White Pulp Of Spleen Research Articles

760P Acute toxicities of intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection of natural killer cells in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma-bearing mice: A randomized study

The safety profiles of natural killer (NK) cell infusion in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaC) remain largely unclear and need to be further comprehensively clarified before future in-human investigations are conducted. 100 NPG tumor-bearing mice (50/sex) were engrafted subcutaneously with human PaC BXPC-3 cells 9 days before administration. They were randomly divided into 10 groups with 5 males and 5 females in each group. Mice in Group 1 were given sodium chloride intravenously as vehicle control, and mice in Groups 2-4 human peripheral blood-derived NK cells intravenously at doses of 2×107, 1×108, and 5×108 cells/kg, respectively; mice in Groups 5-7 were injected with NK cells intraperitoneally at doses of 2×107, 1×108, and 5×108 cells/kg, respectively, and mice in Groups 8-10 with NK cells intratumorally at doses of 4×103, 2×104, and 1×105 cells/mm3, respectively. Each group was given a single dose. On Day 15, the mice were euthanized for gross anatomy and histopathology. On planned euthanasia, in Groups 2-4 no gross or microscopic pathological changes related to cells injection were found; in Groups 5-7 mice of both sexes showed a decrease in extramedullary hematopoiesis of spleen, and at the dose of 5×108 cells/kg, mice of both sexes showed an increase in the composition of spleen white pulp cells. In Groups 8-10, mice of both sexes at doses of 4×103 and 1×105 cells/mm3 and female mice at the dose of 2×104 cells/mm3 showed a decrease in extramedullary hematopoiesis of spleen, and female mice at a dose of 4×103 cells/mm3 and mice of both sexes at doses of ≥2×104 cells/mm3 showed an increase in the composition of spleen white pulp cells; perivascular/peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration in lung and bronchus was observed in mice of both sexes at doses of ≥2×104 cells/mm3, and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver was observed in mice of both sexes at a dose of 1×105 cells/mm3. In our study intravenous injection appears the safest way to give NK cells to human PaC-bearing mice. Using intraperitoneal or intratumoral administration, spleen, liver, and lung were the most often affected organs, albeit with mostly mild pathological changes.

Investigating the effect of Satureja Khusestanica essential oil on chlorpyrifos-induced spleen toxicity in male Wistar rats

Background: Chlorpyrifos is a type of organophosphorus poison that, despite its widespread use, can lead to tissue damage, including spleen tissue. Khuzestani savory plant has antioxidant properties and is effective in reducing damage caused by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Khuzestani savory plant essential oil on chlorpyrifos-induced spleen toxicity in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 28 adult male rats weighing between 180-220 grams were selected and divided into 4 groups of 7. Were examined. Statistical comparison between the control group, Khuzestani essential oil 25 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos poison 0.01 mg/kg and Khuzestani essential oil 25 mg/kg + chlorpyrifos poison 0.01 mg/kg using SPSS 22 software and square test Chi was performed with Monte Carlo simulation under a significance level of 0.05. Results: Chi-square test showed that there was a statistically significant difference between different groups in terms of the distribution of spleen tissue damage types (P=0.005); So, in the chlorpyrifos poison group, tissue damage such as macrophage and pigment accumulation and spleen white pulp analysis was observed, while no tissue damage was observed in the other groups. Conclusion: Our study showed that the Khuzestan savory plant is effective in preventing tissue damage due to its antioxidant compounds such as carvacrol. Also, considering the negative effects of chlorpyrifos in the doses recommended by the World Health Organization, further investigations are necessary.

Time-dependent biodistribution profiles and reaction of polyethylene glycol-coated iron oxide nanoclusters in the spleen after intravenous injection in the mice

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used polymer in the field of pharmaceutics, particularly in which related to drug delivery systems (DDS). Surface coating of the nanoparticles (NPs) with PEG (i.e. pegylation) adds novel characteristics that make their use in vivo more effective with lower cytotoxicity. The biodistribution profiles, reaction, and fate of PEG-coated NPs in vivo still unclear and need more detailed studies. Here in this study, we prepared PEG-coated iron oxide nanoclusters (PEG-coated IONCs) to investigate their biodistribution profiles and reactions in spleen after intravenous injection time-dependently. Using Prussian blue staining method as specific histochemical reaction for iron detection in the tissues, the PEG-coated IONCs were observed in a higher ratio in spleen red pulp after 1 day of injection but decreased time-dependently after 10 days and 20 days. Interestingly, PEG-coated IONCs moved from red pulp into the white pulp specially after 20 days of injection. After long time exposure (20 days), higher amount of PEG-coated IONCs was observed in the center of spleen white pulp follicle. Using histological staining, the reaction of PEG-coated IONCs with splenocytes or immune cells induced cellular abnormalities such as, nucleic acid damages, induction of megakaryocytes number, and sever vacuolation in the white pulp area specially after 20 days of injection. Histochemically, the localization of PEG-coated IONCs in the splenic parenchyma induced the level of the collagen fibers particularly after 1 day and 10 days of injection. Interestingly, cellular abnormalities in the splenic red pulp as well as collagen levels decreased after 20 days of injection due to the clearance of PEG-coated IONCs from this area. This data indicated that cytotoxicity produced by the reaction of PEG-coated IONCs in the spleen are reversible specially after 20 days of in the intravenous injection. Understanding the detailed mechanism of the fate and reaction of the coated nanomaterials after intravenous injection is important to design effective and safe DDS based NPs.

Alternariol monomethyl ether toxicity and genotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats: 28-Day in vivo multi-endpoint assessment

Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), a typical Alternaria toxin, has often been detected in grains. We have measured the general toxicity and genotoxicity of AME with a 28-day multi-endpoint (Pig-a assay + in vivo micronucleus [MN] test + comet assay) platform. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered AME (1.84, 3.67, or 7.35 μg/kg body weight/day), N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (40 mg/kg body weight/day), or corn oil by gavage for 28 consecutive days. Another group (AME-high-dose + recovery) was maintained for a further 14 days after the end of the AME administration. Hematology and serum biochemistry results suggested that AME might compromise the immune system. The histopathology results indicated that AME can cause liver (inflammatory cell infiltration, steatosis, and edema), kidney (renal glomerular atrophy), and spleen (white pulp atrophy) damage. The genotoxicity results showed that AME can induce gene mutations, chromosome breakage, and DNA damage, but the effects were diminished after the recovery period. According to point-of-departure analysis (BMDL10), the risk to the population of exposure to AME cannot be ignored and further assessment is needed.

Erythropoietin improves effects of mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental model of sepsis

In the last years several studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to reduce the systemic inflammatory response and mortality in experimental models of sepsis. As recently found, the surface of MSCs have receptors for erythropoietin (EPO). So we hypothesized that the introduction of EPO together with MSCs may enhance their effect and improve the results of sepsis treatment.
 Aim: То evaluate morphologic and immunologic effects of combined treatment with EPO and MSC in an experimental LPS sepsis model in rats.
 Methods: 50 Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups: Group 1 - the healthy controls, Groups 2-5 were intraperitoneally introduced bacterial LPS 20 mg/kg. Two hours after LPS injection animals received the following intravenous treatments: Group 3 - 4xl05 allogeneic MSCs, Group 4 - 8.5 pg of recombinant EPO-beta, Group 5 - MSCs and EPO in the same doses. Surviving animals were euthanased on the 4th day. The morphological study of the liver, spleen, thymus, lungs, kidney tissues was performed. We analyzed the tissue changes, white blood cells count and serum level of IL-l, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-.
 Results: Mortality in LPS groups did not differ. The highest white blood cells count was found in the group of combined treatment EPO+MSCs (8.15x106 cells/ml) compared with controls (2,15x10s cells/ml) and LPS controls (6,52x10s cells/ml). There were no differences in levels of TNF-, IL-2 and IL-6 between the groups, but serum IL-1 level in groups 2 and 4 was significantly higher than in treated with MSCs and MSCc + EPO animals. Histologically in the group 5 we observed significantly less leukocyte lung interalveolar septal infiltration and kidney tubular dystrophy. The most significant differences in group LPS + EPO were found in the lymphoid tissue - considerable hyperplasia of spleen white pulp and thymus cortex, whereas in the other groups different degrees of atrophy of the corresponding zones were noted.
 Conclusions: Combined treatment with EPO and MSCs can reduce acute lung injury and kidney damage, cause hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue and enhance the immune response more than separate treatment in an experimental model of sepsis in rats.

Combination of Muramylpeptides from Gram-Negative Bacteria Corrects Cyclophosphamide-Induced Disorders of Hematopoiesis and Spleen Cell Composition in Mice with B16 Melanoma.

We studied the effect of a combination of three muramylpeptides from gram-negative bacteria (Polymuramyl) on hematological parameters, morphology of the spleen, and serum cytokine level in mice with B16 melanoma treated with cyclophosphamide. Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide to tumor-bearing animals sharply reduced the number of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, in the blood and depleted the cellular composition of the spleen white pulp. Subsequent three daily intramuscular injections of Polymuramyl in doses of 70 and 860 ng/mouse for 3 days, as well as subcutaneous injection of the reference drug filgrastim (granulocytic CSF) in a dose of 12 μg/mouse partially corrected hematopoietic disorders and restored the cellular composition of the spleen. Granulocytic CSF more effectively replenished the content of mature neutrophils in the blood, while Polymuramyl restored the content of stab neutrophils. In contrast to granulocytic CSF, administration of Polymuramyl was followed by an increase in the level of granulocyte-macrophage CSF and a tendency to an increase in the serum content of IL-6, which indicates the involvement of these cytokines in the hematopoietic activity of Polymuramyl.

Bioaccumulation and cytological alteration of immune organs of chicken following inorganic arsenic exposure

Arsenic is an ecotoxicant that has been found to affect both mammal and avian population. The present study deals with the arsenic deposition in different immune organs of arsenic exposed broiler chicken. Further, its effect on immune cell function and histological alteration was investigated. The study revealed that bursa and liver were the most arsenic deposition prone sites as compared to other immune organs. Histopathological study of the immune organs showed significant structural changes like increased bursal medullary region along with follicular atrophy and detachment of outer serosal layer from the muscularis layer in bursa, decrease in average diameter of white pulp in spleen, decreased cortical as well as medullary region along with less number of Hassall's corpuscle in thymus in the arsenic exposed birds. Arsenic induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also detected and a positive correlation between apoptotic index and dose of arsenic was observed. It may be concluded that insult to avian immune organ by any toxic compound may threaten immune response and may lead to immunosuppression.

Effect of Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser extracts on immune profile of Wistar albino rats

Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser is a common type of mistletoes of Indian origin. In Indian traditional and folklore medicines the plant is claimed to possess a range of medicinal values such as immunomodulator, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial properties. However, there is no experimental proof for its therapeutic claim. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of H. elastica were evaluated for its immuno-modulatory effect on antibody formation against sheep red blood cells and on cell mediated immunity of immunological paw edema model. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts have shown dose dependent elevation in the antibody titer value in comparison to control group at 14th and 21st day of sensitization (**p < 0.01). There is a mild to moderate elevation were observed in the immunological paw edema at highest dose (400 mg/kg) during 21st day after sensitization. The histopathological observation shows that there is an increase in the white pulp of spleen and increased cellularity and formation of distinct germinal cells in lymph node. H. elasticus extracts possess marked antibody formation propensity without significant modification on cell mediated immunity.

Clinico-Pathological and Hemato-Biochemical Assessment of Field Originated Chicken Anemia Virus in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chicken

One hundred broiler chicks were divided into two groups A and B. The chicks in group A were control group and group B was challenged with field originated chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) at 7th day of age. The samples were collected on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day of post infection for hematological, biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological examination. The hematological analysis showed significantly (P Less than 0.05) low level of hemoglobin, decreased packed cell volume, leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in infected group as compared to control group. In immunohistochemical assay, CIAV was detected in portal zone of liver, epicardium and myocardium, lymphoid follicles of bursa of Fabricius, thymic lobules and mainly white pulp of spleen. Histopathological changes were observed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Concerning the serum biochemical profile, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, increased concentration of liver enzymes, creatinine and urea were observed in infected birds. Our results showed that field originated stra in is pathogenic for broilers which induce significant changes in hematology, serum biochemical profile and histopathology of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs.

PENGUJIAN VAKSIN HEPATITIS B FASE SUBKRONIS TERHADAP BERAT ORGAN DAN DIAMETER PULPA PUTIH LIMPA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)

This study aims to determine the effect of hepatitis B vaccine of spleen weight and white pulp diameter in rat (Rattus norvegicus). This study used 20 male wistar rats aged 8 weeks with an average weight of 200-250 grams, which was divided into four groups. Control group (P0) was given PBS solution, treatment group 1 (P1) was given type 1 hepatitis B vaccine, treatment group 2 was given type 2 hepatitis B vaccine, and treatment group 3 (P3) was given type 3 hepatitis B vaccine. Dose administered 0.4 ml and given repeatedly at days 0,30, and 60. Animals model to euthanize on day 75 for sampling. The spleen organ is weighed after the necropsing process and then the spleen is stored for the preparation of histopathologic with HE staining (Hematoxylin Eosin). The data obtained are weight data of spleen organ and spleen white pulp diameter. The results showed the highest weight of spleen organ 0.92 gram in group P0 and the largest white pulp diameter 34,34 μm in group P1. The results of data analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and continued with Duncan alpha test. One Way Anova and Duncan alpha test showed that there were non significantly different between groups (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion is we know that hepatitis B vaccine type 1,2, and 3 can’t give the effect for spleen weight and white pulp diameter in rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Toxicity Induced by a Bispecific T Cell-Redirecting Protein Is Mediated by Both T Cells and Myeloid Cells in Immunocompetent Mice.

Bispecific T cell engagers have demonstrated clinical efficacy; however, their use can be accompanied by severe toxicity. Mechanistic understanding of these toxicities is limited by a lack of suitable immunocompetent preclinical models. In this study, we describe an immunocompetent mouse tumor model that exhibits bispecific T cell engager-induced toxicity and recapitulates key features similar to those in human cytokine release syndrome. In this study, toxicity occurred between the second and fourth injections of an NK Group 2D bispecific T cell engager protein. Symptoms were transient, peaking 3-4 h after treatment and resolving by 8 h. Mice developed weight loss, elevated plasma cytokines, a significant reduction in spleen white pulp, and lymphocyte infiltration in the liver. Systemic cellular immune changes also occurred; notably, an increase in CD8+ T cell activation, an increase in myeloid cells in the blood, and a population of Ly-6Cint monocytes (CD11b+Ly-6G-F4/80-) emerged in the liver and spleens of bispecific protein-treated mice. IFN-γ was primarily produced by CD8+ T cells in the spleen and was required for the observed changes in both T cell and myeloid populations. Rag deficiency, IFN-γ deficiency, or depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells prevented toxicity, whereas perforin deficiency, GM-CSF deficiency, or modulation of the myeloid population through clodronate-mediated depletion showed a partial abrogation of toxicity. Together, these findings reveal that T cell activation by a bispecific T cell engager leads to changes in the host myeloid cell population, both of which contribute to treatment induced toxicity in immunocompetent mice.

Baicalin ameliorates oxidative stress and apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial dynamics in the spleen of chickens via the opposite modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway during Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection produces a profound inflammatory response in the respiratory tract and evade birds' immune recognition to establish a chronic infection. Previous reports documented that the flavonoid baicalin possess potent anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, whether baicalin prevent immune dysfunction is largely unknown. In the present study, the preventive effects of baicalin were determined on oxidative stress generation and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens infected with MG. Histopathological examination showed abnormal morphological changes including cell hyperplasia, lymphocytes depletion, and the red and white pulp of spleen were not clearly visible in the model group. Oxidative stress-related parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the model group. However, baicalin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated oxidative stress and partially alleviated the abnormal morphological changes in the chicken spleen compared to model group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick endlabeling assay results, mRNA, and protein expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis-related genes showed that baicalin significantly attenuated apoptosis. Moreover, baicalin restored the mRNA expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes and maintain the balance between mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. Intriguingly, the protective effects of baicalin were associated with the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway and suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the spleen of chicken. In summary, these findings indicated that baicalin promoted mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and effectively prevents oxidative stress and apoptosis in the splenocytes of chickens infected with MG.

The dynamic distribution of duck Tembusu virus in the spleen of infected shelducks

BackgroundDuck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a novel member of Flavivirus. The isolated and purified DTMUV strain XZ-2012 was used as a strain model, to intramuscularly inject the six-month egg-laying shelducks with the infective dose of 104TCID50. The dynamic distribution of the virus in spleen at different time post-infection (pi) was studied using RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).ResultThe results showed that the virus occurred in the spleen after 2 hpi and lasted up to 18 dpi. The registered viral load increased from 2 hpi to 3 dpi, and then it diminished from 6 dpi to 18 dpi with a slight rise at 12 dpi. From 2 hpi to 6 dpi the DTMUV particles were mostly distributed in the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS) of spleen white pulp, few being found in the sheathed capillary. From 9 dpi to 18 dpi, the DTMUV particles were migrating into periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) around the central artery through the red pulp. Under TEM, the virus particles could be observed mostly in lymphocytes and macrophages.ConclusionIt was suggested that DTMUV invaded lymphocytes and macrophages of the spleen at 2 hpi and replicated significantly from 1 dpi to 3 dpi, being eliminated from 9 dpi to 18 dpi. This is the first study on the dynamic distribution of DTMUV from invasion to elimination in duck spleen conducted by molecular and morphological methods. It could provide theoretical basis for the occurrence, development and detoxification of the virus in the organs of the immune system.

Изменения белой пульпы селезенки у потомства спленэктомированных крыс различных возрастных периодов после введения 1,2-диметилгидразина

Изменения белой пульпы селезенки у потомства спленэктомированных крыс различных возрастных периодов после введения 1,2-диметилгидразина

In vivo cellular and molecular study on duck spleen infected by duck Tembusu virus

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a novel member of flavivirus with the highest viral loads in the spleen. Six-month egg-laying shelducks were intramuscularly injected with DTMUV strain XZ-2012. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of vacuolar degeneration in the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheaths (PELS) of spleen white pulp following infection, especially from 12 hpi to 3 dpi. Ultrastructural images showed an obvious swelling of cells and their mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Using RNA-seq analysis, the expression levels of RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), downstream IRF7 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 from RIG-I signaling pathway were non-apparently upregulated at 2 hpi and apparently at 3 dpi, while MHC-II expression was obviously downregulated at 2 hpi. The expression levels of downstream antiviral cytokines type-I IFNs, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), chemokines and their receptors associated with lymphocyte homing were significantly upregulated at 3 dpi. The population of lymphocyte was increased at 6 dpi. The immune function of spleen was recovered starting from 9 dpi. These findings of this study suggest that DTMUV invaded into the spleen via RIG-I signaling pathway and enhanced immune evasion by inhibiting MHC-II expression during the early stage of infection. Additionally, DTMUV induced PELS lesions through activating IL-6 expression. Furthermore, DTMUV increased the expression levels of RLRs, antiviral type-I IFNs, lymphocyte homing-related genes and proteins as well as the number of lymphocytes in the infected duck spleen. Taken altogether, this study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DTMUV infection in duck spleen.

Bee Venom and Hesperidin Effectively Mitigate Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Via Immunomodulation and Enhancement of Antioxidant Defense System.

This study aims to assess the antirheumatic activity of bee venom (BV) and/or hesperidin as natural products in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in male Wistar rats. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in 30 male Wistar rats (weight 130 g to 150 g; age 10 to 12 weeks) by subcutaneous injection of CFA into the right hind paw of the rats. The rats were divided into five groups of six rats in each and administered the following regimens for 21 days: Normal group (given the equivalent volume of saline and carboxymethylcellulose), arthritic group (given the equivalent volume of saline and carboxymethylcellulose), arthritic group treated with BV (treated with BV along with carboxymethylcellulose), arthritic group treated with hesperidin (treated with hesperidin along with saline), and arthritic group treated with BV and hesperidin (treated with BV and hesperidin concurrently). Bee venom and/or hesperidin successfully reversed the CFA-arthritis-induced increases in right hind leg paw swelling, leukocytes' count, liver lipid peroxidation, serum inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL-2 and IL-12) levels and spleen tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Moreover, the CFA-induced down-regulation in serum IL-10 level and spleen IL-4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression as well as the deterioration in the antioxidant defense system were significantly improved as a result of BV and hesperidin administration. Both treatments also markedly counteracted the severe inflammatory changes and leukocytic infiltration in the periarticular tissue of the ankle joints. In addition, BV and hesperidin obviously amended the lymphoid hyperplasia in white pulps of spleen as well as the widening of the medulla and mononuclear cell infiltration found in thymus. Bee venom and hesperidin administration produced their ameliorative effects on rheumatoid arthritis via their antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory potentials. BV plus hesperidin particularly seemed to be the most potent in improving rheumatoid arthritis in Wistar rats.

Cell type-dependent functions of microRNA-92a.

The role of miR-17/92 family in development and progression of various cancers has been established. The members of this miRNA family have been shown to be over expressed and target various genes within proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis pathways. Although all members might be overexpressed in a certain cancer type, only certain members of the family may have roles in progression of that cancer. In this study, we have chosen miR-92a, a member of the miR-17/92 family to compare its function in three different cancer cell lines. HL60, MCF7, and Jurkat cell lines were transduced with miR-92a and proliferation and apoptosis was measured in these cells by cell count, MTT, and caspase assays. Although in comparison to pre-miR-17/92, the level of miR-92a is higher in Jurkat cells compared to MCF7 and HL60 cells, here we have shown that increasing miR-92a levels results in apoptosis in Jurkat cells and proliferation in MCF7 and HL60 cells. miR-92a was also microinjected into mice fertilized eggs and after dissection, apoptosis was only observed in white pulp of spleen that is mainly made up of white blood cells. Our results show that miR-92a possesses a cell-type dependent function.

Evaluation of New Leishmania Major Vaccine Against Immune Responses (Serum’s IL-17 and IL-23 and Spleen White Pulp Changes) Post Challenging with Leishmania Amastigotes in Balb/c Mice

Introduction: Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that has a life cycle in the form of an amastigote (in the mammalian body and in the middle of the macrophage) and promastigote in the mosquito saliva and culture medium with different antigenic determinant sites.Aim: Evaluation of new Leishmania major vaccine against serum’s IL-17 and IL-23 and spleen white pulp changes post challenging with Leishmania amastigotes survival rate of live mice was also evaluated for the second time after re-exposure.Result: Number of pulp spleen had almost significant differences between doses 100 and 200 μg/ml. LB group had lowest levels of IL-17, IL-23 and mouse weight and highest MPS, PSW/MW , number of pulp spleen and spleen weight was almost significant. LT group had highest levels of IL-23, whether, had lowest levels of mean pulp size, percent of spleen weight/mouse, and spleen weight was almost significant. LBT group had highest levels of IL-17. Lowest levels of IL-23 belonged to LB and control group and highest levels of percent of spleen weight/mouse weight and number of pulp spleen belong to control group also.Conclusion: In LT group, with adjuvant-Teucrium polium, weight of spleen and number of pulp spleen were at lowest level and had highest IL-23. It can be argued that this adjuvant was better than BCG and causes the mice to exhibit stronger immune responses that are likely to go Th1 immune response and protective effect after challenge with live Leishmania major.

A tetraethylene glycol coat gives gold nanoparticles long in vivo half-lives with minimal increase in size.

In this study, we describe the experiments determining whether coating gold nanoparticles with tetraethylene glycol (TEG) provides pharmacologically relevant advantages, such as increased serum half-life and resistance to protein adsorption. Monodisperse TEG-coated, NaBH4-reduced gold nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic size comparable to albumin were synthesized by reducing gold chloride with NaBH4 under alkaline conditions in the presence of TEG-SH. The particles were characterized by gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticles were subsequently injected intravenously into mice, and their half-lives and final destinations were determined via photometric analysis, light microscopy (LM), and transmission electron microscopy. The TEG particles had a long half-life (~400 minutes) that was not influenced by splenectomy. After 500 minutes of injection, TEG particles were found in kidney proximal tubule cell vesicles and in spleen red and white pulp. The particles induced apoptosis in the spleen red pulp but not in white pulp or the kidney. Some of the TEG particles appeared to have undergone ligand exchange reactions that increased their charge. The TEG particles were shown to be resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption, as judged by gel electrophoresis and column chromatography. These results demonstrate that naturally monodisperse, small-sized gold nanoparticles coated with TEG have long in vivo plasma half-lives, are minimally toxic, and are resistant to protein adsorption. This suggests that a TEG coating should be considered as an alternative to a polyethylene glycol coating, which is polydisperse and of much larger size.

The protective effect of the Vacha rhizome extract on chronic stress-induced immunodeficiency in rat

Context: Chronic stress is an inevitable factor in the modern day society which affects cell mediated as well as humoral immunity. There is a need to prevent stress effects with traditionally used herbs.Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the immunoprotective effect of Vacha (Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae) rhizome under stressful condition.Materials and methods: Soxlet extraction of Vacha rhizome was performed with increasing polarity of solvents, i.e., petroleum ether to ethanol. The extract was concentrated by distilling off the solvent in flash evaporator and dried in desiccators. The benzene extract was found to have anti-stress property in our earlier studies and hence it was used in the present experiment. Extract was administered every day for 4 weeks orally to adult female rats prior to exposure to stress, restraint (1 h) and forced swimming exercise (15 min).Results: Vacha rhizome extract significantly prevented the stress induced reduction in total and differential leukocytes count, immunoglobulin content, bone marrow cellularity and viability, lymphocytes counts in lymphoid organs, islands of white pulp of spleen (ED50 = 10 mg, p < 0.001) and a significant increase in circulating immune complexes and apoptotic index of lymphoid organs (ED50 = 10 mg, p < 0.001) compared to controls.Discussion and conclusion: The present study clearly indicates that Vacha extract not only prevents stress-induced suppression of immunity and structural involution of lymphoid organs, but also boosts immunity in normal rats. Therefore, it is suggested that Vacha extract administration maintains normal immunity despite the body experiencing stress.