White Rats Research Articles

The Effect of Dangke on Changes in Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Obesity White Rats

Background: Obesity is the excessive accumulation of fat in the body which disrupts health with the risk of metabolic system disorders in the form of increased cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. The prevalence of obesity in Makassar City is 24.05%, which is the highest prevalence in South Sulawesi. Dangke contains Lactic Acid Bacteria in the form of probiotics which have the ability to anti-inflammatory mechanisms and fat metabolism in the body. Purpose: To determine the effect of dangke on changes in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in obese white rats. Method: Pure experimental research design with Pre Post Randomized Clinical Trial Design. Data analysis used the independent T test/Mann-Whitney test and paired T test/Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with a value of <0.05. Results: Comparison of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels before and after intervention in the control group showed p-values of 0.12 and 0.01, meaning there was no significant change in cholesterol and there was a significant change in triglycerides. Comparison of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels before and after intervention in the dangke group p-values were 0.47 and 0.12, meaning there was no significant change in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The difference in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels before the intervention in the control and dangke groups showed p-values of 0.37 and 0.78, meaning there was no significant change in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The difference in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels after intervention in the control and dangke groups obtained p-values of 0.38 and 0.32, which means there was no significant change in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Conclusion: There was no significant change in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the control and dangke groups when given dangke, but there was a tendency to decrease total cholesterol and triglyceride levels after the intervention in the dangke group.

Expression of Kidney White Rats Diabetes Mellitus after Therapy of Sinom Ethyl Acetate Fraction Mixed Lime and Honey

This study aims to prove that the administration of the ethyl acetate fraction sinom mixture of lime and honey (SCJM) can improve the histological structure of the kidney of Spraque Dawley rats (SD) diabetic were divided into six groups with four replications each. The K1 group as a positive control was not given a sample, the K2 group was given a sample dose of 50 mg/kg BW, the K3 group was given a sample dose of 100 mg/kg BW, and the K4 group was given a sample dose of 150 mg/kg BW, the K5 group was given an extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW, and positive control group K6 which was carried out for 21 days. The rats were then sacrificed and the kidney organs were taken for histopathological preparation with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that there was fatty degeneration and necrosis of the kidneys. Kruskal Wallis test results from all treatments showed p = 0.001 for both fatty degeneration and necrosis (p<0.05).abstract is written along 100-200 words with a single space. Abstract content must explain the subject matter discussed in the article, the method used, the results or findings and conclusions

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Gelagah (Saccharum spontaneum L.) terhadap Diabetes Induksi Aloksan pada Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus)

Saccharum spontaneum L. (Family: Poaceae) is a tall perennial grass with deep roots and rhizomes, capable of growing up to 3-4 meters in height, and is commonly found along water bodies or roadsides. This plant is widely distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. Saccharum spontaneum L. is a tall, erect, perennial grass with feathery inflorescences, often growing in swampy areas. Its leaves and stems contain lignin, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, while its roots and lower stems contain starch and polyphenolic compounds. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Saccharum spontaneum L. leaves extract on blood glucose levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with alloxan. The leaves extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening results indicated that the leaves of Saccharum spontaneum L. contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The antidiabetic test was conducted using male Wistar rats. In this study, the Saccharum spontaneum L. leaves extract was administered in three different doses: group 4 received a dose of 100 mg/KgBW, group 5 received a dose of 200 mg/KgBW, and group 6 received a dose of 400 mg/KgBW. Additionally, there were control groups consisting of group 1 (normal), group 2 (negative control), and group 3 (positive control) which were given the drug glibenclamide 5 mg/60 kg. All doses were administered orally. Diabetes induction in the rats was performed using alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 100 mg/KgBW administered intraperitoneally. The results of the study showed that the greatest reduction in blood glucose levels occurred in group 6 with a dose of 400 mg/KgBW, which decreased blood glucose levels by 71.78% at the 180th minute. Group 5 showed a reduction of 55.80% and group 4 showed a reduction of 51.91% at the 180th minute. Group 3, which was given glibenclamide, showed a reduction in blood glucose levels of 71.14% at the 180th minute. These results indicate that the highest dose of Saccharum spontaneum L. leaves extract (400 mg/KgBW) had the most significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels in male Wistar rats induced with alloxan monohydrate

Effect of Suruhan Leaves (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) Extract on Triglyceride Blood Level in Diabetic Rats

Background: Diabetes Mellitus causes complications, such as hypertriglyceridemia. Indonesia has biological wealth diversity that can be exploited in alternative medicine. One of which is Suruhan plants. Flavonoid contents in the plant extract can normalize blood triglyceride levels. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the Suruhan extract (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) on blood triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic white rats. Methods: The induction process used alloxan at a dose of 150mg/kgbw intraperitoneally to 12 rats. The rats were divided into 5 research groups, namely normal rats, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats were given various doses of extract. The treatment was carried out for 14 days. Blood samples for triglyceride examination were taken at the end of the study. Results: blood triglyceride levels were obtained in the normal group (127.67 mg/dl); and diabetic control group (395.67mg/dl); the dose group was 20mg/kg BW (216mg/dl); the dose group was 40 mg/kg BW (159.33 mg/dl) and the dose group was 80 mg/kg BW (143.33 mg/dl) in the statistical test with one way ANOVA (p <0.05) obtained significance with a value of p = 0.000. Conclusions: There is an influence of plant extracts (Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth) administration on the blood reduction of triglyceride levels in diabetic white rats induced by alloxan.

Testing The Effectiveness Of Burns Healing Of Gel Preparations Jatropagar ( Jatropha Curcas L) Leaf Extract On Male White Rats ( Rattus Norvegicus)

Indonesia has a variety of traditional medicinal plants for treating burns. One of them is Jatropha leaves which contain active substances such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids which have antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of Jatropha leaf preparations with extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20% on healing burns. This research stage includes plant determination, simplicia making, extract making, phytochemical screening testing, physical quality testing of gel preparations and animal testing. The research was experimental by comparing the effectiveness of healing burns in grouped mice and Jatropha leaf extract gel preparations and the most effective formula for healing burn wounds was Jatropha leaf extract gel preparations at concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%. Statistical test results showed that there was a difference in the duration of healing of burn wounds in male white rats between Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L) leaf gel preparations with concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, bioplaceton gel and gel base.

Lesser omentum of white rats: structural and functional characteristics

Background. According to the literature, all mammals have two omenta, one of which is the greater omentum and the other one is the lesser omentum, but white rats have two additional derivatives of the visceral peritoneum, homologous in structure to the greater omentum - called the epididymal omentum. Today, the greater omentum is comprehensively studied and arouses great interest among researchers, in turn, the lesser omentum is not popular among scientists, as a result of which many details of its anatomical and histological structure remain undisclosed. Objective. To study the morpho-functional features of the structure of the lesser omentum of white rats through a bibliographic analysis of the literature. Methods. This bibliographic analysis is based on published articles, books, textbooks, and monographs. The search for which was carried out on the worldwide network "Internet" in the scientific and metric databases of Google Scholar, Web of Science and PubMed, foreign sources of literature and the National Library of Medicine. Results. The lesser omentum is formed due to the successive transition of the duplication of the peritoneum, from the lower surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum. At the small curvature of the stomach, the leaves that form the lesser omentum diverge and cover the front-upper and back-lower walls of the stomach. The lesser omentum consists of the hepatogastric ligament, which is an extremely thin and transparent membrane, and a thicker, transparent membrane - the hepatoduodenal ligament, which is attached to the duodenum. Microscopically, it consists of two main structural elements: thin fenestrated translucent membranes and adipose tissue-rich areas containing milky spots that may play a role in the immune defense of the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion. So, according to the analysis, the lesser omentum mainly performs a connecting role and provides support and stabilization of the organs of the abdominal cavity between which it is located.

Anti-hyperuricemic Evaluation of Swertia-chirayita and Febuxostat on Potassium Oxonate Induced Hyperuricemic Animal Model

Introduction: Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in serum uric acid levels. Hyperuricemia can be controlled by low purine diet or drugs like allopurinol and febuxostat; however, the incidence of adverse effects to these drugs, especially on chronic use, is a major clinical problem. Swertia chirayita; a herb from Gentianaceace family, was selected to observe it’s in vivo uric acid lowering effect in white Albino Wistar rats in whom hyperuricemia was induced through potassium oxonate. Febuxostat was used as a standard. Aims and Objectives: To observe the in vivo effect of different doses of Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) on uric acid levels and to compare its effect with the allopathic medicine febuxostat. Place and Duration of study: A randomized controlled study was held at University of Health Sciences Lahore between June- August 2017. Material and Methods: Forty-eight healthy adult Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I and II served as negative and positive controls respectively. Hyperuricemia was induced by injecting KO solution (01ml) intraperitoneally on 1st, 3rd and 7th day of study. Group III received febuxostat 5 mg/kg through oral gavage. Group IV, V and VI were experimental groups, treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of Swertia Chirayita extract respectively through oral route, 02 hours after induction by KO once daily for 07 days. Blood samples were collected to record serum uric acid levels on day zero, first, third and seventh days. (SPSS)version 20 was used for data entry and analysis, pvalue ? 0.05 was given statistical importance. Results: In all experimental groups (IV, V, VI), serum uric acid levels were significantly reduced by Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) (p ? 0.001) as compared to hyperuricemic rats (group II). SCE showed dose dependent SUA suppression. Results of both febuxostat and SCE showed that average SUA levels of these groups were markedly less than hyperuricemic rats (Group II) (p < 0.001) Conclusion: In the light of its hypouricemic activity; we conclude that in the future, Swertia chirayita has the potential for newer therapeutic applications in this regard.

Pharmacological screening of a new valproic acid derivative using the pharmacoencephalography method in rats

Introduction. The naïve Bayes classifier combined with principal component analysis allows to distinguish the effects of antipsychotic agents effectively as well as evaluate their dose-dependency based on their impact on electroencephalogram parameters in rats. Further development of this method requires its validation as an instrument for the screening of new understudied molecules. Valproic acid derivatives appear to be a promising neuropharmacological group as they exhibit not only antiepileptic activity but also mood-stabilizing, antimigraine, neuroprotective and analgesic effects.Aim. This work was carried out to perform the pharmacological screening of a valproic acid aminoester (AVA) that exhibits antidote properties in case of poisoning with anticholinesterase agents.Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted in white outbred rats with chronically implanted electrocorticographic electrodes. AVA was administered at doses of 0,5, 5 and 30 mg/kg. The training set, used as a reference to determine the pharmacological effects of each dose of the investigated substance, included matrixes of effects of 7 drugs: the antiepileptic agent sodium valproate, the D2-dopamine receptor blocker haloperidol, the M-cholinergic receptor blocker tropicamide, the H1-histamine receptor blocker chloropyramine, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine, the sedative dexmedetomidine, and the anxiolytic phenazepam.Results and discussion. AVA at the dose of 0,5 mg/kg showed effects similar to those of sodium valproate, while a tenfold dose increase led to the predominance of an atropine-like effect. When administered at the dose of 30 mg/kg, the compound exhibited dexmedetomidine-like action. The central M-anticholinergic effect of AVA was confirmed by an arecoline test in mice, in which the substance at a dose of 88 mg/kg completely abolished the onset of tremor. Dexmedetomidine-like action was cancelled by the administration of atipamezole in equimolar quantities, which may indicate the potential сapability of AVA to activate α2-adrenergic receptors at a high dose. The results of molecular docking suggest that this effect is related specifically to the original aminoester molecule and not to its presumable active metabolites.Сonclusion. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the naïve Bayes classifier as an instrument for the prediction of the pharmacological activity of compounds based on their impact on electroencephalogram parameters in rats. Identification of new pharmacological effects of understudied compounds may widen the potential range of their clinical application as well as reveal probable adverse effects.

Health benefits of consumption of chicken sausage enhanced with local beetroot powder

Sausage is a community’s product, a processed meat product which is wrapped in a casing. Sausages with high-fat content contain high calories and will cause weight gain if consumed excessively. The impact of consuming sausage can be caused if high-fat and high-calorie sausages are consumed continuously for a long time. Increasing public awareness of health demands for sausage products that are safe for consumption. This study aimed to determine the health benefit of consuming sausage enriched with local beetroot powder on the performance and lipid profile of white rats (Rattus novergicus L.). This study used white rats Spraque-Dawley strain male, aged between 7-8 months with a weight of 180 to 200 g. This research is equipped with ethical clearance number: 00116/04/LPPT/XII/18. The research material was 25 individuals who were fed AIN 93M and chicken sausage at doses of 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 g/head/day for 30 days. The results of this study showed that the highest daily body weight gain (ADG) was found in white rats with AIN 93M basal diet of 234.4±3.8 g/head/day while the lowest was found in white rats that consumed chicken sausage enhanced with local beetroot powder at a dose of 2.7 g/head/day was 0.66±0.4 g/head/day. In addition to the achievement of ADG which can be slowed down, it is also necessary to look at the impact on the lipid profile. Tests on the consumption of chicken sausage substituted with 2% local beetroot powder have an effect on increasing HDL, decreasing cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and glucose if consumed for 3 consecutive weeks. The equivalent dose of white rats into human doses of chicken sausage enhanced with beetroot powder the consumption was 0.33 g/kg BW/day. Based on this, it can be recommended that the consumption of chicken sausage containing 2% local beetroot powder is 0.33 g/kg BW/day with a maximum time limit for regular consumption for 3 weeks

Classification of the parathyroid glands and the frequency of occurrence of their different types in mature rats

The parathyroid glands play an important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. They are in close anatomical relationship with the thyroid gland and, considering their small size, can be accidentally removed during surgical interventions on it. To avoid mistakes, surgeons need to know the typical location of the parathyroid glands and non-typical variants. The laboratory animals, in particular white rats, can be used to improve the methods of surgical interventions and develop skills. Aim. To study the features of the location of the parathyroid glands relative to the lobes of the thyroid gland, classify into types and establish the frequency of their occurrence in mature rats. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 213 white outbred mature male rats. After taking the lobes of the thyroid gland with the parathyroid glands, the samples were processed according to the standard protocol. The sections of organs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue, according to Van Gieson and to Grimelius. Light microscopy was used to study the location of the parathyroid glands on histological sections of the thyroid gland; the frequency of occurrence of each type was calculated. Results. In mature male rats, by location, one can distinguish typical, atypical and mixed parathyroid glands, occurring in 53.52, 45.54 and 0.94% of cases, respectively. Typical parathyroid glands in relation to the edge of the lobe of the thyroid gland are divided into centro-lateral and eccentrico-lateral; by invasion in the parenchyma of the lobes – marginal and incomplete; in shape – regular and irregular. Non-typical parathyroid glands are subdivided into single and group ones according to the number on the section of one lobe of the thyroid gland; by location – polar, intracapsular, occupying the center of the lobe or displaced from the center to the capsule; by invasion in the parenchyma of the lobes – without invasion, marginal, incomplete and complete; in shape – regular and irregular. Mixed parathyroid glands involve the presence of the typical and atypical glands by location in the same lobe of the thyroid gland. Conclusions. The parathyroid glands of mature male rats are characterized by a significant variability of localization in relation to the lobe of the thyroid gland – from superficial to complete invasion inside this organ, location in the pole or in the center, variability in shape and quantity.

Mitochondrial dysfunction of the inner membrane of hepatocytes in the development of glutamate-induced steatohepatosis and its correction

Elucidation of the mechanisms of the development of liver steatosis, which are at the heart of the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), will allow the introduction of new effective treatment methods into medical practice, as well as the development of new measures for the correction of this disease and accompanying pathologies. The purpose of the research is to establish the enzymatic activity of the complexes of the electron transport chain of the mitochondrial membrane of rat hepatocytes and to evaluate the corrective effect of the multiprobiotic “Symbiter acidophilic” concentrated or nanocrystalline cerium dioxide on the formation of steatohepatosis induced by neonatal sodium glutamate administration. The experiments were carried out on 50 white non-linear male rats; the direction included the study of the mechanisms of the development of steatohepatosis in 4-month-old rats, which were administered monosodium glutamate in the neonatal period, and the study of the functional state of the liver in rats after the neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate against the background of periodic administration of a multiprobiotic or nanocrystalline dioxide cerium. It was established that neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate causes metabolic changes in 4-month-old rats, manifested in the disproportionate accumulation of fat with the development of visceral obesity without hyperphagia, dyslipidemia, and steatohepatosis. In 4-month-old rats, after neonatal administration of sodium glutamate, the development of steatohepatosis was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, which was manifested by changes in the lipid composition of the inner membrane of hepatocyte mitochondria with an increase in oxidized products and a change in the enzymatic activity of all complexes of the respiratory chain. In rats injected with monosodium glutamate in the neonatal period, periodic use of the multiprobiotic “Symbiter acidophilic” concentrated or nanocrystalline cerium dioxide significantly restored the functional state of the liver, reduced the manifestations of oxidative stress and prevented the development of steatohepatosis, which indicates the antioxidant effect of these drugs and the possibility of their use for prevention of steatohepatosis.

Effect of metal nanoparticles usage on oxidative stress indicators and endotoxemia parameters under DMH-induced carcinogenesis

One of the properties of nanoparticles is their ability to correct manifestations of oxidative stress and endotoxemia, which are critical factors in cancer development. Therefore, the work aimed to investigate the effect of the usage of Au/Ag/Fe nanoparticles on oxidative stress indicators and endotoxemia parameters in experimental colon carcinogenesis. The study was performed on 90 white male rats kept in standard vivarium conditions. The division into groups: I – intact animals; II – intact animals with 21 days NPs administration; III – animals injected with N,N-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride for 30 weeks; ІV – animals to which Au/Ag/Fe nanoparticles were intragastrically administered daily for 21 days after induced adenocarcinoma. According­ to our results, the concentration of oxidative stress indicators significantly increases under DMH-induced carcinogenesis conditions. It was established that the 21-day intragastric administration of NP Au/Ag/Fe composition caused a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the concentration of TBARS in the blood serum by 1.33 times, in the content of diene and triene conjugates by 1.63 and 1.98 times, respectively compared to the third experimental group. The introduction of NPs in the fourth experimental group reduces the concentration of the Schiff bases by 1.34 times (P < 0.001), decreases the content of POMP370 and POMP430 by 1.25 (P < 0.001) and 1.37 times (P < 0.001), respectively, compared to the third experimental group. We also observed the reduction of endotoxemia levels in a fourth experimental animal group based on a significant decrease in MMM indexis and EII percentage. Keywords: Au/Ag/Fe nanoparticles, endotoxemia, induced colon carcinogenesis, N‚N-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, oxidative stress

Toxicity of vapor-gas flows from technogenic substance

The relevance. Vapor-gas flows from technogenic substances (storage wastes of the mining industry), carrying a high amount of potentially toxic elements, are a big problem for the environment and the population, because metals and metalloids in the composition of emanations are in an easily digestible bioavailable forms and are able to easily penetrate into living organisms. The main aim of this study is an assessment of toxicity for living organisms of air mixtures containing gaseous products emitted by a surfaces of mine tailings freely located near settlements and under the influence of climatic factors and microorganisms. Methods. Carrying out experiments with white rats male Wistar, analysis of organs for the content of a wide range of elements by ICP-MS on a NexION 300D mass spectrometer (PerkinElmer, USA) (PNL GGC IShPR TPU). In the experiment, a pooled sample of the waste substance was used. The sample was analyzed for the content of oxides of the silicate group by XRF using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer ARL-9900-XP (Thermo Electron Corporation, Switzerland) at the Laboratory of X-ray Spectral Analysis Methods of the IGM SB RAS; elemental analysis was carried out by ICP-MS using an ELAN-9000 DRC-e instrument Perkin Elmer, USA (HAC Plasma). Results. Under the influence of vapor-gas emanations from the substance of arsenide tailings of the Tuvacobalt plant on a group of rats male Wistar, pathological changes occurred in the experimental group. Small foci of hemorrhages formed in the lungs, the tissues became edematous and inflamed. The liver of all animals increased, the share structure became sharply expressed, the color became light beige. Single hemorrhages were found in the kidneys. The vessels of the meninges are dilated, petechial hemorrhages are observed. The synthetic function of cells and the stability of cellular and intracellular membranes were disrupted, first of all, the endothelium of blood vessels was affected, the physiological functioning of organs and tissues was disrupted with the accumulation of intermediate products of biochemical reactions, determined macroscopically. Also, dystrophy of internal organs was determined, in particular, the liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain. Elemental analysis of animal organs showed the accumulation of toxic elements in comparison with the control group. The most characteristic elements, the excess of which was recorded in most cases, are mercury and arsenic. They were unevenly distributed throughout the organs. Mercury accumulated mainly in the lungs, kidneys and liver, while arsenic accumulated mainly in the liver and brain. This may indicate the entry of mercury and arsenic ions in a biologically available form into the bloodstream by inhalation, and local irritating and toxic effects on the lungs were not prevailing, and the liver was the most damaged organ according to the results of toxicochemical and morphological studies. The homeostasis of micro and macro elements is finely regulated, and any concentration imbalance in the form of a deficiency leads to a progressive decrease and disruption of normal biological function, to severe physiological and clinical outcomes, which we observed from the results of the experiment. The data obtained proved the acute toxic effect of vapor-gas flows on living organisms, and also confirmed the possibility of the removal of many chemical elements in easily accessible and assimilable forms.

Research on Phenol compounds and impact of Nootropic mixture herbal product on duration of action of Ethanol anesthesia

According to scientific literature data, chemical composition of the biologically active substances of nootropic mixture herbal product is reach. It includes various groups of biologically active substances (BASes). Phenol compounds and flavonoids are dominating BASes. Nootrops are often used for medical rehabilitation as well as for rehabilitation after craniocerebral trauma, insult, neuroinfection, neurotropic intoxication, poisoning, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and drug withdrawal syndrome. In such a way, it is expedient to research possibilities of using of new nootropic mixture herbal product against alcohol poisoning. The phenol compounds have been determined by the HPLC-UV/VIS method basing on retention times and the UV-spectrum of standard samples. Antialcoholic activity is studied basing on impact of the nootropic mixture herbal product on duration of action of ethanol anesthesia on white outbred male rats. The fluid extract is extracted from the nootropic mixture herbal product by extracting dry raw agents on ethyl alcohol, which concentration is of 70%. Nootropic drug Piracetamisa comparator drug. 12 phenol compounds are discovered in the nootropic mixture herbal product alcohol extract. Dominating components of nootropic mixture herbal product composition are luteolin-7-glycoside (0.6322%) and rutin (0.3769%) in terms of dry raw material. The analysis of aqueous extracts has shown that there are the same 12 BASes but their contentsis much fewer. Summarized contents of phenol compounds in nootropic mixture herbal product aqueous extractions is of 0.0333%. 0.0157% of rutinis half of them in terms of dry raw material. Results of the experiment establish that the developed nootropic mixture herbal product reduced toxic action of alcohol reduces duration of action of ethanol anesthesia by 18% in comparison with that of control animals.

The effect of aerobic exercise and food restriction on the expression of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins in the brain tissue of parkinson rats model

Introduction: Alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins are genetically and neuropathologically related to the Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and food restriction on the expression of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins in the brain tissue of Parkinsonian rats. Method: In the current experimental study, 40 white male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 8 series, including healthy control, Parkinson's control, exercise parkinsonism, food restriction parkinsonism, and exercise+food restriction parkinsonism. The exercise program consisted of 3 months and five weekly sessions with an intensity of 75-80% oxygen consumption. According to the food restriction, the daily intake of each rat was determined to be 11 grams. The western blot method used to determine the expression levels of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test with SPSS25 software. Results: There was a significant difference in alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 in healthy and Parkinson's rats. The expression of alpha-synuclein in the food restriction+aerobic exercise group significantly decreased compared to the Parkinson's control group (P=0.001). Also, a significant increase in sirtuin-1 was observed in the aerobic training+food restriction group compared to the Parkinson's control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Three months of aerobic activity have a positive effect on increasing sirtuin-1 and decreasing alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of rat model of Parkinson, while the effect of exercise with food restriction is greater. Therefore, aerobic exercise and moderate food restriction are recommended as a method of treatment for patients with Parkinson's, with drug interventions.

Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of titanium nickelide augments with the addition of silver nanoparticles for bone grafting: an experimental study

BACKGROUND: The relevance of this study was supported by the increasing number of infectious complications of bone augmentation in children and adults. Currently, porous titanium nickelide alloys are among the most preferred materials used in bone plasty. Despite the observable advantages of porous nickelide titanium alloys in terms of biochemical and biomechanical compatibility with the body, research on the antibacterial activity of alloys is ongoing to counter the development of infections at the implant–biological tissue border.
 AIM: To perform an experimental study of the biocompatible antibacterial surface in porous titanium nickelide alloys with the addition of silver nanoparticles.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Titanium nickelide alloys with 62% porosity were obtained using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method from nickel, titanium, and nanosilver powders at concentrations of 0.2 at.% Ag, 0.5 at.% Ag, and 1.0 at.% Ag, respectively. The experiment was conducted on nine sexually mature female white laboratory rats. They were divided into three groups, with three rats each. All animals were implanted with titanium nickelide along with porous granules of silver additives. The first group was the control, the second received 0.2 at.% silver, and the third received 0.5% silver. The standard method of incubating Staphylococcus epidermidis in liquid broth in the presence of the studied images was used to determine bactericidal activity, followed by seeding on solid media and counting colonies.
 RESULTS: The antibacterial effect of the samples on S. epidermidis gradually increased with increasing silver concentration. The significance of the differences between the experiment and control was confirmed by Student’s criterion p 0.005, whereas the sample without silver nanoparticles and the control do not differ significantly. Thus, these alloys may have bioactive properties because they contain silver nanoparticles. An alloy with a silver concentration of 0.5 at.% Ag showed the best antibacterial activity to S. epidermidis. In the clinical evaluation of the results of the experimental study, purulent inflammatory complications were not observed in all animals at all times. On day 75, the animals underwent computed tomography, which showed good occupancy of the bone defect and absence of a dystrophic effect on the area where the bone and soft tissue are in contact with the material.
 CONCLUSIONS: If the concentration of silver nanoparticles is increased up to 0.5 at%, the antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the implant also increase. Clinical experimental evaluation in all groups of animals showed that osteointegration of alloys with 0.5 at.% Ag begins immediately after implantation and is completed 2 weeks earlier than that in the remaining groups.

Assessment of the biological effect of natural silicon when entering the body of experimental animals with drinking water. Part 1

Introduction. The biological effect of natural silicon (Si) and its hygienic regulation in drinking water still remain subjects of controversy in the scientific literature and in the practice of providing favourable conditions for water use by the population. In this regard, an assessment was made of the effect of natural silicon contained in drinking water in concentrations close to the maximum permissible concentration on the body of laboratory animals.
 Materials and methods. Drinking waters containing natural Si at MPC levels in water were studied, their effect was assessed in a three-month experiment on 80 white outbred male rats. Observations were made of the general condition, appearance of the animals, body weight dynamics, water consumption. 
 The morphological composition of whole blood was studied. Biochemical indices of the condition of internal organs, including the liver, were determined 
 in serum samples (the ALT and AST activity, the level of total protein and albumin), pancreas (α-amylase activity), kidneys (creatinine content), as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity as a nonspecific indicator of tissue damage.
 Results. In animals received 17±3.4 mg/L silicon with drinking water at a hardness of 2.25±0.47 mg-eq/L, a significant decrease in ALT activity was found on the 30th and 90th days of the experiment, AST – on 90th day, increase in the content of total protein and albumin in the serum on the 30th day of the experiment. Drinking water with silicon concentrations of 20.5±4.1 mg/L and hardness 3.55±0.76 mg-eq/L decreased ALT activity and serum creatinine concentration on the 30th day and increased amylase activity on the 90th day of the experiment. The animals had the highest water consumption and intake of silicon from drinking water over the first month of the experiment.
 Limitations. Limitations of the study are related to the short duration of observation and the small number of points for determining biochemical parameters over time.
 Conclusion. Consumption of drinking water containing natural silicon for 90 days led to changes in biochemical indices, largely indicating the positive effect of the element in concentrations of 17±3.4 mg/L and 20.5±4.1 mg/L on the body of laboratory animals.

Effect of chronic stress on the degree of acrylamide toxicity in rats

Introduction. Chronic stress plays an important role in the development of a wide range of mental, somatic and behavioural disorders, and therefore is a risk factor for the health in living organisms. A negative effect on the state of the nervous system is also observed when the body is poisoned with acrylamide, which is a substance of the second class of danger and is considered toxic and carcinogenic. Exposure of the body to mental and toxic stressors leads to autonomic and neuroendocrine activation, which, in turn, manifests itself as special behavioural patterns. 
 The purpose of the experiment was to assess the effect of chronic stress on the degree of acrylamide toxicity in rats.
 Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on white outbred rats with an average weight of 200 g of both sexes (n=60), which were evenly distributed into five groups: negative control, chronic stress, acrylamide, acrylamide + treatment, acrylamide + chronic stress. Throughout the study, the animals were kept under standard conditions with 12 hours of artificial lighting during the day, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. Behavioural tests were conducted once a week for one calendar month using a 40×40 hole board, a multifunctional cage to assess general activity, and an elevated plus maze with an ANY-maze video tracking system. Biochemical parameters were assessed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
 Results. Analysis of behaviour on a board with holes did not reveal statistically significant results (H=8.987; p=0.061). When comparing vertical and horizontal motor activity between groups, statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05). AST levels were higher in the stress groups, while cholesterol levels in the same groups were lower (p<0.05).
 Limitations. Laboratory animals of only one biological species were used for the experiment. The toxicant was used only in one concentration.
 Conclusion. Chronic stress may influence on acrylamide toxicity in rats to a certain extent.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves (Ocimum x africanum L.) in acetic acid-induced rat models

Analgesics are medications that alleviate pain without impairing consciousness, with certain plants, such as basil (Ocimum x africanum L.), showing potential as natural pain relievers. This research investigated the analgesic effects of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves on acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The study utilized percolation extraction methods with 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Twenty-eight male white rats were divided into seven groups: one normal control group without treatment or induction, one negative control group receiving 0.5% CMC-Na, two groups treated with ethanol extracts of basil leaves at doses of 400 mg/kg BW and 800 mg/kg BW, two groups treated with ethyl acetate extracts at the same doses, and one positive control group administered 50 mg/kg BW diclofenac sodium. Thirty minutes post-treatment, 1% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally, and writhing responses were observed over 60 minutes. The data on percentage protection from writhing were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The findings revealed that both the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts at an 800 mg/kg BW dosage closely matched the analgesic effectiveness of the diclofenac sodium group.

Teratogenic effect of 1.3 bis (p-Hydroxyphenyl)urea on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus L.)

Pain is a physiological disorder that pregnant women often experience, so they take various medications to relieve the pain. Many pain relievers on the market have teratogenic effects on pregnant women. 1.3 bis(p-Hydroxyphenyl)urea is a modification of p-aminophenol and has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and fewer hepatotoxic side effects. However, its safety in pregnant women has not been studied. This research continues our previous research to determine the teratogenic effects on white rat fetuses and toxic effects on pregnant white rats after administering 1.3 bis(p-Hydroxyphenyl)urea. The teratogenic effect test was carried out on pregnant rats divided into five groups with doses of 50, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW, CMC Sodium 0.5%, and Gabapentin 50 mg/kg BW as the control group. Rats marked as pregnant were given test preparations and observed for toxic symptoms, and then fetal weight, body length, internal malformations and bone malformations were observed surgically. The study showed that administration at 50 and 500 mg/kg BW doses did not have a teratogenic effect. However, at a dose of 1000 mg/kg BW, it causes teratogenic effects characterized by fetal bleeding and bone abnormalities.