morris Co., near Parkerville, east-central Kansas. From its source, the stream flows in a southeasterly direction for about 478 miles to its confluence with the Arkansas River near Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, 0.9 mi downstream from the mouth of the Verdigris River. The Neosho and its tributaries flow across gently westward-dipping, successively older geological formations (Cretaceous, Permian, Pennsylvanian). The general topography varies from rolling prairies in the extreme upper portion, to rugged and broken terrain in the Flint Hills. The elevation above mean sea level at the headwaters is about 1500 ft (460 m), falling to 477 ft (145 m) in Arkansas. The channel of the main stream is tortuous and well-defined, and its banks are generally stable. The bed is in gravel and boulders, except where excessive siltation has occurred. Many of the smaller streams, once clear, are turbid as a result of strip mining and improper soil-tilling practices. The upland watershed has only a light covering of topsoil, which supports substantial growths of native grasses, elm, cottonwood, willows and sycamores. In the more or less broken terrain of Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas, the soil thickness varies greatly and timber growths, principally oaks, pines, hickories, elms, cottonwoods and willows, are abundant. The Neosho watershed includes an area of approximately 12,660 square miles, 6,285 of which are in Kansas, 2,965 in Oklahoma, 2,995 in Missouri and 415 in Arkansas. The drainage basin has a width of about 30 miles in its upper reaches, about 70 near its center, and a maximum of about 90 near the Kansas-Oklahoma state line. The watershed is bounded on the north by the Kansas and Osage, on the east by the White and Illinois, and on the west by the Arkansas and Verdigris watersheds. There are three major tributaries to the Neosho. The Cottonwood River heads in eastern McPherson Co., Kansas, and extends 383 miles to its mouth near Emporia, Kansas. Spring River, the Neosho's largest feeder, arises near Aurora, Lawrence Co., Missouri, and empties into the Pensacola Reservoir about 6 mi N of Wyandotte, Oklahoma. Elk River, locally called Cowskin Creek, is formed by Big Sugar and Little Sugar creeks near Pineville, Missouri, and empties into the Neosho near the Oklahoma-Missouri state line. These three tributaries drain 43% of the entire watershed.

Etheostoma microlepidum, a New Percid Fish of the Subgenus Nothonotus from the Cumberland and Tennessee River Systems

This moderate-sized, brightly colored, sexually dimorphic darter is described from Kentucky and Tennessee. Its closest relative is E. moorei of the White River System, Arkansas. Sympatric species of Nothonotus include E. camurum, tippecanoe, and rufilineatum. E. macu- latum, which has been taken nearby, has been confused with micro- lepidum. Like other species of Nothonotus, details in color and pattern are important characters. E. microlepidum has more fin rays and scales than related species, and, in smallness of body scales, is similar to the upstream populations of E. camurum in the highlands of eastern Tennes- see. It is found in fast riffles over gravel and rubble.

Etheostoma moorei, a New Darter of the Subgenus Nothonotus from the White River System, Arkansas

, AND B. W. EVERMANN. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Pt. 1. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 47:1-1240. LINCK, H. F. 1790. Versuch einer Eintheilung der Fische nach den Zahnen. Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturges. 6(1):28-38. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Tom. 1, Ed. 10. ii-824 pp. MILLER, R. R. 1957. Origin and dispersal of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in the Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86(1956): 97-111. REGAN, C. T. 1916. The British fishes of the subfamily Clupeinae and related species in other seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8, 18: 1-19. 1917. A revision of the clupeoid fishes of the genera Pomolobus, Brevoortia and Dorosoma and their allies. Ibid. 19:297-316. SVETOVIDOV, A. N. 1932. Sur le rapport entre le caractere de la nourriture et la nombre des appendices pyloriques chez les harengs. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS A (8):202-204. 1952a. O zavisimosti mezhdu colichestvom pulorichescikh pridatcov i kharacteram pitanya ryb. (On the correlation between the number of pyloric caeca and the character of food in fishes.) Ocherki po obschim voprosam ikhtyologyi. Akad. Nauk SSSR:282-289. 1952b. Seldevye (Clupeidae). Fauna SSSR. Ryby 2(1), 331 pp.

Ecology, Breeding Habits and Young Stages of Crenichthys baileyi, a Cyprinodont Fish of Nevada

AMONG the most interesting fishes of the isolated drainages of the arid .American west are those that constitute certain highly localized endemic genera (Hubbs and Miller, 1948 a-b). Since very little is known about their ecology and life history, a study was made of one of the species, Crenichthys baileyi (Gilbert). This fish was originally described as Cyprinodon macularius baileyi by Gilbert (1893: 233), who emphasized the lack of pelvic fins but failed to note that the teeth are bifid, rather than trifid as in Cyprinodon. Jordan and Evermann (1896: 675) recognized the species as distinct, but still retained it in Cyprinodon, not appreciating its relationship with the genus Empetrichthys (Gilbert, 1893: 233-234, pl. 5; Miller, 1948: 99-111, pls. 10-11), which is confined to the springs of Ash Meadows and Pahrump Valley, Nevada. The species baileyi was shown by Hubbs (1941: 68) and Hubbs and Miller (1941: 1-2) to be wide-spread in warm springs throughout the remnants of the Pluvial White River system, Nevada (Hubbs and Miller, 1948 b: 7-8, pls. 3 and map 2), and to be referable to the genus Crenichthys, which Hubbs (1932) had established for a newly discovered species, C. nevadae, of Railroad Valley, Nevada. On the basis of identifications by Hubbs, Crenichthys baileyi was also reported by Sumner and Sargent (1940) and by Sumner and Lanham (1942), in their studies on the adaptation of fishes to warm-spring waters. Previous attempts to culture Crenichthys in aquaria have proved unsuccessful, although desert forms of Cyprinodon have been reared, as by Cowles (1934), Miller and Miller (1942) and Miller (1948: 122-126).