White Rice Cultivars Research Articles

Nutrigenomic Effects of White Rice and Brown Rice on the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders in a Fruit Fly Model.

Consumption of white rice (WR) has been shown to predispose individuals to metabolic disorders. However, brown rice (BR), which is relatively richer in bioactive compounds, possesses anti-glycaemic and antioxidant effects. In this study, fifteen cultivars of paddy rice that are predominantly consumed in North West Nigeria were analysed for their nutritional composition, bioactive contents and effects on metabolic outcomes in a fruit fly model. Gene expression analyses were conducted on the whole fly, targeting dPEPCK, dIRS, and dACC. The protein, carbohydrate, and fibre contents and bioactives of all BR cultivars were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the WR cultivars. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the glucose and trehalose levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05), while glycogen was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the WR groups compared to the BR groups. Similarly, the expression of dACC and dPEPCK was upregulated, while that of dIRS was downregulated in the WR groups compared to the BR groups. Sex differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the WR groups in relation to the nutrigenomic effects. Our findings confirm metabolic perturbations in fruit flies following consumption of WR via distortion of insulin signalling and activation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. BR prevented these metabolic changes possibly due to its richer nutritional composition.

Effect of Parboiling on the Physicochemical and Phytochemicals Characteristics of Traditional Rice Cultivars

Background: The indigenous rice varieties of India are cultivated and utilized by tribal peoples as well as people in the distant regions with traditional culture. The main aim of the research work was to explore the inherit beneficial characteristics of traditional rice cultivars over hybrid varieties. Methods: The research work was aimed to investiagate the physicochemical and phytochemicals characteristics in traditional red rice cultivars (Mapillai Samba and Karungkuruvai) and traditional white rice cultivars (IR 20 and Improved White Ponni). The different treatments used in the study were raw rice (unpolished, polished) and parboiled rice (unpolished, polished). The interaction between physicochemical characteristics and phytochemicals were evaluated using Pearson correlation and Principal component analysis. Result: The physicochemical characteristics were analyzed for all the rice cultivars. It was observed that parboiled-unpolished mapillai samba showed highest length, breadth, 1000 grain weight. The raw rice cultivars showed highest phytochemicals than parboiled rice. The total phenolic, total flavonoids and total anthocyanin contents were highest for the mapillai samba (raw rice-unpolished). Among different traditional rice cultivars, mapillai samba showed significantly higher antioxidant levels. The results of the study suggested that these traditional rice cultivars can be incorporated in value added products.

Beneficiamento de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de arroz vermelho

ABSTRACT: Red rice is consumed in whole grain form due to its beneficial nutritional attributes and has become an option for crop diversification. Several factors during plant development can affect the crop’syield. This study evaluated the adaptability and stability of the post-harvest processing of red rice cultivars and compare them with those of white rice cultivars grown in the municipalities of Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica, and Pinheiral, RJ, between 2016 and 2018. Two white rice (BRS Esmeralda and IAC 201) and two red rice cultivars (ENA-AR1601 and Virginia) were distributed in the field under randomized block design with five repetitions. Yield, grain class, ingenuity, and whole grain yield were evaluated. The means of these parameters for cultivars in different locations and years were compared by Tukey’s test (P &lt; 0.05). The Eberhart and Russell regression model was used to estimate the adaptability and stability parameters. The grain classification of the cultivars ENA-AR1601 and Virginia was medium and long, respectively. The red rice cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia showed higher productive performance than the national average. The red rice cultivars and BRS Esmeralda showed highly predictable behavior based on the environmental stimulus. With average values of 62% in the two years evaluated, the red rice cultivars showed excellent processing yield.

Rice and rice bran from different cultivars: physicochemical, spectroscopic, and thermal analysis characterization

Different rice cultivars have been developed in order to obtain grains with optimal cultivation and compositional characteristics, which affect their potential applications. Therefore, the characterization of these different rice cultivars is required. In the present study, white rice and rice bran from the cultivars BRS AG, BRS Pampa, and BRS 358 provided by EMBRAPA were characterized by physicochemical means, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and thermal analyses. The moisture, lipid, and ash contents did not differ among the white rice cultivars. The cultivar BRS Pampa exhibited the highest protein and lowest total carbohydrate contents. Both BRS Pampa and BRS 358 showed a higher phytic acid content than BRS AG. The highest total carbohydrate content was observed in BRS AG white rice samples, which confirmed its suitability for use in ethanol production. Among the rice bran samples, BRS 358 demonstrated the highest contents of lipid, protein, and phytic acid, and the lowest total carbohydrate content. FTIR-ATR and thermal analyses were suitable for correlating the physicochemical properties of white rice and rice bran with the molecular composition in the respective cultivars studied. Both white rice and rice bran exhibited a thermal degradation temperature at 300 °C. Lipids, protein, ash and phytic acid were considerably higher in rice bran than white rice in all cultivars studied, which demonstrates the importance of the use of this by-product.

The effects of ultrasound – assisted recrystallization followed by chilling to produce the lower glycemic index of rice with different amylose content

White rice is a major source of carbohydrates, but its high glycemic index makes it unsuitable for diabetics. The objective of this study was to lower the expected glycemic index (eGI) of two white rice cultivars, ‘KDML105’ (low amylose content) and ‘CN1’ (high amylose content), using ultrasound, chilling treatments, or the combination of both. Ultrasound was applied by ultrasonic bath with varied amplitude and duration; chilling was performed at 4 °C for 24 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and gelatinization assays revealed that ultrasound treatment induced changes in grain crystallinity These changes affected the eGI, increasing it for ‘KDML105’, and lowering it for ‘CN1’. The combination of ultrasound and chilling contributed to rearrangement of starch molecules, causing a decrease in the eGI of both cultivars. Therefore, the combination of ultrasound and chilling treatment strongly promoted lowering the eGI of both rice cultivars.

Keragaman Genetik Kultivar Padi Beras Hitam Lokal Berdasarkan Penanda Mikrosatelit

&lt;p&gt;Indonesia has diverse&lt;br /&gt;accessions of local black rice, which are important sources&lt;br /&gt;of germplasm. However, some of the local black rice&lt;br /&gt;cultivars have different names, leading a need to be&lt;br /&gt;identified to determine their genetic diversity using&lt;br /&gt;molecular marker. This study aimed to identify genetic&lt;br /&gt;diversity of eleven cultivars of local black rice, collection of&lt;br /&gt;the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology,&lt;br /&gt;Yogyakarta and compared them with two white rice&lt;br /&gt;varieties using four microsatellite markers. Detection of&lt;br /&gt;microsatellite alleles polymorphism was carried out by&lt;br /&gt;visualization of PCR amplicons by electrophoresis on&lt;br /&gt;agarose gel. To estimate their genetic diversity, phylogenetic&lt;br /&gt;tree and principal coordinate analysis were performed using&lt;br /&gt;binary data of SSR alleles. The results revealed that total&lt;br /&gt;markers enabled to differentiate black rice cultivars as&lt;br /&gt;reflected by high value of polymorphic information content&lt;br /&gt;(PIC) mean (0.695). This value was consistent with the high&lt;br /&gt;genetic diversity of black rice (genetic diversity index, h =&lt;br /&gt;0.283) in comparison with white rice cultivars (h = 0.020).&lt;br /&gt;The phylogenetic and main coordinate analyses suggested&lt;br /&gt;that black rice cultivars genetically differed from white rice.&lt;br /&gt;The local black rice cultivars were preferentially grouped&lt;br /&gt;based on their genetic those were distributed in three&lt;br /&gt;coordinates and did not represent their local geographic&lt;br /&gt;origin. Genetic diversity analysis in this study will be useful&lt;br /&gt;as an initial basis for proper identification and selection for&lt;br /&gt;appropriate parents to assist breeding program of black rice&lt;br /&gt;in Indonesia.&lt;/p&gt;

A Multilayered Screening Method for the Identification of Regulatory Genes in Rice by Agronomic Traits.

We developed a multilayered screening method that integrates both genome and transcriptome data to effectively identify regulatory genes in rice (Oryza sativa). We tested our method using eight rice accessions that differed in three important nutritional and agricultural traits, anthocyanin biosynthesis, amylose content, and heading date. In the genome resequencing of eight rice accessions with 24 RNA sequencing experiments, 98% of the preprocessed reads could be uniquely mapped to the reference genome, resulting in the identification of 42,699 unique transcripts. Comparison between black and white rice cultivars showed evidence of intensive selective sweeps in chromosomes 3, 10, and 12. A total of 131 genes were differentially expressed among the black rice cultivars and found to be associated with three Gene Ontology terms (secondary metabolic process, biosynthetic process, and response to stimulus). We identified nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) that likely play an important role in determining the agronomic traits differences, two upregulated and three downregulated genes in the black cultivars, and two downregulated genes in the white cultivars. The three agronomic traits were clearly grouped together by the developmental stages, regardless of any other traits, suggesting that the developmental stage is the most important factor that triggers global changes in gene expression. Interestingly, glutinous and nonglutinous black rice cultivars were distinguished from one another by different heading dates.

Computational Identification of Anthocyanin-Related Genes Using Transcriptome Data from Black Rice Plants

Anthocyanins are a group of secondary metabolite that is responsible for the color in plant and their antioxidant activity has been noticed as a health-promoting material. To identify the genes responsible for anthocyaninenrichment in the black rice grains, we assessed the expression of transcripts in both black and white rice cultivars using the 135K Oryza sativa microarray and found that the 3,728 genes were associated with the production of anthocyanin pigment. Among them, the 573 conserved orthologous genes were identified using the COGs analyses and were compared with the existing flavonoid-pathway network. Enriched-pathway analysis finally resulted in 53 candidates for anthocyanin biosynthesis. These genes were anchored to the chromosomes of the rice genome to identify their genetic-map positions and were subjected to the phylogenetic construction together with their 31 homologous proteins sequences from A. thaliana, using the maximum-likelihood method. Our candidate genes seem to either play a regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis or be related to anthocyanin metabolism.

Identification and classification of bulk paddy, brown, and white rice cultivars with colour features extraction using image analysis and neural network

We identify five rice cultivars by mean of developing an image processing algorithm. After preprocessing operations, 36 colour features in RGB, HSI, HSV spaces were extracted from the images. These 36 colour features were used as inputs in back propagation neural network. The feature selection operations were performed using STEPDISC analysis method. The mean classification accuracy with 36 features for paddy, brown and white rice cultivars acquired 93.3, 98.8, and 100%, respectively. After the feature selection to classify paddy cultivars, 13 features were selected for this study. The highest mean classification accuracy (96.66%) was achieved with 13 features. With brown and white rice, 20 and 25 features acquired the highest mean classification accuracy (100%, for both of them). The optimised neural networks with two hidden layers and 36-6-5-5, 36-9-6-5, 36-6-6-5 topologies were obtained for the classification of paddy, brown, and white rice cultivars, respectively. These structures of neural network had the highest mean classification accuracy for bulk paddy, brown and white rice identification (98.8, 100, and 100%, respectively).

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOAGRONÔMICA EM ARROZ VERMELHO E ARROZ DE SEQUEIRO

Red rice is considered a weed in white rice fields. Despite presenting features such as higher susceptibility to lodging and plant height, red rice genotypes with traits similar to white rice cultivars have already been observed. The aim of this study was to compare morphological and agronomic traits of red rice genotypes (Vermelho Pequeno and Vermelho Virgínia) and white rice cultivars (BRS Primavera and Caiapó) under upland crop conditions. An experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design, with five replications, in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from November 2009 to March 2010. The Vermelho Virgínia genotype showed higher plant height and lower length x grain width ratio, while the Vermelho Pequeno genotype presented the lowest one thousand spikelets weight. The red rice genotypes showed a higher yield for viable panicles and no significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) in relation to white rice cultivars, concerning percentage of fertile spikelets per panicle and grain yield, revealing their agronomic potential for upland crop conditions.

Determination of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in crude water extracts of Thai red and white rice cultivars

Free radical-induced oxidative stress damages cellular components leading to many human diseases. Plant-derived antioxidant compounds have become a profitable alternative to prevent oxidative stress in cells. To determine and compare total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity using both chemical and cell assays in the water extracts of brown rice and rice bran from two Thai rice cultivars: Sangyod, a red pigmented rice typically grown in Southern Thailand and Dawk Mali 105, a commercial white-colored rice. All the rice water extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents using the colorimetric assays, as well as for their antioxidant activity through two chemical assays: DPPH radical-scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays, as well as through cell-based assays: scavenging capacity of intracellular ROS in HL60 cells using the fluorescent DCF and the NBT reduction. The two chemical assays detected free radical scavenging and free radical chain breaking activities in all the rice extracts with EC50 values ranging from 26 to 357 microg/ml. Moreover, the cell-based assays detected ROS scavenging activities of these extracts with EC50 values in the range of 0.6-5 mg/ml. All these assays indicated that the water extracts of Sangyod exerted significantly higher antioxidant activity than those of Dawk Mali 105, which exhibited only moderate to low activity. Furthermore, high levels of antioxidant activity of the water extracts of Sangyod were closely correlated to their flavonoid and phenolic contents, which were approximately 2.5 and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of Dawk Mali 105. These findings suggest that water extracts from colored brown rice or colored rice bran can be promising sources of potential natural antioxidants.

Consideration of the validity of glycemic index using blood glucose and insulin levels and breath hydrogen excretion in healthy subjects

AimAlthough glycemic index (GI) is very important in choosing appropriate foods for patients with diabetes mellitus, GI itself does not provide sufficient information for choosing adequate foods. The validity of GI is considered by measurement of blood glucose and insulin levels, and breath hydrogen excretion, testing several cultivars in the same type food. MethodsTwelve females, 23.8y participated in this within-subject, repeated-measures study. To clarify variations in GI in inter-cultivars of various foods, we examined four white rice and three potato cultivars and three noodle brands. Starchy-foods with a glucose equivalent of 50g were repeatedly and randomly given to each subject. Blood and end-expiration were collected at selected periods. ResultsThe significant difference of GI and insulinemic index (II) was not observed among the four white rice cultivars, though II of one cultivar were smaller than those of other three white rice cultivars. GI of three potato cultivars was relatively small, but the range of II was very large among three cultivars. Moreover, GI did not correspond to II among three noodle brands. AUC-3h-glucose and AUC-3h-insulin scores of white rice and noodle were significantly larger than those for 2h. The amount of breath hydrogen excretion showed a negative correlation to GI of tested foods. ConclusionsWe should recognize that rare foods in which GI does not correspond to II exist in the cultivar of foods used for diet therapy of diabetes mellitus. We propose the addition of other information such as II and breath hydrogen excretion of selected foods.