White ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Research Articles

Optimal Cytocompatibility of a Bioceramic Nanoparticulate Cement in Primary Human Mesenchymal Cells

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic effects of BioAggregate (Innovative BioCaramix Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada), a novel bioceramic nanoparticulate cement, on human mesenchymal cells. White Pro-Root MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) was used as a reference for comparison. MethodsFifty-six human maxillary incisor teeth were submitted to a step-back flaring technique and prepared for cytotoxicity assay in an in situ root-end filling experimental model. After retro filling, each root containing MTA, BioAggregate, or empty root canals (control) was exposed to culture media for 24, 48, or 72 hours, providing several extraction media. Mesenchymal cells were incubated with each extract medium for 24 hours, and toxicity was evaluated by three different parameters of cell survival and integrity on the same sample: XTT, neutral red, and crystal violet dye elution. ResultsNo statistically significant differences between MTA and BioAggregate were found in all the experimental periods (p > 0.05). ConclusionDiaRoot BioAggregate displayed in vitro compatibility similar to MTA.

The nociceptive and anti‐nociceptive effects of white mineral trioxide aggregate

To assess the nociceptive and antinociceptive effects of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) using the orofacial formalin test in rats. Rats (n = 10 in each group) were separately injected into the ipsilateral upper lip with either 40 microL of a 2.5% formalin solution and eugenol (50 mg kg(-1)) or WMTA (5, 10 and 20 mg dissolved in 0.2 mL saline) alone. In a second experiment to evaluate antinociception effects, 15 min prior to formalin injection, rats were pre-treated with either white ProRoot MTA (20 mg dissolved in 0.2 mL saline) or eugenol. The time each rat spent rubbing the injected site with its paw, as an index of nociception, was recorded for a period of 45 min. Administration of 40 microL white ProRoot MTA (5, 10 and 20 mg per 0.2 mL) alone did not produce any significant nociceptive response. Moreover, prior treatment with WMTA caused significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of formalin-induced nociception. Injection of eugenol (50 mg kg(-1)) provoked the first phase of a nociceptive response, although its intensity was reduced compared with that produced by formalin. Pre-treatment with eugenol significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited the induction of nociception by formalin. Comparison of the behavioural responses observed in WMTA and eugenol-treated rats alone or in combination with formalin revealed that WMTA did not only induce pain behaviour but also prevented formalin-induced nociception. White mineral trioxide aggregate, when compared with eugenol, was more effective in treating nociceptive pain in the orofacial formalin test.

A Novel Accelerator for Improving the Handling Properties of Dental Filling Materials

Introduction Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) fulfills many of the ideal properties of a root end filling material and repair material for furcal perforation. However, its low cohesive property often makes it difficult to handle. To improve the handling properties of MTA root canal filling materials, MTA-like cement was made, and calcium lactate gluconate (CLG) aqueous solution was used to shorten the setting time and enhance the paste viscosity. Methods CLG solution was prepared by mixing lactic acid, glucono delta lactone, and calcium oxide by wet process. The crystalline property of the CLG powder was characterized by x-ray diffraction. The MTA-like cements were prepared by mixing Portland cement/bismuth oxide/gypsum (75/20/5); ProRoot white MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) was used as a control group. The influence of various liquid phases on initial setting time, handling properties, and pH value were investigated by a Vicat needle, questionnaire of operational hand feel, and pH meter, respectively. Results By using 23.1wt% CLG solutions as a liquid phase, the setting time of white MTA was significantly decreased from 155.5 ± 5.0 to 12.3 ± 2.5 minutes. The pH values for hydrated white MTA with deionized water and 23.1 wt% CLG solutions were 12.29 ± 0.02 and 11.81 ± 0.04 at 72 hours. Conclusions The results suggest that the addition of amorphous CLG-based liquid phase provides improvement in sealing ability as well as clinical manageability of dental filling materials.

Fluid Flow Evaluation of Fuji Triage and Gray and White ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Intraorifice Barriers

The purpose of this study was to compare coronal leakage in teeth with 2-mm intraorifice barriers of Fuji Triage glass ionomer, gray mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and white MTA using a fluid flow model. Forty anterior teeth were decoronated, instrumented, and obturated. Teeth were divided into positive and negative controls and 3 experimental groups receiving 2-mm barriers of Fuji Triage glass ionomer, gray MTA, or white MTA. Fluid movement was tested 3 times for each tooth, and means were calculated. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls (α = .05). Fluid movement means and standard deviations were as follows: Fuji Triage, 0.47 ± 0.45 mm; gray MTA, 0.49 ± 0.44 mm; white MTA, 0.52 ± 0.23 mm; and positive controls, 3.57 ± 1.13 mm. No significant differences were found among the experimental groups. However, positive controls leaked significantly more than all experimental groups at P <.001.

New Portland Cement–based Materials for Endodontics Mixed with Articaine Solution: A Study of Cellular Response

The biocompatibility of innovative tetrasilicate cements proposed for root-end filling restorations was tested. White ProRoot-MTA and AH Plus were used as control. The new cements were mixed with a local anesthetic solution (4% articaine) to form a paste. Human osteoblast-like cells Saos-2 were challenged in short-term cultures (72 hours) with solid materials and with material extracts prepared in culture medium. Cell growth and viability, cellular attachment, and morphologic features were assessed to verify cell/material interactions. No acute toxicity was exerted by the experimental cements in the assay systems. On solid samples Saos-2 adhered and proliferated on all the experimental cements and on MTA. The ultrastructural findings revealed that Saos-2 were able to adhere and to spread. The maintenance of the osteoblastic phenotype on the innovative cements was confirmed by the alkaline phosphatase assay. All experimental cements prepared with articaine supported the growth of bone-like cells, showing suitable properties to be used as canal sealers and root-end filling materials.

Ingredients and cytotoxicity of MTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements

The aim of this study was to compare the compositions and cytotoxicity of white ProRoot MTA (white mineral trioxide aggregate) and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The elements, simple oxides and phase compositions of white MTA (WMTA), gray Portland cement (GPC), white Portland cement (WPC) and fast setting cement (FSC) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Agar diffusion test was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WMTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The results showed that WMTA and WPC contained far less magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) than GPC and FSC. FSC contained far more aluminum oxide (Al 2O3) than WMTA, GPC, and WPC. WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC were composed of main phases, such as trical- cicium silicate (3CaO∙SiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaO∙SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO∙Al2O3), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO∙Al2O3∙Fe2O3). The significance of the differences in cellular response between WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Exact test with Bonferroni' s correction. The result showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) . WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC showed similar compositions. However there were notable differences in the content of minor elements, such as aluminum (Al), magnesium, iron, manganese , and zinc. These differences might influence the physical properties of cements. (J Kor Acad Cons Dent

The effect of pH on surface hardness and microstructure of mineral trioxide aggregate

To evaluate the surface microhardness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) specimens following exposure of their surface to a range of acidic environments during hydration. In addition, the morphological microstructure features of samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). White ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) was mixed and packed into cylindrical polycarbonate tubes. Four groups, each of 10 specimens, were formed using a pressure of 3.22 MPa and exposed to pH 4.4, 5.4, 6.4 and 7.4, respectively, for 4 days. Vickers microhardness of the surface of each specimen was measured after exposure. Four groups of two specimens were prepared and treated in the same way prior to qualitative examination by SEM. Data were subjected to one-way anova and post hoc Tukey's test. The greatest mean surface hardness values (53.19 +/- 4.124) were observed following exposure to pH 7.4 with the values decreasing to 14.34 +/- 6.477 following exposure to pH 4.4. The difference between these values at the 95% CI (33.39-44.30) was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). There were no distinct morphological differences between groups in terms of the internal microstructure. However, a trend was observed that the more acidic the solution, the more extensive the porosity of the specimens. Under the conditions of this study, surface hardness of MTA was impaired in an acidic environment.

Cytotoxic Effects of Four Different Endodontic Materials in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity, induced apoptosis and/or necrosis, and apoptotic mechanisms in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts treated with four different endodontic materials: White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (MTA/Dentsply; Tulsa Dental, Memphis, TN), Diaket (ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), Endion (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany), and CYMED 8410 (NANO, Kaohsiung, Taiwan). The effects of these four materials on the viability of PDL fibroblasts were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-SH-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Apoptotic pathways were evaluated via several mechanisms. Exposure to MTA for 24, 48, and 72 hours resulted in no significant differences in MTT reduction and viable cell number compared with controls. However, treatment of PDL fibroblasts with Diaket, Endion, and CYMED 8410 for 24, 48, and 72 hours resulted in cytotoxicity with MTT and a reduction of viable cell number with trypan blue dye exclusion test compared with controls (from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that Diaket, Endion, and CYMED 8410 induced higher percentages of apoptosis and/or necrosis than in controls (45.6%, 25.5%, and 6.3%, respectively). Results of cell-cycle analyses were concordant with annexin V-FITC/PI staining findings. These results suggest that MTA is a very biocompatible filling material. However, Diaket, Endion, and CYMED 8410 are toxic to PDL fibroblasts in vitro. The main form of cell death induced by these filling materials was determined to be apoptosis and/or necrosis.

In Vitro Evaluation of a Ceramicrete-based Root-end Filling Material

Ceramicrete is an impervious inorganic binder widely used for encapsulating radioactive and hazardous wastes. This study evaluated the feasibility of using a radiopaque Ceramicrete-based material for root-end fillings. Apical seals of root-end preparations filled with Super EBA (Harry J. Bosworth Co, Skokie, IL), White ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), or Ceramicrete-D were evaluated using a computerized fluid filtration approach after the fillings were immersed in phosphate-containing fluid (PCF). The Ceramicrete-D fillings exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) better seals than the other two commercially available, frequently advocated root-end-filling materials. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction of Ceramicrete-D after setting revealed a relatively nonporous KMgPO4.6H2O matrix that binds other incompletely reacted and new reaction phases such as CaHPO4.2H2O. Polished dentin slabs filled with Ceramicrete-D and immersed in PCF for 72 hours revealed depositions of acicular-shaped, apatite-like crystallite clusters on the material surface as the pH of the PCF increased with immersion time. The experimental Ceramicrete-based material is potentially bioactive in the presence of PCF.

Proroot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Cement Used as a Retrograde Filling without Addition of Water: An In Vitro Evaluation of Its Microleakage

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare at different times the microleakage of roots filled with Proroot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with water as recommended by the manufacturer or filled only with powder without any previous hydration. Forty-four extracted single-rooted human teeth had their crown removed, and their roots were instrumented, filled with gutta-percha without cement, resected at 3 mm from the apex, and ultrasonically prepared with CK5 retrotips. The roots were randomly divided into 2 groups, group 1 (n = 20) and group 2 (n = 20) with 2 positive and 2 negative control roots. Teeth in group 1 were filled with white Proroot MTA prepared as suggested by the manufacturer, whereas in group 2, teeth were filled with white Proroot MTA by using only powder without any hydration. Microleakage of each root was measured at 24 hours and 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after filling with a fluid filtration device. No statistically significant difference (P > .05) in microleakage between groups 1 and 2 was detected at any time except the 1-week period. The lack of water addition during the preparation of the cement in this study did not affect the in vitro sealing ability of Proroot MTA.

The effect of condensation pressure on selected physical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate

To examine the effect of condensation pressure on surface hardness, microstructure and compressive strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). White ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) was mixed and packed into cylindrical polycarbonate tubes. Six groups each of 10 specimens were subjected to pressures of 0.06, 0.44, 1.68, 3.22, 4.46 and 8.88 MPa respectively. The surface hardness of each specimen was measured using Vickers microhardness. Cylindrical specimens of 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm in height were prepared in polycarbonate cylindrical moulds for testing the compressive strength. Five groups of 10 specimens were prepared using pressures of 0.06, 0.44, 1.68, 3.22 or 4.46 MPa. Data were subjected to one-way anova. The microstructure was analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after sectioning specimens with a scalpel. A trend was observed for higher condensation pressures to produce lower surface hardness values. A condensation pressure of 8.88 MPa produced specimens with significantly lower values in terms of surface hardness than other groups (P<0.001). A condensation pressure of 1.68 MPa conferred the maximum compressive strength; however, it was not statistically different. Higher condensation pressures resulted in fewer voids and microchannels when analysed with SEM. In specimens prepared with lower condensation pressures distinctive crystalline structures were observed. They tended to appear around microchannels. Condensation pressure may affect the strength and hardness of MTA. Use of controlled condensation pressure in sample preparation for future studies is suggested.

Chemical analysis of powder and set forms of Portland cement, gray ProRoot MTA, white ProRoot MTA, and gray MTA-Angelus

To evaluate the chemical composition and crystalline structures of Portland cement, gray ProRoot MTA (gray MTA), white ProRoot MTA (white MTA), and gray MTA-Angelus. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify and characterize crystalline phases, and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer was used to determine the chemical composition of the test materials. Both powder form and set form were examined. The crystalline structure and chemical composition of gray and white MTA were similar except for the presence of iron in gray MTA. Both were composed mainly of bismuth oxide and calcium silicate oxide. Portland cement was composed mainly of calcium silicate oxide and did not contain bismuth oxide. Gray MTA-Angelus had a lower content of bismuth oxide than ProRoot MTA. There were no noticeable differences in the chemical composition and crystalline structures between the powder and set forms of any of the material tested. Portland cement differed from the MTA by the absence of bismuth ions and presence of potassium ions. Gray MTA contained a significant amount of iron when compared with white MTA. In addition, gray MTA-Angelus had a lower content of bismuth oxide than ProRoot MTA.

Furcation Perforation Repair Comparing Gray and White MTA: A Dye Extraction Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of gray and white ProRoot MTA to seal furcation perforations in mandibular molars using a dye extraction leakage model. Sixty-four mandibular molars were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Six teeth with perforations were used as positive controls and six teeth without perforations were used as negative controls. Perforations in groups 1 and 2 were repaired with white MTA. Groups 3 and 4 were repaired with gray MTA. Dye leakage was tested from an orthograde direction (groups 1 and 3) and a retrograde direction (groups 2 and 4). After dye extraction, absorbance was measured on a spectrophotometer at 550 nm. No statistically significant difference in leakage was found between gray and white MTA when used as a furcation perforation repair material. However, there was significantly more leakage when the perforations were challenged from the orthograde than the retrograde direction (p < 0.001).

Chemical and physical surface and bulk material characterization of white ProRoot MTA and two Portland cements

The chemical and physical properties of white ProRoot MTA were analyzed in the bulk and at the surface and compared with two common Portland cements types CEM1 and CEM2. The main components were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and the minor constituents were identified with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Moreover, the setting of the different cements was studied: the chemical composition of the surface of both powder and bound cement was investigated by XPS and the morphological changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In ProRoot MTA, the amount of gypsum is approximately half of that of the Portland cements. ProRoot MTA consists of less toxic heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Sr), less chromophores (Fe3+), and less Al-species, but contains about 2 at % Bi. In contrast to Portland cements, ProRoot MTA contains about 2 at.% Bi. In all three products, the amount of sulfur at the surface in the bound cements was 3 times higher than in the powder, indicating that in terms of the kinetics of the hardening reaction, a sulfate action mechanism prolongs the setting time. The Portland cements are composed of particles with a wide range of size, whereas ProRoot MTA showed a uniform and smaller particle size. With regard to chemical and physical surface and bulk properties, ProRoot MTA cannot simply be substituted by the cheaper Portland cement. Both products are similar but not equal and exhibit marked differences.